The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. The main organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. In the mouth, food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The esophagus transports food to the stomach through peristalsis. The stomach mixes food with acids and enzymes to form chyme. The small intestine further digests food with enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls. Undigested waste passes to the large intestine, where water is absorbed before waste is excreted as feces through the anus
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a multi-step process involving both mechanical and chemical breakdown as well as nutrient absorption throughout the alimentary canal.
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. In the mouth, teeth and tongue break down food and saliva contains enzymes that begin digestion. The stomach stores, churns, and breaks down food further with acid and enzymes. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream through fingerlike villi and microvilli. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted. Accessory organs include the liver, pancreas and gallbladder which produce bile and enzymes to aid digestion
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs of the alimentary canal including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It details the layers of the digestive tract walls and the roles of various glands and tissues in ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. Key processes like peristalsis and the roles of enzymes are also summarized.
The document provides information about the digestive system. It begins with an introduction on the importance of digestion in breaking down foods into molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells. It then describes the key components and functions of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs. The path of digestion from ingestion to absorption is outlined. Finally, the roles and structures of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in secretion, digestion and absorption are summarized.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system. It discusses that the digestive system breaks down food into smaller particles for absorption by cells in the body. The two main functions are digestion and absorption. The digestive system is divided into the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus. Accessory organs include things like the liver and pancreas which release substances into the GI tract.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its anatomy and functions. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. It details the processes of digestion, including mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key aspects summarized are the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and associated organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder in further digesting food and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.
The document summarizes the human digestive system and nutrition. It discusses the two parts of nutrition - ingestion and digestion. It then describes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder. The mouth chews and moistens food. The stomach stores, kills germs in, and breaks down food through acid and enzymes. The pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins, carbs and fats. The liver produces bile to break up fats for absorption.
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a multi-step process involving both mechanical and chemical breakdown as well as nutrient absorption throughout the alimentary canal.
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. In the mouth, teeth and tongue break down food and saliva contains enzymes that begin digestion. The stomach stores, churns, and breaks down food further with acid and enzymes. The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream through fingerlike villi and microvilli. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted. Accessory organs include the liver, pancreas and gallbladder which produce bile and enzymes to aid digestion
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the organs of the alimentary canal including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It details the layers of the digestive tract walls and the roles of various glands and tissues in ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. Key processes like peristalsis and the roles of enzymes are also summarized.
The document provides information about the digestive system. It begins with an introduction on the importance of digestion in breaking down foods into molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells. It then describes the key components and functions of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs. The path of digestion from ingestion to absorption is outlined. Finally, the roles and structures of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in secretion, digestion and absorption are summarized.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system. It discusses that the digestive system breaks down food into smaller particles for absorption by cells in the body. The two main functions are digestion and absorption. The digestive system is divided into the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus. Accessory organs include things like the liver and pancreas which release substances into the GI tract.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its anatomy and functions. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. It details the processes of digestion, including mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key aspects summarized are the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and associated organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder in further digesting food and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.
The document summarizes the human digestive system and nutrition. It discusses the two parts of nutrition - ingestion and digestion. It then describes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder. The mouth chews and moistens food. The stomach stores, kills germs in, and breaks down food through acid and enzymes. The pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins, carbs and fats. The liver produces bile to break up fats for absorption.
The digestive system breaks down food into molecules small enough for absorption. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas). Food is ingested, digested through both mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorbed, and waste is eliminated. The GI tract contains four tissue layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Digestion involves ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by cells in the body. It consists of a digestive tract made up of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs that help digestion include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, mechanically and chemically broken down, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a complex multi-step process involving both the digestive tract and accessory organs.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous hollow tube running from the mouth to the anus, containing the organs of the alimentary canal - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The organs of the alimentary canal have four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia. The digestive system is supplied by the celiac artery and innervated by the enteric nervous system and parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
The document summarizes the histology of the digestive tract mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It describes the epithelium and specialized structures of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The esophagus contains non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The stomach contains simple columnar epithelium that invaginates into gastric pits and glands. The small intestine contains simple columnar epithelium with plicae circulares and villi containing crypts of Lieberkuhn. The large intestine contains simple columnar epithelium organized in intestinal glands.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the digestive system. It begins with an overview of the basic components of the alimentary canal including the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and bile duct. It then describes the layers of the alimentary canal including the peritoneum, muscle layers, submucosa, and mucosa. Specific structures like the tongue, teeth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are examined in more detail. The functions of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs are
The digestive system consists of the alimentary tract and accessory organs. The alimentary tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The stomach contains gastric glands that secrete acid and enzymes to digest food. The small intestine further breaks down food with the help of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted through the anus.
