The document describes the 11 major human organ systems and their functions. It begins by explaining how stem cells develop into specialized tissues and organs that organize into organ systems. It then focuses on the digestive system, describing the structures and functions of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. Finally, it provides an overview of the circulatory system, including the heart structure and blood vessel types, and how oxygen is exchanged in the lungs.

1. Human Organ Systems

2. Human Organ Systems
The main functions to sustain life are accomplished by 11 organ
systems working together

3. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

4. Human Organ Systems
These organ systems are all
developed from a fertilized
egg, which divides into
stem cells
Stem cell: An unspecialized
cell that can produce
various specialized cells.

5. Human Organ Systems
The stem cells develop into specialized cells, which form
tissues. Tissues organize into organs, and organs organize into
organ systems.
Levels of cellular organization:

6. Digestive System
Digestion: The mechanical and
chemical breaking down of food into
smaller components

7. Digestive Tract: Mouth, Teeth, Tongue, and Glands
Tearing
/Cuspid
Grinding
/Bicuspid
Tearing and grinding
Cutting

8. Digestive Tract: Mouth, Teeth, Tongue, and Glands

9. Digestive Tract: Mouth, Teeth, Tongue, and Glands
The saliva, teeth,
mouth, and
tongue form a
food bolus
This bolus goes
on into the next
part of the
digestive tract

10. Digestive Tract: Pharynx and Epiglottis
Pharynx

11. Digestive Tract: Pharynx and Epiglottis
Epiglottis

12. Digestive Tract: Pharynx and Epiglottis
The pharynx
connects the oral
cavity to the next
part of the digestive
system (the
epiglottis and
esophagus)
The epiglottis
prevents food from
going into your lungs
through the larynx

13. Digestive Tract: Pharynx and Epiglottis

14. Digestive Tract: Pharynx and Epiglottis
Esophagus

15. Digestive Tract: Esophagus
Esophagus:
Muscular tube
through which
food passes from
the pharynx to the
stomach

16. Digestive Tract: Esophagus
Peristalsis:
Radially
symmetrical
contraction of
muscles which
forms a wave down
the muscular tube.

17. Digestive Tract: Esophagus

18. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Stomach

19. Digestive Tract: Stomach

20. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Lower esophageal
sphincter:
If the lower
esophageal
sphincter is not
closed properly,
stomach acid enter
the esophagus and
cause heartburn
Also known as cardiac
sphincter

21. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Stomach acid:
-Also known as gastric juice
-Contains hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
-pH of 2 (approximately)
-Contains digestive enzymes
like pepsin (digests
proteins)
-Chemically breaks down
food

22. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Why doesn’t the acid burn through the stomach?
The rugae lining the stomach continuously
secretes mucus to protect the stomach
The rugae allow the
stomach to expand
dramatically (up to 1 litre)

23. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Sometimes the acid does
burn through…
The result is an ulcer
Can be caused by
-bacterial infection (i.e.
Helicobacter Pylori)
-weakened mucosal lining
-anti-inflammatory
medications (i.e. aspirin)
-smoking is associated as well

24. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Stomach Ulcer

25. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Pyloric
sphincter

26. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Pyloric Sphincter:
Strong ring of smooth
muscle which connects
stomach to small
intestines.
Enables chyme (semidigested food from
stomach) to enter the
duodenum.

27. Digestive Tract: Stomach
Chyme

28. Digestive Tract: Small Intestines
Small Intestine

29. Digestive Tract: Small Intestines
Small Intestines:
(3 parts)
-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum

30. Digestive Tract: Duodenum, Pancreas, & Gall Bladder
Duodenum:
The gall bladder and
pancreas have ducts
going into the
duodenum.
-10-12 inches long
-most chemical
digestion takes place
here

31. Digestive Tract: Duodenum, Pancreas, & Gall Bladder
Pancreas:
-Secretes sodium
bicarbonate (baking
soda) to neutralize
stomach acid
-Secretes pancreatic
juice, a mixture of
enzymes like trypsin,
pancreatic lipase,
pancreatic amylase

32. Digestive Tract: Duodenum, Pancreas, & Gall Bladder
Gall Bladder:
Stores bile
produced by the
liver.
Bile emulsifies fats
to allow greater
surface area for
fat enzymes
(lipases) to work

33. Digestive Tract: Jejunum
Jejunum:
Roughly 2.5
meters long.
Absorption
takes place
here
Jejunum

34. Digestive Tract: Jejunum
Jejunum:
Lined with
longitudinal
and circular
muscles to
perform
peristalsis.
Has structures
called villi.

