The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, and wastes to and from cells in the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The document discusses the components and functions of the circulatory system, types of circulatory systems, blood and its components, blood vessels, the cardiac cycle, blood circulation, common diseases, and ways to care for the circulatory system.

1. Circulatory
System
Reported by:
Christian Mike Tangonan
Jian Lyn Saavedra
Angelica Mae Cadungog
Josh Christian Protacio
Waureen Greece Naranja

2. Circulatory System
- is also known as the body’s transport system.
- regulates the flow of nutritive fluids and
materials, wastes substances and water in the
bodies of living organisms.
- it’s main functions are to deliver food and oxygen
to the cells and to pick up the cells’ waste materials
and carbon dioxide.
-consists of the blood, the blood vessels and the
heart.

3. Types of Circulatory
System
a. Open Circulatory System
- are present in many invertebrates including antropods
and mollusks.
- an animal with open circulatory system has one or more
hearts, a network of blood vessels, a large space within
the body called a hemocoel.

4. Types of Circulatory
System
b. Closed Circulatory System
- are present in some invertebrates including
earthworm and very active mollusks (such as squids
and octopuses) .
- are also a characteristic of all
vertebrate, including human.
- in this condition, blood is confined in the heart and
a continuous series of blood vessels.

5. A grasshopper having an open
circulatory system.
An earthworm having a closed
circulatory system.

6. The
Human
Blood

7. Blood
- is not red in reality. It is a clear, pale yellow liquid,
almost like water.
- circulates through the entire body, feeding supplying
and even defending the cells or tissues that make up the
body.

8. Components of the
Blood
a. Plasma
- comprises 50-60 % of the blood.
- the serum, which is the clear yellowish liquid part of
the plasma gives the color of blood.
- it transports bloods, particularly erythrocytes.
- carries food to the cells and picks up waste material .

10. Components of the
Blood
b. Blood Cells
- are solid components of the blood.
- makes up the:
• Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes
• White Blood Cells or Leukocytes
• Platelets or Thrombocytes

11. Erythrocytes
- a very small, round disc-shaped cells which are thinned
out in the center.
- are the most abundant cells in the blood.
- have a pigment called hemoglobin, which contains iron
and carries oxygen. Also gives red color to erythrocytes.

13. Leukocytes
- protects the body against foreign invading substances
particularly bacteria.
-classified into two:
• Granulocyte
• Agranulocyte

15. Granulocytes
- characterized by the presence of granules in
their cytoplasm.
Examples:
•Neutrophil
- active phagocyte, number increases rapidly during
short term or acute infection.

16. •Eosinophil
- kills parasitic worms and increase during allergy
attack.
•Basophil
- contains histamine, which is discharged as site of
inflammation.

17. Agranulocytes
- characterized by the absence of granules in
their cytoplasm.
Examples:
•Lymphocyte
- responsible for the production of antibodies that
help provide immunity against disease.

18. •Monocytes
-active phagocytes that become macrophage in the
tissue.

19. Thrombocytes
- smallest blood vessels for blood clotting.
- contain and release a substance called
thromboplastin, a type of protein needed in blood
clotting.

21. Hematopoiesis
- production of blood cells in the red bone marrow.

22. Blood
Vessels

23. Blood Vessels
- the channels where blood flows.

24. Arteries
- carry blood away from the heart.
- have thick walls embedded with smooth muscle and
elastic tissue.

25. Arterioles
- branches arteries into small vessels.

26. Capillaries
- thinnest of all vessels where actual process of
diffusion occur.
- exchanging of wastes, nutrients, gases, and hormones
between the blood and body occur .

27. Veins
- provide a low-resistance pathway that conducts blood
back toward the heart.
- are thinner, less muscular, and more expandable than
arteries.

28. Venules
- branches veins into small vessels.

29. Blood Typing
Blood White Black Asian RBC Plasma Blood
Group (% US (% US (% US Antigens Antibodies that can
population) population) population)
received
AB 4 4 5 A None A,B,AB,O
B (Universal
Recipient)
B 11 20 27 B Anti-A B,O
A 40 27 28 A Anti-B A,O
O 45 49 40 None Anti-A O
Anti-B (Universal
Donor)

30. The
Human
Heart

31. Heart
- a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood within
the circulatory system throughout the body.
- a muscular pump located between the lungs and above
the diaphragm.
- can pump about 10 000 litres of blood daily.
- works and contracts about 70 times a minute.