An overview of the GIT with detailed study of the organs, along with their anatomy and physiology. It will find u easier to go through this complex function within our body.
The document provides information about the digestive system, including its main organs and their functions. It discusses the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and salivary glands. It describes how each organ aids in ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of food. The digestive system breaks down food, extracts nutrients and water, and expels waste to sustain the body.
The document discusses the general functions and anatomy of the digestive system. It describes the individual organs and their structures in detail. The digestive tract consists of a hollow muscular tube and accessory organs. Its overall function is to process food for absorption and eliminate waste. Each organ has specific roles in mechanical and chemical digestion, secretion, absorption, and waste removal. The document outlines the histological organization and layers of the digestive tract walls. It provides detailed descriptions of each organ's gross and microscopic anatomy.
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract and its organs. It describes the layers of the digestive tract wall and discusses the nerve supply, including the enteric and autonomic nervous systems. The functions of the digestive system and the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are outlined. Details are provided on the structure and layers of the stomach wall, as well as the glands and secretions of the stomach, including the composition and functions of gastric juice.
Essential of the digestive system_physiologynurafiqah123
The digestive system is divided into the alimentary tube and accessory organs. The alimentary tube extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth and continues through the stomach and small intestine where nutrients are absorbed and transported to the liver before entering circulation. Undigested material then moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before waste is eliminated.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. It describes the key components and their functions, including the alimentary canal, accessory digestive organs, digestive processes, histology of the canal walls, vasculature, lymphatic drainage, and characteristics of the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. It aims to describe the normal anatomy as a foundation for understanding pathology.
The document summarizes the histology and functions of the digestive system. It begins by introducing the main components of the digestive tract and accessory organs. It then describes the four main layers of the digestive tract lining (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa) and the histological differences between regions. Movement of digestive materials is enabled by two types of muscle contractions - peristalsis which propels materials forward, and segmentation which churns and mixes materials. Accessory structures like mesenteries, salivary glands, and tongue are also overviewed.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human digestive system. It describes the main organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It details the locations and functions of each organ, such as ingestion, propulsion, breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and defecation. Key features of each organ are outlined, such as the sections of the stomach, roles of the gastric glands and mucosa, and subdivisions of the small and large intestines.
The digestive system contains the digestive tract and associated organs. The digestive tract begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The major associated organs are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive system.
Different Digestive process for absorption of food in GIT.
Different parts GIT Tract where food move from Mouth to the anus.
Digestive system
a) Anatomy and physiology of GIT
b) Anatomy and functions of accessory glands of GIT
c) Digestion and absorption
d) Disorders of GIT (definitions only)
The digestive system breaks down food into molecules small enough for absorption. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas). Food is ingested, digested through both mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorbed, and waste is eliminated. The GI tract contains four tissue layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Digestion involves ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by cells in the body. It consists of a digestive tract made up of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs that help digestion include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, mechanically and chemically broken down, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a complex multi-step process involving both the digestive tract and accessory organs.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous hollow tube running from the mouth to the anus, containing the organs of the alimentary canal - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The organs of the alimentary canal have four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia. The digestive system is supplied by the celiac artery and innervated by the enteric nervous system and parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
The document summarizes the histology of the digestive tract mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It describes the epithelium and specialized structures of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The esophagus contains non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The stomach contains simple columnar epithelium that invaginates into gastric pits and glands. The small intestine contains simple columnar epithelium with plicae circulares and villi containing crypts of Lieberkuhn. The large intestine contains simple columnar epithelium organized in intestinal glands.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the digestive system. It begins with an overview of the basic components of the alimentary canal including the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and bile duct. It then describes the layers of the alimentary canal including the peritoneum, muscle layers, submucosa, and mucosa. Specific structures like the tongue, teeth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are examined in more detail. The functions of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs are
The digestive system consists of the alimentary tract and accessory organs. The alimentary tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The stomach contains gastric glands that secrete acid and enzymes to digest food. The small intestine further breaks down food with the help of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted through the anus.
An overview of the GIT with detailed study of the organs, along with their anatomy and physiology. It will find u easier to go through this complex function within our body.
The document provides information about the digestive system, including its main organs and their functions. It discusses the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and salivary glands. It describes how each organ aids in ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination of food. The digestive system breaks down food, extracts nutrients and water, and expels waste to sustain the body.
The document discusses the general functions and anatomy of the digestive system. It describes the individual organs and their structures in detail. The digestive tract consists of a hollow muscular tube and accessory organs. Its overall function is to process food for absorption and eliminate waste. Each organ has specific roles in mechanical and chemical digestion, secretion, absorption, and waste removal. The document outlines the histological organization and layers of the digestive tract walls. It provides detailed descriptions of each organ's gross and microscopic anatomy.
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract and its organs. It describes the layers of the digestive tract wall and discusses the nerve supply, including the enteric and autonomic nervous systems. The functions of the digestive system and the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are outlined. Details are provided on the structure and layers of the stomach wall, as well as the glands and secretions of the stomach, including the composition and functions of gastric juice.
Essential of the digestive system_physiologynurafiqah123
The digestive system is divided into the alimentary tube and accessory organs. The alimentary tube extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth and continues through the stomach and small intestine where nutrients are absorbed and transported to the liver before entering circulation. Undigested material then moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before waste is eliminated.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. It describes the key components and their functions, including the alimentary canal, accessory digestive organs, digestive processes, histology of the canal walls, vasculature, lymphatic drainage, and characteristics of the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. It aims to describe the normal anatomy as a foundation for understanding pathology.
The document summarizes the histology and functions of the digestive system. It begins by introducing the main components of the digestive tract and accessory organs. It then describes the four main layers of the digestive tract lining (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa) and the histological differences between regions. Movement of digestive materials is enabled by two types of muscle contractions - peristalsis which propels materials forward, and segmentation which churns and mixes materials. Accessory structures like mesenteries, salivary glands, and tongue are also overviewed.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human digestive system. It describes the main organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It details the locations and functions of each organ, such as ingestion, propulsion, breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and defecation. Key features of each organ are outlined, such as the sections of the stomach, roles of the gastric glands and mucosa, and subdivisions of the small and large intestines.
The digestive system contains the digestive tract and associated organs. The digestive tract begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The major associated organs are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive system.
Different Digestive process for absorption of food in GIT.
Different parts GIT Tract where food move from Mouth to the anus.
Digestive system
a) Anatomy and physiology of GIT
b) Anatomy and functions of accessory glands of GIT
c) Digestion and absorption
d) Disorders of GIT (definitions only)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. Function of the digestive system
Function of the digestive system
• ingestion: taking food and liquid into
mouth
• Secretion: total about 7 liter into lumen
• Mixing and propulsion: through GI
muscle and peristalsis and motility
• Digestion: Breakdown of ingested food
(mechanical and chemical)
• Absorption: Passage of nutrients into the
blood
• Metabolism: Production of cellular
energy (ATP)
• Defecation: waste substance leave the
GI tract through anus
3. Organs of the Digestive System
Organs of the Digestive System
• Two main groups
• Alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract –
continuous coiled hollow tube from mouth to
anus(5-7 meter)
• Accessory digestive organs: teeth ,tongue
,salivary gland ,liver ,gallbladder ,and
pancreas
4. Organs of the Digestive System
Organs of the Digestive System
5. Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Organs of the Alimentary Canal
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Anus
6. Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
• Lips (labia) – protect
the anterior opening
• Cheeks – form the
lateral walls
• Hard palate – forms
the anterior roof
• Soft palate – forms
the posterior roof
• Uvula – fleshy
projection of the
soft palate
7. Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
• Vestibule – space
between lips
externally and teeth
and gums internally
• Oral cavity – area
contained by the
teeth
• Tongue – attached
at hyoid bone and
styloid processes of
the skull, and by the
lingual frenulum
8. Tongue
Tongue
• Dorsum (upper part of
tongue covered with papillae
taste receptor and buds)
• filiform papillae
• fungiform papillae
• circumvallate papillae
• Paltine tonsil and
lingual tonsil
9. Salivary glands
-Parotid gland: In the parotid fossa, three main
structures transverse this gland – facial nerve,
external carotid artery, and retromandibular
vein. The parotid duct opens near the upper 2nd
molar tooth. The gland is completely serous.
- Submandibular gland: Sitting most
posteriorly in the submandibular triangle, it is
supplied by the facial artery and vein.
Submandibular ducts, which cross the lingual
nerves, open on both sides of the tongue
frenulum. It is mostly serous but partially
mucus,.
- Sublingual gland: The smallest salivary
gland sits beneath the oral mucosa in the floor
of the mouth. It has multiple small openings.
This gland is almost completely mucus-
secreting.
10. Teeth
• Teeth
(mechanical breakdown)
– Incisors used for cutting
– Canines used for stabbing
and holding
– Molars large surface area
used for grinding
• Primary or deciduous
teeth 20
• Secondary or permanent
teeth 32
11. Structure of Teeth
Crown - exposed surface of tooth
Neck - boundary between root and crown
Enamel - outer surface (the hardest substance in the
body 95% calcium salts)
Dentin – bone-like, but noncellular(70% calcium
salts)
Pulp cavity - hollow with blood vessels and nerves
Root canal - canal length of root
gingival sulcus - where gum and tooth meet
12. Processes of the Mouth
Processes of the Mouth
• Mastication (chewing) of food
• Mixing masticated food with saliva to
produse easy digestied food called
bolus
• Saliva contain 2 enzyme,salivary
amylase and lingual lipase
• Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
• Allowing for the sense of taste
13. Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
• Submucosa
•Just beneath the mucosa
•Soft connective tissue with blood vessels,
nerve endings, and lymphatics also contain
submucosal plexus
14. Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
• Mucosa
• Innermost layer
• Moist membrane
1. Surface epithelium : secretion and
absorbtion,renew every 5-7 days also
contain enteroendocrine cells
2. Small amount of connective tissue
(lamina propria): contain blood and
lymphatic vessele also contain MALT
3. Small smooth muscle layer
15. Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
• Muscularis externa – smooth muscle
1. Inner circular layer
2. Outer longitudinal layer
Between them is myenteric plexus
• Serosa
• Outermost layer – visceral peritoneum
• Layer of serous fluid-producing cells
(mesothelium)
18. Pharynx Anatomy
Pharynx Anatomy
• Nasopharynx –
not part of the
digestive system
• Oropharynx –
posterior to oral
cavity
• Laryngopharynx –
below the oropharynx
and connected to
the esophagus
19. Pharynx Function
Pharynx Function
• Serves as a passageway for air and
food
• Food is propelled to the esophagus by
two muscle layers
•Longitudinal inner layer
•Circular outer layer
• Food movement is by alternating
contractions of the muscle layers
(peristalsis)
20. Esophagus
Esophagus
• Runs from pharynx to stomach through
the diaphragm( 25 cm)
• Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing): contraction
of circular layer above the food and
contraction of longitudinal below the
food
• Passageway for food only (respiratory
system branches off after the pharynx)
21. Esophagus
- The esophagus is posterior to the larynx
and trachea in the neck region and upper
thorax. It travels on the right side of the
descending aorta, passes through the
diaphragm, and connects with the
stomach.
-There are also inner circular and outer
longitudinal muscle layers.
- The upper third is skeletal muscle
(voluntary), middle third is mixed, and lower
third is smooth muscle (involuntary).
-esophagogastric junction is located
approximately at the level of the diaphragm.
Contractions of the diaphragm create sphincter-
like effects, preventing reflux of stomach acids
and content. The esophagogastric junction is a
functional, not anatomical, sphincter.
