The document provides an introduction to macromolecules (biomolecules) that make up living things. It discusses the four main types of organic macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (single units) that combine to form polymers (long chains) of each macromolecule, including examples like glucose and fatty acids.

1. Biochemistry Introduction of Macromolecules

2. WORD BREAKDOWN: macromolecule

3. WORD BREAKDOWN: macromolecule Macro Molecule Opposite of “micro” LARGE Molecule

4. Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems. Biomolecules are organic compounds, meaning they are based on carbon chemistry. Remember that carbon is unique in that it can form 4 covalent bonds; thus it is able to form long, complex chains of atoms.

5. Organic Substances Organic substances , macromolecules , or biomolecules make up all living things. The four groups of substances we will learn are: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

6. Organic Substances Poly mers are formed from the linking together of many similar mono mers .

7. Organic Substances OK cool, but what do “ mono ” and “ poly ” mean? Hint: mono lingual, mono tone, & mono logue Mono = ONE!

8. Organic Substances What does “ poly ” mean? Hint: poly morphic and poly theism Poly = more than 1 OR many

9. Organic Substances Poly mers are formed from the linking together of many similar mono mers . This statement should now make more sense now that we know the vocab root meaning!

10. Organic Substances Think of biomolecules as “giant molecules” formed from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Mono mers (links) are the smaller units which are joined together to form poly mers (bike chain)

11. Organic Substances Structure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid

12. Carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 Carbohydrates Organic compounds that have the formula C n (H 2 O) n or 1:2:1 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104

13. Carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 Fuel for Respiration Monosaccharides

14. Carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 Polysaccharides Starch A storage molecule found in plants. Plants store sugars in the form of starch for later use. Starch Starch Starch

15. More to come about these two!

16. Organic Substances Monosaccharides ??? (coming soon) Quick Energy ??? (coming soon) Glucose Fructose ??? (coming soon) Benedict’s Reagent ??? (coming soon) Structure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification Carbohydrate Monosaccharides Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid

17. Glycerol + Fatty Acid tails Lipids Comprised of C, H, and O. Lipids are insoluble in water. Lipids include phospholipids, and fats (AKA triglycerides). http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204

18. Glycerol + Fatty Acid tails Lipids Glycerol Fatty Acid tails

19. What do these all have in common? Which one is different? A B C D E F

20. Saturated Animal fats Solid at room temp Lacks double bond in Carbon chain Unsaturated Plant fats Remain liquid at room temp. Has a double bond in Carbon chain Lipids

22. LIPIDS “ PHOSPHO”LIPID Cell Membrane

23. LIPIDS What are trans fats ? UNSATURATED TRANS FAT

24. LIPIDS Major Food Sources of Trans Fat for American Adults

25. Organic Substances Cholesterol Phospholipids Fats: Saturated Unsaturated Stored energy Insulation Cell Components Fats Oils Waxes Sudan III Brown paper Glycerol + Fatty acids Structure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid

26. A central carbon atom Is bonded to: Amino group Hydrogen atom Carboxyl group R group (varies) Proteins Proteins are macromolecules comprised of chains of amino acids. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

27. Organic Substances Many types Biuret’s Reagent Structure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Amino acids Nucleic Acid Meats Hormones Muscle Hair Nails Enzymes Blood Cells catalysts transport movement protection immune growth

28. NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA

29. NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are the only macromolecules with the unique ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of the cell’s activities.

30. The subunits (monomers, building blocks) of nucleic acids are called NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES. nitrogen base phosphate sugar (Pentose- 5 Carbon)

31. NUCLEIC ACIDS The pentose (5 carbon) sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA).

32. NUCLEIC ACIDS PHOSPHATE GROUP

33. NUCLEIC ACIDS The NITROGEN BASES fit into 2 families: 5 membered ring attached to a pyrimadine ring. ADENINE (A) & GUANINE (G) 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms. CYTOSINE (C) THYMINE (T) – DNA URACIL (U) - RNA

34. NUCLEIC ACIDS ATP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE An individual nucleotide that functions in energy transfer (acts like a battery) in the cell. adenine ribose triphosphate

35. Organic Substances Direct cell processes Protein Synthesis Cellular energy DNA RNA ATP None  DNA RNA ATP Nucleotides Structure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid