The document discusses two studies related to cells and medical applications. The first study investigated how bacteria can modify their cell walls to become resistant to antibiotics by changing peptidoglycan structure. The second study discusses the development of programmable RNA vaccines that can be rapidly produced in nanomaterials to provide protection against diseases like Ebola and influenza within days. Both studies demonstrate the importance of continued biological research on cells to develop new treatment methods and address issues like antimicrobial resistance and pandemic outbreaks.

1. CELL EVOLUTION
CIELO CAROLINA
CASAS CRUZ

4. INTRODUCTION
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
have many differences like the
organelles or nucleus but an
important similarity, the genetic
material.
Both have DNA, for this reason is
possible manipulate them as
experimental models.

5. Bacterial cell wall
can change and
produce antibiotic
resistance
Antibiotics can
inhibit the growth of
the bacterial also
can kill the cell.

6. The researches investigated the
peptidoglycan structure on the cell
wall in the acetic acid bacteria, one
of the findings was the modification
in the diaminopimelic acid a highly
conserved amino acid in the
peptidoglycan cell wall of Gram-
negative bacteria.

7. β-lactam antibiotics inhibit the
bacterial growth because they
interfere with the
peptidoglycan layer
biosynthesis, as a
consequence the cell dies.
“Bacteria are surrounded by
peptidoglycan that is the
major target of β-lactam
antibiotics such as Penicillin.”

8. As a result, the study show the
ability of bacteria to modify its
cell wall against predatory
enzymes and fly innate immunity.
This study is important for biology
because these bacteria have
develop structural adjustments to
create better cell walls, resistant to
any environment.

9. OBSERVATION
Although they have spent millions of years the cell continue to
be the most important unit in life. For this reason is important
to focus on the pursuit of biological knowledge because in
the cell are the answer to many questions.
Bacterias are related to human life, they are
involved in biological processes like
immunity and cause pathologies interfering
with health. Now bacterias can adapt its wall
structure avoiding the only way that science
could combat their damage, with antibiotics.

10. The vaccines can be
rapidly adapted to
mutating diseases
because the RNA can
be reprogrammed.

11. They managed to program RNA to
create antigens that would induce an
immune response, produce antibodies,
and prep the immune system for future
disease
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology
virologist
Dr. Jasdave Chahal
Dr. Omar Khan

12. “Chahal and Khan have successfully immunized mice to Ebola,
H1N1 influenza, and a relative of the parasite that causes
malaria, Toxoplasma gondii, with 100 percent effectiveness.”
Package the messenger RNA as
nanoparticles, which can enter cells,
mimic viral infections, raise cellular
alarms, and use the instructions
contained within the RNA to activate the
cell’s defenses.

13. “The programmable RNA
vaccines are fully synthetic, they
do not require living systems to
grow and the production method
is identical for any disease”
In just a matter of days, nano-
materials can be stockpiled and
disease-specific RNA vaccines can
be developed

14. Integrate areas of knowledge has led to progress in the search
for solutions to the major problems that we present today, the
development of new methods to diagnose and treat diseases
have reduced risks.
Nanotechnology gives the possibility to go
further and facilitates the development of
tools such as vaccine because it reduces the
production time and contributing to
immediate response to sudden Outbreaks.
OBSERVATION

15. “EPIDEMIC DISEASES AND
MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT PATIENTS
CAN BE CONTROLLED IN LESS TIME
IF WE CONTINUE TO INVESTIGATE THE
CELL BECAUSE EVEN IT REMAINS
UNKNOWN TO MAN.”
MEDICAL UTILITY

16. MEDICAL UTILITY
Both studies show the importance of
biology, the knowledge of cell allows
develop methods to implement in many
diseases that now are a public health
problematic.

17. In the immune area we can see
that a lot of studies are
focused to find the best
solution to antimicrobial
resistance because represent a
big problem for treatment to
many bacterial diseases.
MEDICAL UTILITY

18. AS WE CAN SEE, NANOTECHNOLOGY OPENED A NEW DOOR FOR
BIOLOGY, GENETIC AND MEDICINE BECAUSE NOW IS POSSIBLE TO
CREATE NEW TREATMENTS WHICH CAN REACH VULNERABLE
POPULATIONS AND IMPROVE THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE.
MEDICAL UTILITY

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2015.
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Essential cell biology. 4th. ed. United States of America: Garland Sciense; 2014.
Digital Trends ( 2016, July 7). MIT researchers are designing programmable RNA
vaccines to combat diseases. Retrieved July 20, 2016: http://
www.digitaltrends.com/health-fitness/programmable-rna-vaccines/
#ixzz4FGkb8NZJ
MNT( 2016, July 11) How the bacterial protective shell is adapted to challenging
environments. Retrieved July 20, 2016: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/
releases/311578.php
Katzung B. Farmacología básica y clínica. Novena edición. California:The
McGraw- Hill; 2004.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

20. "NO HAY MEDICINA QUE CURE LO QUE NO
CURA LA FELICIDAD"
— GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