22. Peristalsis in Esophagus
Bolus of
food
Muscles relax,
allowing
passageway
to open
Stomach
Muscles
contract,
constricting
passageway
and pushing
bolus down
Muscles
relax
Muscles contract
Muscles relax
Muscles contract
23. Stomach Anatomy
Stomach Anatomy
• Located on the left side of the
abdominal cavity
• Food enters at the
cardioesophageal sphincter
Site where food is churned into chyme
Protein digestion begins
24. Stomach Anatomy
Stomach Anatomy
• Regions of the stomach
•Cardiac region – near the heart
•Fundus
•Body
•Phylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end
• Food empties into the small intestine at
the pyloric sphincter
28. Stomach Anatomy
Stomach Anatomy
• Layers of peritoneum attached to the
stomach
•Lesser omentum – attaches the liver to the
lesser curvature
•Greater omentum – attaches the greater
curvature to the transverse colon which
Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and
protect abdominal organs
31. Stomach Functions
Stomach Functions
• Acts as a storage tank for food
• Site of food breakdown and mixing
• Chemical breakdown of protein begins
• Delivers chyme (processed food) to the
small intestine
32. Specialized Mucosa of the
Specialized Mucosa of the
Stomach
Stomach
• Simple columnar epithelium
• Mucous neck cells – produce a sticky
alkaline mucus
• Gastric glands – secrete gastric juice
• Chief cells – produce protein-digesting
enzymes (pepsinogens)
• Parietal cells – produce hydrochloric acid
and Intrinsic factor(B12 absorption)
• Endocrine cells (G cell) – produce gastrin
which stimulates both parietal and chief cells)
33. Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
• Gastric pits
formed by
folded mucosa
• Glands and
specialized
cells are in the
gastric gland
region
35. Peritoneum
• Is the largest serous membrane of the body consist of
mesothelium
• Divide into
1. Parietal peritoneum: lines the wall of abdominopelvic
cavity internally
2. Visceral peritoneum: cover some oh the organs in the
cavity
3. The space between them contain fluid and called
peritoneal cavity this cavity may be accumulated by
several liters of fluid state called ascites
36. Membranes
Membranes
Mesenteries - double sheets of peritoneum, surrounding and
suspending portions of the digestive
organs
Peritoneal folds
1. falciform ligament:- attach the liver to anterior abdominal
wall and diaphragm
2. Greater omentum - "fatty apron", hangs anteriorly from
stomach, double layer encloses fat
3. Lesser omentum - between stomach and liver
4. Mesentery proper - suspends and wraps the small intestine
5. Mesocolon - suspends and wraps the colon, parts are
i. transverse mesocolon
ii. sigmoid mesocolon
• Ascending and descending ,pancreas, first 2 parts of the
duodenum and kidneys are Retroperitoneal structure
40. Small Intestine
Small Intestine
• The body’s major digestive organ
• Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
• Muscular tube extending form the
pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
• Suspended from the posterior
abdominal wall by the mesentery
41. Subdivisions of the Small Intestine
Subdivisions of the Small Intestine
• Duodenum(25cm)
•Attached to the stomach
•Curves around the head of the pancreas
•Fixed retroperitoneal structure
• Jejunum (2.5m)
•Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
• Ileum (3.5m)
•Extends from jejunum to large intestine
44. Duodenum and Related Organs
Liver
Bile
Gall-
bladder
Bile
Duodenum of
small intestine
Acid chyme
Pancreatic
juice
Intestinal enzymes
Stomach
Pancreas
58. Cecum
Cecum –
– pocket at proximal end with
Appendix
Colon
Colon
Ascending colon - on right, between
cecum and right colic flexure
Transverse colon - horizontal portion
Descending colon - left side, between
left colic flexure and
Sigmoid colon - S bend near terminal
end
Regions of Large Intestine
Regions of Large Intestine
Rectum
Rectum –
– terminal end is anal canal - ending at the anus -
which has internal involuntary sphincter and external voluntary
sphincter
59. 1. Mucosa - abundant goblet cells, stratified
squamous epithelium near anal canal
2. No villi
3. Longitudinal muscle layer incomplete, forms
three bands or taenia coli
4. Circular muscle - forms pockets or haustra
between bands
Histology of Large Intestine
Histology of Large Intestine
68. Pancreas
Pancreas
Slide
• Produces a wide spectrum of digestive
enzymes that break down all categories of food
• Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum
• Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes
neutralizes acidic chyme
• Endocrine products of pancreas (langerhans
island)
•Insulin
•Glucagons
•Somatostatin
71. Composition and Function of
Pancreatic Juice
• Examples include
• Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin
• Procarboxypeptidase is activated to
carboxypeptidase
• Active enzymes secreted
• Amylase, lipases, and nucleases
• These enzymes require ions or bile for
optimal activity
72. • Retroperitoneal :compose
of head, body and tail
• Endocrine and exocrine
gland
• Common bile duct and
major pancreatic duct lead
to ampulla of vater then to
second part of duodenum
through sphincter of oddi
Pancreas
Pancreas
74. Liver
On right under diaphragm,
largest organ made up of 4
lobes (left and right, caudate,
and quadrate)
Hilus (porta hepatis) –
underside "entry" point
Gall bladder
Microscopic anatomy: Liver lobules and triads