Morphology is the study of word structures and forms, specifically focusing on morphemes. It examines the ways that words are formed through processes like inflection, derivation, and compounding. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that cannot be divided further. Morphemes can be free, able to stand alone as words, or bound, only occurring attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes include derivational affixes, which can change a word's grammatical category, and inflectional affixes, which do not change category but indicate things like number, tense, or comparison. The analysis of morphology seeks to identify and describe the morphemes within words and their functions.
1/The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
2/Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.
1/The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
2/Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
This slide explains Inflectional morphology which is the study of the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories.
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Morphology.....a major topic in Linguisticssaroshzainab
In this topic you will learn Morphology, Morphemes, Difference in bound and free morphemes, Types of bound and free morphemes and Morphological Description.......Morphology is a branch of linguistics that explores the structure and formation of words in a language. It is concerned with the study of morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning in a language. Morphology delves into how these morphemes combine to create words and how words, in turn, form larger units such as phrases and sentences.
The primary focus of morphology is on understanding the rules and patterns governing the internal structure of words, encompassing both inflectional and derivational processes. Inflection involves modifications to a word to convey grammatical information, such as tense, number, or case. Derivation, on the other hand, deals with the creation of new words by adding prefixes, suffixes, or infixes to existing roots.
Morphology also examines the concept of morphological productivity, which refers to the extent to which a language allows speakers to generate new words using established morphological processes. Languages exhibit varying degrees of morphological complexity, with some relying heavily on inflections and derivations, while others may lean towards a more analytic structure.
Moreover, morphology plays a crucial role in understanding the relationship between form and meaning in language. It helps elucidate how changes in word structure contribute to shifts in meaning and grammatical function. The study of morphology is essential not only for linguists but also for language learners, as it provides insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying word formation and the dynamic nature of linguistic systems.
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2. Morphology:is the study of forms.
Morphology:is The branch of linguistics (and one of the
major components of grammar) that studies word
structures, especially in terms of morphemes. Adjective:
morphological.
Morphology:is the study and description of word formation
(as inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language
Morphology:is the study of word formation, of the
structure of words.
4. Morpheme :
-Morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or
grammatical function.
-It is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a
word, such as man, or a word element, such as -
ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful parts.
-It is a smallest morphological unit that cannot
be divided into smaller parts.
5. *In English, words like talks,talker,talked,talking
must consist of one element talk and a number of
other elements such as-s,-er,-ed and –ing.
Examples
re- open -ed 3morphemes
(minimal unit of meaning(again)- minimal unit of meaning-
minimal unit of grammatical function(indicate past tense))
tour- ist -s
(minimal unit of meaning tour-minimal unit of
meaning(ist),marking "person who does sth."-minimal unit
of grammatical function(-s)(indicate plural)).
7. *•Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand by
themselves as a single word I.e. are those which can stand
alone as words of a language
*•Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words.
They may be lexical morphemes ({serve}, {press}), or
grammatical(functional) morphemes ({at}, {and}).
**in English, free morphemes can be identified as the set of
separate word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives,
verbs, etc.
e.g. care, teach, help, above….
10. *There are a number of English words in which the
element treated as stem is not a free morpheme.
re
duce, -peat ceive
these types of forms are called
"bound stems"
11. Types of free morphemes
Lexical morpheme functional morpheme
13. Q. why are they treated as an
"open" class of words?
A-They are treated as an "open" class of
words because we can add new lexical
morphemes to the language rather easily.
i.e. we can create new words which are
lexical.
19. *
1. -'s (possessive) with nouns *Jane's brother
2. _s (plural) * pens
ing (present participle) *teaching
s (3rd person singular) with verbs *she likes
ed(past tense) *played
en(past participle) *forgotten
7. – est (superlative) with adjectives *happiest
8. –er (comparative) *happier
20. Morphological description
-what's the difference between inflectional
morpheme and derivational morpheme?
-inflectional morpheme ,never change the
grammatical category of a word.
-Old (adj.) Older (adj.)
while derivational morpheme can change the
grammatical category of a word .
-teach (v.) teacher (n.)
23. Problem in morphological description
So far we have only considered examples of English
words in which the different morphemes are easily
identifiable . thus what is the inflectional morpheme
which makes sheep the plural of sheep , or men the
plural of man ?
A related question concern the inflection which makes
went the past of go .
And yet another question concern the derivation of an
adjective like legal . If al is the derivational suffix , as it
is in forms like institutional , then what is the stem ?
No it is not leg
24. Allomorph
An allomorph is a linguistics term for a variant
form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a
unit of meaning can vary in sound
(phonologically) without changing meaning. It is
used in linguistics to explain the comprehension
of variations in sound for a specific morpheme.