33. Parts of the Heart
and its Functions
Pericardium- a protective membrane that surrounds
the heart.

34. Parts of the Heart
and its Functions
There are four chambers found inside the heart namely:
•Right Atrium- collects deoxygenated blood from the
body.
•Right Ventricle- pumps deoxygenated blood out of the
heart and to the lungs for oxygenation.

35. Parts of the Heart
and its Functions
•Left Atrium- receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
•Left Ventricle- more muscular than the right ventricle
because of the amount of the blood that is to be pushed
out of the heart.

36. Parts of the Heart
and its Functions
Blood passing through these four chambers are
protected from backflow by valves. These valves do not
actively open or close; they move only in response to
pressure from the blood. These are:
•Tricuspid Valve- found between the right atrium and right
ventricle.
•Bicuspid or Mitral Valve- found between the left auricle
and left ventricle.
•Pulmonary Semilunar Valve- found between the left
auricle and left ventricle.
•Aortic Semilunar Valve- found between the left
ventricle and aorta.

37. Parts of the Heart
and its Functions
Septum- divides the heart into its right and left sides.
- also prevents the crossing of blood from one side to
another. Blood that passes the right side of the heart is
deoxygenated while the left side is oxygenated.

38. Parts of the Heart
and its Functions
The pumping tubes or vessels to and from the heart
consist of large arteries and veins. These are:
•Superior Vena Cava- located at the upper part of the
heart and brings blood from head and arms.
•Inferior Vena Cava- located at the lower part of the
heart and brings blood from the lower parts of the
body.
•Pulmonary Artery- carries deoxygenated blood from
the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
•Pulmonary Vein- brings back oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
•Aorta- the largest artery in the heart.

39. The
Cardiac
Cycle

40. Cardiac Cycle
- is the sequence of events which makes up one beat.
There are only three main stages in this continuous process.
These are:
1. Atrial Systole- both atria
contract. Blood flows from the
atria into the ventricles.
Backflow of blood into the veins
is prevented by closure of valves
in the veins.

41. Cardiac Cycle
2. Ventricular systole- both
ventricles contract. The atrio-
ventricular valves close. The
semilunar valves in the aorta and
pulmonary artery open. Blood
flows from the ventricles into
the arteries.

42. Cardiac Cycle
3. Ventricular diastole- atria and
ventricles relax. Blood flows
from the veins through the atria
and into the ventricles.

43. Blood
Circulation

44. Deoxygenated Deoxygenated
blood from arms Flow of blood from legs
Veins
Blood Veins
Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Lungs Pulmonary Artery Aorta
Oxygenated
blood
Arteries
Pulmonary Vein
Bicuspid Valve
Left Atrium Left Ventricle All Body Cells

45. Body Circulation
1. Coronary Circulation- is the
circulation of blood in the blood
vessels of the heart muscle.

46. Body Circulation
2. Pulmonary Circulation-
involves the lungs as oxygen
supplier of the blood coming from
the body and the heart.

47. Body Circulation
3. Renal Circulation- receives
around 20% of the cardiac
output. It branches from
the abdominal aorta and returns
blood to the ascending vena cava.
It is the blood supply to
the kidney, and contains many
specialized blood vessels.

48. Body Circulation
4. Portal Circulation- involves an
extensive system of veins that
lead from the spleen, stomach,
pancreas, small intestine and
colon.

49. Body Circulation
5. Fetal Circulation- is
the circulatory system of a
human fetus, often encompassing
the entire fetoplacental
circulation that also includes
the umbilical cord and the blood
vessels within the placenta that
carry fetal blood.

50. Body Circulation
6. Systemic Circulation-
involves the heart, the blood
vessels and all body parts.

51. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory
System

52. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Coronary Heart Disease- is the number one disease that
causes death and invalidism. This is due to too much
cholesterol in the blood and uncontrolled high blood
pressure. It occurs when the supply of blood to parts of the
heart is cut off. The blood cannot reach the heart. The
arteries that carry blood to the heart are clogged.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Eat a healthy diet.
•Control your cholesterol and blood pressure
•Manage stress and get help for depression.

54. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Cardiomyopathy- is caused due to weakening of the heart
muscles or myocardium. In the early stages, the ventricular
muscles or muscles of the lower heart chamber are affected.
If left untreated, it spreads to the upper heart muscles.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Quit smoking
•Eat healthfully—a healthy diet low in cholesterol
•Seek out regular exercise
•Maintaining a healthy weight
•Limiting alcohol consumption—heavy consumption should be
avoided

56. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Congenital heart defect - is present at birth and may be
mild or severe. The fetus may show incomplete and/or
abnormal development of the heart organ, causing symptoms
like heart murmur in infants.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Avoid alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy.
•Doctors should be made aware that a woman is pregnant before
prescribing any medications for her.
•A blood test should be done early in the pregnancy to see if the
woman is immune to rubella. If the mother is not immune, she must
avoid any possible exposure to rubella and should be immunized
immediately following delivery.

58. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Arrhythmia- is irregular heart rhythm, in which the heart
beats abnormally at a slower or faster rate. In most cases,
arrhythmia is congenital and results from a heart defect.
Based on the severity of arrhythmia, medication, surgical
procedure and implanting pacemakers are followed in order to
regulate heart rhythm.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Making healthy lifestyle choices.
•Maintaining a healthy weight.
•Stopping smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke.
•Avoiding unnecessary stress, such as anger, anxiety or fear, and
finding ways to manage or control stressful situations that
cannot be avoided.

60. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Rheumatic Fever- is an inflammatory disease caused due to
Group A streptococcal infection. It is so called owing to its
similarity to rheumatism which involves medical problems
affecting the connective tissues and joints. Typically, rheumatic
fever develops two to three weeks after being afflicted by
streptococcal infections such as strep throat or scarlet fever.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Use penicillin to combat existing infections
•Order bed rest until the acute stages of the
disease have passed.

62. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Hypertension- the heart is having to work harder than it should
to pump the blood around the body. It is also a condition in
which the blood pressure in the arteries is chronically
elevated. Hypertension can be caused by several factors like
over-eating, worry, anxiety, and tension. The common symptoms
are headache and dizziness.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Rest, both mental and physical,
• Eat low sodium diet
• weight reduction.

64. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Hypotension- is a disease caused by poor diet or by some
chronic disease. Occasionally, Hypotension is accompanied by a
feeling of weakness, headache, shortness of breath, dizziness,
inability to concentrate, and digestive disturbances.

66. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Anemia- is mainly due to iron deficiency. This is a disease
or a condition wherein a person lacks hemoglobin in the
blood. In iron-deficiency anemia, the hemoglobin count is
low. This may be caused by a diet that does not contain
enough iron. Certain foods like raisins and liver are rich in
iron. These foods may be included in the diet to prevent
this type of anemia.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Rest, whole blood, supplemental iron,
and replacement of dietary
deficiencies are the recommended treatment
measures.

68. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Leukemia- is also known as cancer of the blood. This is
caused by an abnormal increase in the leukocytes (WBC) of
the blood. In leukemia, there is an uncontrolled production
of leukocytes either in red bone marrow or in the lymphoid
tissue. The WBCs count is high but non-functional. The
person with leukemia has a low resistance to infections.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Evacuate the patient to a medical facility

70. Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis- is a hardening of the arteries caused
by the build-up of a fatty substance (cholesterol) on
their walls. Such build-up is called plaque. As they
develop, they tend to protrude into the blood vessel and
interfere with the flow of blood.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Eat a healthy diet.
•Control your cholesterol and blood pressure
•Manage stress and get help for depression.

72. Rest! Nitroglycerine is thedrug of choice.Amyl nitrite is sometimesused.
Some Common
Diseases of
Circulatory System
Angina- is pain or discomfort in the chest area, which is
caused due to blockage in the blood vessels leading to the
heart. The symptoms of angina are observed when there is
insufficient supply of oxygen and blood to the heart
muscles.
Treatment/ Prevention:
•Rest
•Nitroglycerine is the drug of choice.
•Amyl nitrite is some times used.

74. Some Simple
ways of
caring our
Circulatory
System

75. Some Simple ways
of caring our
Circulatory System
1. Exercise regularly, this helps to improve the circulation
of the blood.

76. Simple ways of
caring our
Circulatory System
2. Eat a well balanced diet.

77. Simple ways of
caring our
Circulatory System
3. Avoid eating too much saturated fat. Use beneficial
fats and oils.

78. Simple ways of
caring our
Circulatory System
4. Avoid smoking cigarettes or staying with smokers.
Smoking increases the risk of stroke and coronary heart
disease.

79. Simple ways of
caring our
Circulatory System
5. Try to reduce stress.

80. Simple ways of
caring our
Circulatory System
6. And the important one is to have a positive outlook in
life.