This ppt comprises of the the topics of research which tells you about how the data is presented, what are the types of tables, what is simple table, complex table, frequency distribution table, Rules for construction of frequency table, Charts and diagram, Pie chart Simple bar diagram Multiple bar diagram Component bar diagram or subdivided bar diagram Histogram Frequency polygon Frequency curve Stacked chart Scatter diagram Line diagram Pictogram Statistical maps

1. Presentation of data

3. Presentation of data
Tabular Graphical
Simple table complex table For quantitative data For qualitative data
1. Histogram 1. Bar chart
2. Frequency polygon 2. Pictogram
3. Frequency curve 3. Pie chart
4. Line chart 4. Map diagram
5. Normal distribution curve
6. Cumulative distribution curve
7.Scatter diagram

4. Tabulation
Tables are the devices, that are used to present the data in a simple form. It is probably
the first step before the data is used for analysis or interpretation.
General principals of designing tables
a) The tables should be numbered e.g table 1, table 2 etc.
b) A title must be given to each table, which should be brief and self explanatory.
c) The headings of columns or rows should be clear and concise.
d) The data must be presented according to size or importance chronologically,
alphabetically, or geographically.
e) If percentages or averages are to be compared, they should be placed as close as
possible.
f) No table should be too large
g) Most of the people find a vertical arrangement better than a horizontal one because, it
is easier to scan the data from top to bottom than from left to right
h) Foot notes may be given, where necessary, providing explanatory notes or additional
information.

5. Types of tables
1) Simple tables: Measurements of single set are
presented
2) Complex tables :Measurements of multiple sets
are presented

6. Simple Table
Name of country Infant mortality rate
Pakistan 90
Bangladesh 60
Sri Lanka 26
India 60
When characteristics with values are presented in the form of
table, it is known as simple table e.g
Table 4.4:Infant mortality rate of selected countries in 2018

7. Complex table

8. Frequency distribution table
• In the frequency distribution table, the data is first split
up into convenient groups (class interval) and the
number of items (frequency) which occur in each
group is shown in adjacent columns.
• Hence it is a table showing the frequency with which
the values are distributed in different groups or classes
with some defined characteristics.

10. Rules for construction of frequency table
1) The class interval should not be too large or too small
2) The number of classes to be at least 5 and not more than
15
3) The class interval should be equal and uniform through
out the classification.
No. of class interval:
K represent No. of class intervals
N=30
Width of C.I.
H= largest numerical values-smallest numerical
value/number of class interval

11. Charts and Diagrams
Charts and diagrams are useful methods of presenting simple data.
 They have powerful impact on imagination of people.
 Gives information at a glance.
 Diagrams are better retained in memory than statistical table.
 However graphs cannot be substituted for statistical table, because the
graphs cannot have mathematical treatment where as tables can be treated
mathematically.
 Whenever graphs are compared , the difference in the scale should be
noted.
 It should be remembered that a lot of details and accuracy of original data
is lost in charts and diagrams, and if we want the real study, we have to go
back to the original data.

12. Common diagrams
• Pie chart
• Simple bar diagram
• Multiple bar diagram
• Component bar diagram or subdivided bar diagram
• Histogram
• Frequency polygon
• Frequency curve
• Stacked chart
• Scatter diagram
• Line diagram
• Pictogram
• Statistical maps

13. Bar charts
• The data presented is categorical
• Data is presented in the form of rectangular bar of equal
breadth.
• Each bar represent one variant /attribute.
• Suitable scale should be indicated and scale starts from
zero.
• The width of the bar and the gaps between the bars should
be equal throughout.
• The length of the bar is proportional to the magnitude/
frequency of the variable.
• The bars may be vertical or horizontal.