35. Digestive Tract: Jejunum
Villi:
-finger-like
projections of
the small
intestine lining
- More surface
area to absorb
nutrients.
The cells lining each
villus can perform
-Active transport
(transport of nutrients
requiring energy)
-Passive transport
(transport of nutrients not
requiring energy)

36. Digestive Tract: Jejunum
Villi

37. Digestive Tract: Ileum
Ileum:
-2.4 meters
long
-absorption
(has villi)
-also absorbs
vitamin B12
and bile salts

38. Digestive Tract: Ileum

39. Digestive Tract: Large Intestines
Colon:
-Absorbs water
-Pass waste material
from the body
-Contains colonic
bacteria which produce
vitamin K, vitamin B12,
thiamine, and riboflavin
(mutualistic
relationship)

40. Digestive Tract: Rectum, Anal Canal, Anus
Rectum:
-Forms peristaltic waves
to expel feces through
the anal canal
-Stretch receptors
trigger contractions
when rectum is full

41. Digestive Tract: Rectum, Anal Canal, Anus
Anal sphincter:
Exterior and interior
sphincters pull the anus
up over the exiting
feces

42. Excretory system
Liquid wastes are
eliminated by the
excretory system.
The kidneys filter
the blood, and
wastes are
removed through
urine (stored in
the bladder)

43. The Circulatory System
Circulatory system:
-transports nutrients and
oxygen to cells
-carries wastes to the
organs responsible for
eliminating them from the
body.

44. The Circulatory System
Pathway of blood flow:
Heart
Vein
Artery
Venule
Arteriole
Capillary

45. The Circulatory System
Types of blood vessels:
Vessel
Structure
Function
Artery
Thick elastic walls
Small
circumference
Transports blood
AWAY from the
heart
Vein
Thin, less elastic
walls with valves
Large
circumference
Transports blood
TOWARDS the
heart
Very thin wall
Smallest
circumference
Materials are
exchanged
between the
blood and the
body
Capillary
Diagram

46. The Circulatory System
Arteries and veins
A. Cross-section
B. Longitudinal section

47. The Circulatory System
Capillaries
Walls of blood vessels
are made up of cells
called endothelial cells.
The thin layer of
endothelial cells allows
diffusion to occur more
rapidly.

48. The Circulatory System
Capillaries
Red blood cells travel
through the capillary in
single file.
Blood velocity is the
slowest in capillaries

49. The Circulatory System

50. Superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

51. Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
inferior vena cava

52. Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava

53. Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava

54. Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava

55. Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava
LUNGS OXYGENATE THE BLOOD

56. Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava

57. Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Left Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava

58. Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Left Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava
Mitral valve

59. Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Left Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava
Septum

60. Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Left Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava
Septum

61. Superior vena cava
Aorta
Bicuspid valve
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Left Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava
Septum

62. Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Left Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Right ventricle
inferior vena cava
Septum

63. semilunar valve
atrioventricular valve
atrioventricular valve
semilunar valve

64. The Circulatory System
Comparing atria and ventricles
Atria
Ventricles
Location Upper half of heart Lower half of heart
Thickness
Thinner walls
(pumps blood to
ventricles below)
Thicker walls
(pumps blood to
lungs or to rest of
the body)

65. The Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis

66. The Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis Treatment: Coronary Bypass

67. The Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis treatment: Angioplasty and stint

68. The Circulatory System
Where does oxygen enter the blood?
Alveoli:
The alveoli (singular:
alveolus) are spherical
hollow cavities in the
lungs which increase
surface area for gas
exchange.
Capillaries line the
exterior of the alveoli to
absorb oxygen.

69. The Circulatory System
Where does oxygen enter the blood?

70. The Circulatory System
Where does oxygen enter the blood?
Gas exchange:
O2
O2
O2
O2
Alveolus
Carbon dioxide (a
waste product) leaves
the blood vessel into
the alveolus.
Oxygen goes into the
blood vessel.
CO2
CO2
CO2
Blood vessel
CO2