This lecture is based on post-graduate medical students of all subject those who are students MS/MD/FCPS of different subject on Central Tendency and Dispersion.
Use of Excel in Statistics: Problem Solving Vs Problem UnderstandingIJITE
MS-Excel’s statistical features and functions are traditionally used in solving problems in a statistics class.
Carefully designed problems around these can help a student visualize the working of statistical concepts
such as Hypothesis testing or Confidence Interval.
This lecture is based on post-graduate medical students of all subject those who are students MS/MD/FCPS of different subject on Central Tendency and Dispersion.
Use of Excel in Statistics: Problem Solving Vs Problem UnderstandingIJITE
MS-Excel’s statistical features and functions are traditionally used in solving problems in a statistics class.
Carefully designed problems around these can help a student visualize the working of statistical concepts
such as Hypothesis testing or Confidence Interval.
Descriptive Statistics are utilized to portray the fundamental highlights of the information in an examination. They give straightforward synopses about the example and the measures. Along with straightforward designs examination, they structure the premise of essentially every quantitative investigation of information.
Descriptive Statistics regularly recognized from inferential insights. With clear measurements, you are just depicting what is or what the information shows.
This ppt comprises of the the topics of research which tells you about how the data is presented, what are the types of tables, what is simple table, complex table, frequency distribution table, Rules for construction of frequency table, Charts and diagram, Pie chart
Simple bar diagram
Multiple bar diagram
Component bar diagram or subdivided bar diagram
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Stacked chart
Scatter diagram
Line diagram
Pictogram
Statistical maps
To arrange the data in such a way that it should create interest in the reader’s mind at the first sight.
To present the information in a compact and concise form without losing important details.
Descriptive Statistics are utilized to portray the fundamental highlights of the information in an examination. They give straightforward synopses about the example and the measures. Along with straightforward designs examination, they structure the premise of essentially every quantitative investigation of information.
Descriptive Statistics regularly recognized from inferential insights. With clear measurements, you are just depicting what is or what the information shows.
This ppt comprises of the the topics of research which tells you about how the data is presented, what are the types of tables, what is simple table, complex table, frequency distribution table, Rules for construction of frequency table, Charts and diagram, Pie chart
Simple bar diagram
Multiple bar diagram
Component bar diagram or subdivided bar diagram
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Stacked chart
Scatter diagram
Line diagram
Pictogram
Statistical maps
To arrange the data in such a way that it should create interest in the reader’s mind at the first sight.
To present the information in a compact and concise form without losing important details.
Independent Study 1. Outline in as much detail as possible.docxbradburgess22840
Independent Study
1. Outline in as much detail as possible what topic(s) you wish to investigate in an independent
study course:
I am interested in researching the envisioned possibilities behind “fracking” discussed by
major developed countries. Lately it was published that English PM, David Cameron will be
discussing at the Davos economic forum how fracking will assist in boosting the UK
economy. Other world leaders including US President Barack Obama have praised fracking
on a continual basis. I am interested in researching this topic more specifically to assess the
economic benefits vs. potential hardships of fracking.
The belief that we should be good stewards of the Earth should be recognized by all because
it will be our generation, our children, and our grandchildren who will be left to clean up
behind us. Therefore, properly identifying and understanding the benefits and risks of
fracking will give us a better understanding of the landscape surrounding the industry and, as
a result, allow us to take more calculated steps towards economic empowerment and
improvement through fracking.
Title for research: Fracking: Associated Economic Costs vs. Benefits
2. Describe the deliverables for the independent study upon which your grade will be based (papers,
exams, oral recitations, etc.). If you will produce a writer paper, furnish a tentative outline:
Introduction
Fracking: The process and its impacts
o Define “fracking” and different types
o Describe fracking process (most common)
o Detail current regulations and discuss future Federal and state policies
The Benefits of Fracking
o Cleaner-burning fossil fuel for power generation and transportation
o Royalties or leasing payments made to land owners
o Direct hires of workers by natural gas industry, census and salaries
o Decreased energy costs (residential, commercial, industrial)
o Indirect economic benefits (from purchase of goods and services associated with
development and expansion of natural gas industry)
The Costs of Fracking
o Water (surface vs. ground water, holding ponds, rules on the reuse of wastewater, and
the impact of leaky gas-well casings)
o Radiological concerns (management of drilling waste, investigate NORM)
o Human health concerns (release of volatile organic compounds)
o Natural resources (replenishment vs. damage)
o Public infrastructure and services (possible negative effects)
o Other economic impacts
Accounting for costs and benefits of Fracking
o Fracking Through Sound-Sensing Fiber Optics
Conclusions and Recommendations
3. Include information on any readings or cases that you will use:
Documentaries: Gasland (part 1 and 2), Carbon Nation, Truthland
Survey report: Climate Policy Options
The Costs of Fracking: The Price Tag of Dirty Drilling Environmental Damage
API, ACC, Energy in Depth, Weekly Shale, EIA, EPA, BP Statistical Review, Oil.
The site present the assignment to the students in well- structured manner including all the information in the simplest form, so that students need not spend extra time and effort in completion of the assignment and along with these they can also gain all the content engraved in the brain.
This lecture is based on medical students those are preparing for postgraduate degree namely FCPS/MS/MD/ any any subject coz hypertension is a systemic disease and by seeing the ocular fundus we can asses the general condition of blood vessels in major organ.
This lecture is based on post-graduate students of Ophthalmology (DO, DCO, MCPS, FCPS, MS) and optical principle of LASER, construction of laser and laser tissue interaction has cover the lecture
This lecture is based on post-graduate students of Ophthalmology (DO, DCO, MCPS, FCPS, MS) and optical principle of GAT has to know for a student to use the instrument friendly
This is the 5 th lecture on "Research Methodology through zoom. The lecture was based on postgraduate Medical students those are different courses of FCPS/MS/MD/PhD (any Specialty)
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Presentation of data
Dr Md Anisur Rahman
Professor & Head of the Department
(Ophthalmology)
Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka
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2. Different types of presentations
1) Table
2) Graph
3) Line Diagram
4) Scatter plots
5) Stem and leaf plots
6) Quartiles
7) Box-and-whisker plot
8) Pie chart
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4. Some common recommendations to follow when
presenting data
The presentation should be as simple as possible.
Avoid the trap of adding too much information.
A good rule of thumb is to only present one idea or to
have only one purpose for each graph or chart you
create.
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5. Some common recommendations to follow when
presenting data
The presentation should be self-explanatory.
A chart or graph is not serving its purpose if the
reader has to refer to the text in order to understand it.
The title should be clear and concise indicating what?
When? Where? The data were obtained.
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6. Some common recommendations to follow when
presenting data
Codes legends and labels should be clear and concise,
following standard formats if possible. (Legend is a broad
label for a group of objects that you would like to label, whereas label is
just for labeling specific elements.)
The use of footnotes is advised to explain essential
features of the data that are critical for the correct
interpretation of the graph or chart.
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7. Construction of a Statistical Table
A statistical table has at least four major parts and some
other minor parts:
(1) The Title
(2) The Box Head (column captions)
(3) The Stub (row captions)
(4) The Body
(5) Prefatory Notes
(6) Foot Notes
(7) Source Notes
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8. The general sketch of table indicating its
necessary parts is shown below:
• The title:
• Prefatory Notes
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Box Head
Row caption Column caption
Sub Entries The body
Foot notes
Source notes
9. (1) The Title & (2) The Box Head (column
captions)
1) The title is the main heading written in capitals shown
at the top of the table. It must explain the contents of
the table and throw light on the table, as whole
different parts of the heading can be separated by
commas. There are no full stops in the little.
2) The vertical heading and subheading of the column
are called columns captions. The spaces where these
column headings are written is called the box head.
Only the first letter of the box head is in capital letters
and the remaining words must be written in lowercase.
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10. (3) The Stub (row captions) & (4) The Body
3) The horizontal headings and sub heading of the row
are called row captions and the space where these rows
headings are written is called the stub.
4) This is the main part of the table which contains the
numerical information classified with respect to row and
column captions.
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11. (5) Prefatory Notes & (6) Foot Notes
5) A statement given below the title and enclosed in
brackets usually describes the units of measurement and
is called the prefatory notes.
6) These appear immediately below the body of the
table providing additional explanation.
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12. (7) Source Notes
The source notes are given at the end of the table
indicating the source the information has been taken
from. It includes the information about compiling
agency, publication, etc.
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13. An ideal table has the following features
1) Limit your table to data that are relevant to the hypotheses
in the experiment.
2) Be certain that your table can stand alone without any
explanation.
3) Refer to all tables by numbers in your text, e.g., (in Arabic
numerals) Table 1, Table 2. Table 3...
4) Describe or discuss only the table's highlights in your text.
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14. An ideal table have the following features
5) Always give units of measurement in table headings.
6) Align decimal places.
7) Round numbers as much as possible. Try to round to
two decimal places unless more decimals are needed.
8) place the tables near the text that refers to them.
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15. An ideal table have the following features
9) Reasonable amount of data to be used, neither so small nor
to big data that the reader does not understand results,
10) Only include the necessary number of tables in your paper,
otherwise, it may be redundant or confusing to the reader.
11) Do not use tables if you only have two or fewer columns
and rows. In such cases, a textual description is enough.
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16. An ideal table have the following features
12) Organize your tables neatly so that the meaning of the
table is obvious at first glance.
13) Remember that too many rows or columns could make it
difficult for the reader to understand the data. You may
need to reduce the amount of data, or separate the data into
additional tables.
14) If you have identical columns or rows of data in two or
more tables, combine the tables.
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17. An ideal table have the following features
15)Provide column/row totals or other numerical
summaries that can make it easier to understand the
data.
16)Be consistent with your tabular presentation. Use
consistent table, title, and heading formats.
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18. Table, Frequency distribution
Table: 1. Rating of a hotel by its 20 boarders
Above average Above average Average
Average Above average Average
Above average Average Poor
Average Below average Above average
Poor Above average Above average
Below average Excellent Above average
Average Above average
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19. Table: 2. Shows frequency distribution of rating of Hotel by 20 borders
Frequency Distribution
Rating Frequency Relative
frequency
Cumulative
frequency
Percent
frequency
Poor 2 10 2 0.10
Below
average
3 15 5 0.15
Average 5 25 10 0.25
Above
average
9 45 19 0.45
Excellent 1 5 20 0.05
20 100 1.00
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20. Tables: Relative frequency
So, Relative frequency =
The calculation for the first relative frequency is:
2/20 X 100 = 10
X 100
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21. Table: Cumulative frequency
The cumulative frequency is obtained by adding up
the frequencies as you go along, to give a 'running
total' “We could also call it a Running Total”
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22. Types of graph:
Graphs are a good means of describing, exploring or
summarizing numerical data because the use of a
visual image can simplify complex information and
help to highlight patterns and trends in the data.
1) Bar Chart
2) Histogram
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24. Bar charts
Heights or lengths of the different bars are proportional
to the size of the category they represent.
x-axis (the horizontal axis) represents the different
categories it has no scale.
y-axis (the vertical axis) does have a scale and this
indicates the units of measurement.
The bars can be drawn either vertically or horizontally
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27. Histogram
Histogram is a graphical display of data using bars of
different heights
It is similar to a bar chart, but a histogram group
numbers into ranges. And you decide what ranges to
use.
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29. Difference between bar graph and histograph
Bar graph Histograph
1) Bar graphs are usually used
to display "categorical data"
1) Histograms on the other
hand are usually used to
present "continuous data"
2) Bars in bar graphs are
usually separated
2) In histograms the bars are
adjacent to each other.
3) Bar charts are used to
compare variables
3) histograms are used to show
distributions of variables
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30. How many groups should I have for a
histogram?
It is partly aesthetic judgment but, in general,
between 5 and 15, depending on the sample size,
gives a reasonable picture.
Try to keep the intervals (known also as "bin widths")
equal.
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32. Stem and Leaf Plot
Stem and Leaf Plot is a special table where each
data value is split into a "stem" (the first digit or
digits) and a "leaf" (usually the last digit).
• The "stem" values are listed down, and the "leaf"
values go right (or left) from the stem values.
• The "stem" is used to group the scores and each "leaf"
shows the individual scores within each group.
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34. For example, a gynecologist in district general
hospital is investigating the Hb% of 24 women in
child bearing age (15 – 40 year). In a particular
village there are 24 women whose ages range from 15
to 40 year, and in a preliminary study the
gynecologist has found the following amounts of
Hb% given in Table 1 what is called an array
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36. We need to abbreviate the observations to two
significant digits. The digit to the left of the decimal
point is the "stem" and the digit to the right the "leaf".
We first write the stems in order down the page. We
then work along the data set, writing the leaves down
"as they come". Thus, for the first data point, we write a
5 opposite the 6 stem. These are as given in
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40. Quartile
• What is quartile?
• What is the relation of quartiles with median?
• Interquartile range
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41. What is quartile?
Quartile is a useful concept in statistics and is
conceptually similar to the median. The first quartile
is the data point at the 25th percentile, and the third
quartile is the data point at the 75th percentile. The
50th percentile is the median.