14. Bar charts
70
100
120
150
230
160
200
260
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine
Year Wise Enrollment of students in Government school
No. of Students

15. Multiple Bar Charts
• Also called compound bar charts
• More then one sub-attribute of variable can be
expressed
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Asia Europe Africa Latin
America
USSR North
America
Oceania
Percentage
of
World
Total
Population
Land

16. Component/Composite bar charts
• When there are many categories on X-axis (more
than 5) and they have further subcategories, then to
accommodate the categories, the bars may be
divided into parts, each part representing a certain
item and proportional to the magnitude of that
particular item
Pakistan: Growth of Population
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1
9
0
1
1
9
1
1
1
9
2
1
1
9
3
1
1
9
4
1
1
9
5
1
1
9
6
1
1
9
7
1
1
9
8
1
1
9
9
1
2
0
0
1
Censs Decades
Population
in
Million
Growth

17. Component/ Composite Bar Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pakistan USA Sweden
Female
Male

18. Bar chart
Comparing categories
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3

19. Stacked bar chart
Represent components of whole & compare wholes
3
4
6
10
0 5 10 15
Males
Females
0-14 years
15+ years
Number of months patients have been enrolled in HIV care
Number of Months Female and Male Patients Have Been
Enrolled in HIV Care, by Age Group
Data source: AIDSRelief program records January 2009 - 20011

20. Histogram
• Used for Quantitative, Continuous, Variables.
• It is used to present variables which have no gaps
e.g age, weight, height, blood pressure, blood sugar
etc.
• It consist of a series of blocks. The class intervals
are given along horizontal axis and the frequency
along the vertical axis.

21. Histogram of Grouped frequency distrinution of
serum cholestrol levels in 200 men
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
161-
170
171-
180
181-
190
191-
200
201-
210
211-
220
221-
230
231-
240
241-
250
251-
260
Serum Cholestrol, mg/dl
frequency

22. Pie charts
• Most common way of presenting data
• The value of each category is divided by the total
values and then multiplied by 360 and then each
category is allocated the respective angle to present
the proportion it has.
• It is often necessary to indicate percentages in the
segment as it may not be sometimes very easy
virtually, to compare the areas of segments.

23. World Population
Developed
Countries
74%
Developing
Countries
26%
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
Pie Charts

24. • Question-: In a DHQ Hospital 120 Doctors are working.
60 doctors went to Lahore to attend a workshop. 20
doctors went on long leave. 30 doctors were retired.
• Show this data by Pie chart.
Doctors went to
Lahore
Doctors retired
Doctors on leave
Working doctors

25. Draw the Bar Graph as per the
following Table

26. Solution

27. Draw Multiple Bar Graph as per
the Given data below:

28. Solution

29. Draw Stacked Bar Graph as per the
Given data below:

30. Solution

31. Draw Pie chart as per the Given
data below

32. Solution
• In the example provided above, the sum of the
frequencies of all the blood group types is 90.
• A circle represents 360°. The frequency of A blood
type when converted to degree becomes 25/90
• x 360° = 100° or 0.27x360°. Likewise B = 38*360, AB
= .15*360 and O =.17*360
• Now plot the frequencies of ABO blood group types
(converted into degrees) as slices of a pie. The
labels may be placed at the side or on each of the
slices of pie.

33. Pie Chart

36. MCQs
A graphical representation of a frequency
distribution is called a__________________ .
A. time-series plot
B. stem-and-leaf plot
C. scatter diagram
D. histogram.

37. What is the purpose of a summary
table?
A. To list data to create a bar or pie chart
B. To see differences between or among
categories.
C. This is the only way to present categorical data
in numerical form
D. To sum the values of responses to a survey

38. You have a summary table and a simple bar chart (like the ones at the
beginning of the chapter) indicating where customers prefer to do their
banking. How could you enhance the bar chart to provide both visual and
actual information?
A. Use vertical lines on the bar chart to show the
values more precisely
B. Add values to the bar chart like what is commonly
done on a pie chart.
C. The bar chart and summary table must be presented
together in order to represent this data
D. Only the summary table can show the actual values
for the data
Correct Answer is B

39. Correct Answer is C

40. Tabulation: Question
• In a sample study about coffee drinker and non-
coffee drinker habits in two towns, the following
information was received-
• Town A: Females were 45 %. Total coffee drinkers
were 45 % and male non-coffee drinkers were 20
%.
• Town B: males were 55%. Total coffee drinkers were
55 % and females coffee drinker were 15%.
Male/Female
coffee drinkers
Male/Female
non-coffee
drinkers
Total
Male/Female
Town A 15 20 45% (F)
Town B 55% (M)