This document discusses various methods for organizing and presenting quantitative data, including frequency distributions, histograms, stem-and-leaf diagrams, pie charts, bar charts, line charts, scatter plots, and strategies for grouping continuous data into classes. Key topics covered include constructing frequency distributions, interpreting relative frequencies, guidelines for determining class widths and intervals, and using graphs and charts to visualize categorical and multivariate data.

1. Graphs, Charts, and Tables

9. Frequency Distribution Example Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Frequency 10 but under 20 3 .15 20 but under 30 6 .30 30 but under 40 5 .25 40 but under 50 4 .20 50 but under 60 2 .10 Total 20 1.00 Relative Frequency Frequency Distribution

11. Histogram Example Class Midpoints Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 No gaps between bars, since continuous data

22. Graphing Categorical Data Categorical Data Pie Charts Pareto Diagram Bar Charts

24. Pie Chart Example Percentages are rounded to the nearest percent Current Investment Portfolio Savings 15% CD 14% Bonds 29% Stocks 42% Investment Amount Percentage Type (in thousands $) Stocks 46.5 42.27 Bonds 32.0 29.09 CD 15.5 14.09 Savings 16.0 14.55 Total 110 100 (Variables are Qualitative)

25. Bar Chart Example

26. Pareto Diagram Example cumulative % invested (line graph) % invested in each category (bar graph)

27. Bar Chart Example Number of days read Frequency 0 44 1 24 2 18 3 16 4 20 5 22 6 26 7 30 Total 200

32. Line Chart Example Year Inflation Rate 1985 3.56 1986 1.86 1987 3.65 1988 4.14 1989 4.82 1990 5.40 1991 4.21 1992 3.01 1993 2.99 1994 2.56 1995 2.83 1996 2.95 1997 2.29 1998 1.56 1999 2.21 2000 3.36 2001 2.85 2002 1.58

33. Scatter Diagram Example Volume per day Cost per day 23 125 26 140 29 146 33 160 38 167 42 170 50 188 55 195 60 200