The document discusses various lexical semantic relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, homophones, polysemy, and collocations. It defines each relation and provides examples to illustrate how the meaning of words can be related or contrasted in multiple ways. The key relations covered are synonyms (words with similar meanings), antonyms (opposite meanings), hyponyms (a specific example of a general category), and polysemy (a single word with multiple related meanings).
Morpheme, morphological analysis and morphemic analysissyerencs
Structure of morphological analysis and morphemic analysis. The morpheme refers to either a class of forms or an abstraction from the concrete forms of language. A morpheme is internally indivisible, it cannot be further subdivided or analyzed into smaller meaningful unit. It is also externally transportable; it has positional mobility or free distribution, occurring in various context.
Morphemes are represented which curly brace { } using capital letters for lexemes or descriptive designations for types of morphemes.
1/The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
2/Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.
Morpheme, morphological analysis and morphemic analysissyerencs
Structure of morphological analysis and morphemic analysis. The morpheme refers to either a class of forms or an abstraction from the concrete forms of language. A morpheme is internally indivisible, it cannot be further subdivided or analyzed into smaller meaningful unit. It is also externally transportable; it has positional mobility or free distribution, occurring in various context.
Morphemes are represented which curly brace { } using capital letters for lexemes or descriptive designations for types of morphemes.
1/The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
2/Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.
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It should be noted that there was considerable talking through this at SXSW and was uploaded primarily for the audience who asked for the slides.
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A Student of BS English in linguistics and Literature. This slide must be helpful to grasp the basics about Semantics. I hope you all will understand it and gain athentic knowledge from it. As l, Style is a man so this slide writing style show it's creater capabilities and expertisies. Thanks to all.
Writing Elements A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usag.docxericbrooks84875
Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
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2. Fire Department
• The Department who starts the fire
• Extinguishing Department
Wrinkle Cream
• Causes wrinkles
• Wrinkle free Cream
Pain Pills
• Pain causing pills
• Relief Pills
3. •Semantics is the area of linguistics that analyzes
the meaning of words, phrases and sentences in
language.
•The study of semantics includes the study of how
meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified,
obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated,
contradicted and paraphrased.
4. • Look at these words. Read them and think what other words come to your mind in
relationship to term provided.
Dog
Sofa
Pill
Coin
Wheel
Shoes
Bed
Baby
Sugar
sand
kids
turkey
Water
bathroom
Pencil
Teacher
Yoga
Hammer
5. • All the words mentioned before and the concepts
that we linked to them have a meaning
• Meaning: Conceptual & Associative
• Both these form of meaning are used in Subliminal
marketing
7. Conceptual and Associative Meaning
• Conceptual meaning refers to the linguist function of
the word, that provides its meaning.
– E.g. Money
• Money: It’s an object (or series of them) that allow people to buy
goods
• Associative meaning deals with the concepts that we
add to the original word
– E.g. Money
• Money: Rich, job, to work, tired, coin, poor, etc.
8. Analyze:
What’s the problem with these sentences. How can
you explain what the problem is with each one
• The hamburger ate the boy.
• The table listens to the radio.
• The horse is reading the newspaper.
• The wall talked
• These pigs are flying
• A hamburger asked for some cheese
9. • The Semantic Features are ‘categories’ that
allow us to classify the meaning of a word
• They are usually represented with a headword
and using the symbols ‘+’ and ‘-’ to say if the
word contains that feature.
• There is no list of semantic features. We need
the context to create one.
10.
11.
12. • The semantic roles are properties that the noun
phrases have according to their meaning inside the
sentence.
• The semantic roles are:
– Agent
– Theme
– Instrument
– Experiencer
– Location
– Source
– Goal
13. The boy kicked a ball
In that sentence, the person who executes the
action is called AGENT. The agent in that
sentence is the the boy
The THEME is the object or person that is
directly affected or described by the action. In
this case a ball
14. The boy cut his hair with the scissors
• In this example, we can notice that there is a
tool that helps the Agent to perform the
action. That is the semantic role of
INSTRUMENT
He felt happy about cutting his hair
• When the action is related to a feeling, a state
or perception, the agent takes the name of
EXPERIENCER
15. The keys are next to the vase.
She brought some souvenirs from France.
Marco travels to Merida tomorrow.
• In the first sentence the text in pink marks the
semantic role of Location
• In the second, the semantic role of Source
• In the third one, the semantic role of Goal
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. • Two or more words with very closely related meanings are called synonyms.
• They can often, though not always, be substituted for each other in sentences.
– almost/nearly
– big/large
– broad/wide
– buy/purchase,
– cab/taxi
– car/automobile
– couch/sofa
– freedom/liberty
• It is important to consider that the idea of ‘sameness’ of meaning used in
discussing synonymy is not necessarily ‘total sameness’
22. • Two forms with opposite meanings are called antonyms.
– alive/dead
– big/small
– fast/slow
– happy/sad,
• There are two types of antonyms: Gradable and Non-gradable
• Gradable antonyms refer to contrary adjectives (Big, small) , while Non-
gradable antonyms refer to those words that don’t allow comparison;
however, they have a complementary word (alive/dead)
• Reversives +++
23. • When the meaning of one form is included in
the meaning of another, the relationship is
described as hyponymy.
• animal/dog
• dog/poodle
• vegetable/carrot
• flower/rose
24. We can also say that two or more words that share the same
superordinate term are co-hyponyms
25.
26. The idea of ‘the characteristic instance’ of a category is known as the prototype.
The concept of a prototype helps explain the meaning of certain words, like bird,
not in terms of component features (e.g. ‘has feathers’, ‘has wings’), but in terms
of resemblance to the clearest example.
•Dog
•Three
•Table
•Chair
27. • When two or more different (written) forms
have the same pronunciation, they are
described as homophones.
– bare/bear
– meat/meet
– flour/flower
– pail/pale
– right/write
– to/too/two.
28. • We use the term homonyms when one form (written
or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings, as
in these examples:
– bank (of a river) – bank (financial institution)
– bat (flying creature) – bat (used in sports)
– mole (on skin) – mole (small animal)
– pupil (at school) – pupil (in the eye)
– race (contest of speed) – race (ethnic group)
29.
30. • Polysemy can be defined as one form (written or
spoken) having multiple meanings that are all related
by extension
• Head: head as a part of body; mind, or mental ability;
a person in charge.
• Foot- Of a person, of Mountain
• Date-Point in time, Arranged meeting
31. • These last three lexical relations are the basis of a lot of word
play, usually for humorous effect.
• Why is 6 afraid of 7? Because 7-8-9
• Question:
– If the plural of Hippopotamus is hippopotami, What is the plural of
whatafoolamus?
• Answer:
– Whatafoolami (what a fool am I)
32. • It is a relationship between two words, that is
based on daily life experience.
• That close connection can be based on a
container- contents relation (bottle- coke;
can- juice),
• a whole- part relation (car- wheels; house-
roof)
• or a representative- symbol relationship (king-
crown; The President- The White House).
33. A metaphor is a phrase that does not
carry the literal meanings of the words
but is used to mean something different.
For example :
My car is a lemon
Works as a metaphor because the term
lemon has a secondary meaning “a
defective vehicle”
Metaphors
34.
35. • Frequently occurring together is known as collocation. Words tend
to occur with other words.
• Some collocations are joined pairs of words such as salt and
pepper or husband and wife.
ha m m e r – na il
ne e d le –thre a d
b utte r – b re a d
sa lt –p e p p e r
36. Yule,G . 2006. The stud y o f
languag e .Ca m b rid g e : C UP.