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42. To further see what quartiles do, the first quartile is at the
25th percentile. This means that 25% of the data is
smaller than the first quartile and 75% of the data is larger
than this. Similarly, in case of the third quartile, 25% of
the data is larger than it while 75% of it is smaller. For the
second quartile, which is nothing but the median, 50% or
half of the data is smaller while half of the data is larger
than this value.
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43. • What is the relation of quartiles with median? (14)
• We know that the median of a set of data separates the data into
two equal parts. Data can be further separated into quartiles. Quartiles
separate the original set of data into four equal parts. Each of these parts
contains one-fourth of the data. Quartiles are percentiles that divide the
data into fourths.
• The first quartile is the middle (the median) of the lower half of the
data. One-fourth of the data lies below the first quartile and three-fourths
lies above. (the 25th percentile)
•
• The second quartile is another name for the median of the entire set of
data. Median of data set = second quartile of data set. (the 50th percentile)
• The third quartile is the middle (the median) of the upper half of the
data. Three-fourths of the data lies below the third quartile and one-
fourth lies above. (the 75th percentile)
•
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44. The first quartile
is the middle (the
median) of the
lower half of the
data. One-fourth
of the data lies
below the first
quartile and
three-fourths lies
above. (the
25th percentile)
The second
quartile is
another name for
the median of the
entire set of data.
Median of data
set = second
quartile of data
set. (the
50th percentile
The third quartile
is the middle (the
median) of the
upper half of the
data. Three-
fourths of the
data lies below
the third quartile
and one-fourth
lies above. (the
75th percentile
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46. Line Diagram
What is a line graph?
Example
Why use a Line Graph?
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47. What is a line graph?
A line chart or line graph is a type of chart which displays
information as a series of data points connected by straight
line segments. It is a basic type of chart common in many
fields.
A line chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over
intervals of time – a time series – thus the line is often drawn
chronologically. In these cases they are known as run charts.
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49. • Which day did this person spend the most money? How do
we know? This person spent the most money on Thursday.
We know this because the graph is the highest on Thursday.
About how much money in total did this person spend on
Monday and Thursday? How do we know? This person
spent about Tk 500 on Monday and Thursday. We know this
because we looked at where the line was for Monday and
Thursday and added the two amounts.
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50. Why use a Line Graph?
A line graph has characteristics that make it useful for
some situations. We would use a line graph if:
• we have a function. Line graphs are good at showing
specific data values, meaning that if we have one
variable (x) we can easily find the other (y).
• We want to show trends. For example, how our
investments change over time or how food prices have
increased over time.
• We want to make predictions. A line graph can be
extrapolated beyond the data at hand. They enable we
to make predictions about the results of data.
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52. Scatter plot
• What is a Scatter plot?
• How to construct/Read Scatter plot?
• Patterns of Data in Scatter plots
• Difference between line graph and scatter plot
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53. What is a Scatter plot?
A scatter plot is a graphic tool used to display the
relationship between two quantitative variables.
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55. How to Constructs/Read a Scatter plot?
A scatter plot consists of an X axis (the horizontal axis), a Y axis
(the vertical axis), and a series of dots. Each dot on the scatter
plot represents one observation from a data set. The position of
the dot on the scatter plot represents its X and Y values.
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56. Pieces of data are collected and translated into points that,
when graphed, can be used to define the nature behind two
correlated variables (x and y).
• A line graph, on the other hand, displays the direct relationship
between the variables x and y.
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57. Box-and-whisker plot or box plot
• A five-number summary of a data set
Box-and-whisker plot or box plot is a diagram
based on the five-number summary of a data set. It is used
is in non-parametric data. Before have a clear idea of
Box-and-whisker plot we have to know what are the five-
number summaries of a data set? The five-numbers are:
i. Minimum number
ii. Maximum number
iii. Median (or second quartile)
iv. The first quartile, and
v. The third quartile.
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59. How to construct a box-and-whisker plot?
Construct a box-and-whisker plot for the following data:
The data:
Math test scores: 80, 75, 90, 95, 65, 65, 80, 85, 70, and 100
Step 1: Arrange them in ascending order:
65, 65, 70, 75, 80, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100
Step: 2. . Identify the median (the value in the middle)
65, 65, 70, 75, 80, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100
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60. Step: 3. Identify the lower quartile – (median of the lower half)
And the upper quartile – (median of the upper half)
65, 65, 70, 75, 80, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100
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median of the
lower half
Median
median of the
upper half
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Step: 4. Draw a box – from the lower to the upper quartile.
Step: 5. Draw a line in the box to show the median.
Step: 6. Draw the whisker – to the minimum and maximum.
60 70 80 90 100