The document discusses the cell theory, which proposes that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document also provides details on the structures and functions of cell membranes, cell walls, inclusion bodies, and appendages in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
All living things are composed of cells, the basic unit of structure and function. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope to look at cork, naming the structures "cells". The cell theory developed in the 1800s states that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins with the cell theory proposed by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann stating that all living organisms are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells are formed from existing cells. It then discusses the organization of eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The document also covers intercellular junctions, the physical structure of the cell membrane, and processes of endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells were the earliest form of life and lack a nucleus and organelles. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, with a nucleus that contains DNA organized into chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles. The key differences are that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have these structures.
Eukaryotic cells have complex internal structures that allow them to be larger and more specialized than prokaryotic cells. They have a nucleus that contains their DNA and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that perform specialized functions. Eukaryotic cells also have cytoskeletons and can develop external structures like flagella and cilia. This complex internal organization allows eukaryotic cells to form multicellular organisms and carry out complex processes like photosynthesis.
Cell cycle & Mitosis presentation to help understand the basic concepts related to the topic. This topic is included in the Maharashtra Board curriculum for XIth Std Biology paper. All videos inserted in this powerpoint have their respective copyrights. Unauthorized distribution and copying of the same is prohibited
This document defines the parts and structures of animal cells and their functions. It identifies the cell membrane, nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromosomes, nucleolus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, centrioles, microtubules, microfilaments, cytoskeleton, peroxisomes, cilia, and flagella as key organelles. It explains that each organelle performs specific roles that allow cells to survive and work together.
This document is a chapter on cell structure and function that covers:
1) The history of cell biology including the scientists who discovered cells and the development of the cell theory.
2) An introduction to cells explaining cell diversity, size, shape, basic parts, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3) Cell organelles and features such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, and how they function.
4) Unique features of plant cells including cell walls, central vacuoles, and plastids.
The document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a nucleus or many organelles, while eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi have a nucleus that houses their DNA and many membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. Some organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes are common to both cell types, but eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex with structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria that carry out important processes.
All living things are composed of cells, the basic unit of structure and function. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope to look at cork, naming the structures "cells". The cell theory developed in the 1800s states that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins with the cell theory proposed by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann stating that all living organisms are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells are formed from existing cells. It then discusses the organization of eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The document also covers intercellular junctions, the physical structure of the cell membrane, and processes of endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells were the earliest form of life and lack a nucleus and organelles. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, with a nucleus that contains DNA organized into chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles. The key differences are that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have these structures.
Eukaryotic cells have complex internal structures that allow them to be larger and more specialized than prokaryotic cells. They have a nucleus that contains their DNA and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that perform specialized functions. Eukaryotic cells also have cytoskeletons and can develop external structures like flagella and cilia. This complex internal organization allows eukaryotic cells to form multicellular organisms and carry out complex processes like photosynthesis.
Cell cycle & Mitosis presentation to help understand the basic concepts related to the topic. This topic is included in the Maharashtra Board curriculum for XIth Std Biology paper. All videos inserted in this powerpoint have their respective copyrights. Unauthorized distribution and copying of the same is prohibited
This document defines the parts and structures of animal cells and their functions. It identifies the cell membrane, nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromosomes, nucleolus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, centrioles, microtubules, microfilaments, cytoskeleton, peroxisomes, cilia, and flagella as key organelles. It explains that each organelle performs specific roles that allow cells to survive and work together.
This document is a chapter on cell structure and function that covers:
1) The history of cell biology including the scientists who discovered cells and the development of the cell theory.
2) An introduction to cells explaining cell diversity, size, shape, basic parts, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3) Cell organelles and features such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, and how they function.
4) Unique features of plant cells including cell walls, central vacuoles, and plastids.
The document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a nucleus or many organelles, while eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi have a nucleus that houses their DNA and many membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. Some organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes are common to both cell types, but eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex with structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria that carry out important processes.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in human bodies. They contain specialized structures called organelles that perform specific functions. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. Movement across the membrane occurs through diffusion, osmosis, and active/passive transport. The nucleus houses DNA and controls cell activities. Other organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes help synthesize proteins and carry out metabolic functions. Cells reproduce through mitosis and differentiate during development. Aging and death are normal cellular processes.
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.pptxAmjad Afridi
All living things can be divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms found in Bacteria and Archaea that have simpler cells without organelles. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists and have more complex cells with organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus. The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that eukaryotes have a nucleus, larger and more complex ribosomes, and plant eukaryotes have a cell wall.
Chapter 2 : Cell Structure and FunctionsSimple ABbieC
The development of cell theory began with Robert Hooke coining the term "cell" after observing plant cells under a microscope. Robert Brown discovered that cells contain a nucleus. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established that plants and animals are respectively composed of cells. Modern cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things, cells have similar components, new cells are formed via cell division, and cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform specific functions. Prokaryotes are cells without nuclei while eukaryotes contain nuclei.
This document summarizes the key differences between plant and animal cells. It states that plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells lack a cell wall. The document outlines several organelles common to both cell types, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. It also notes that plant cells are generally larger than animal cells and have specific roles in transport and photosynthesis.
The document discusses the key components and structure of the nucleus. It notes that the nucleus was discovered in 1831 and is located at the center of most cells, where it controls cell activities and houses genetic material. The nucleus contains a double-layered nuclear envelope that encloses chromosomes, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm. Chromosomes contain DNA that provides genetic instructions, while the nucleolus produces ribosomes and the nucleoplasm is a liquid found within the nuclear envelope.
Continuation of the cell structure and function. This presentation highlights the cell cycle and concentrate on how cell division occur and the steps involved in cell dividing.
2018/2019
The nucleus is the control center of eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and directs protein synthesis and cell regulation. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin. Chromatin contains DNA and histone proteins that package DNA into chromosomes. The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm while nuclear pores allow transport of molecules. The nucleolus produces ribosomes and rRNA. The nucleus controls DNA replication, protein production, and cell processes through gene expression and protein synthesis.
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm. It provides structure and organization to the cell, determining shape and positioning organelles. The three main types of filaments are actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin filaments are the thinnest filaments and form structures like filopodia, lamellipodia, and stress fibers. Microtubules are hollow cylinders composed of tubulin dimers and originate from the centrosome. They are involved in processes like cell division, organelle transport, and motility. Cilia and flagella project from the cell surface and use microtubule motors for movement.
Prokaryotic cells have several structures that allow them to move, adhere to surfaces, and protect themselves. These structures include flagella, pili, and a cell envelope. The cell envelope is composed of a cell wall and cell membrane. The cell wall provides structure and protection, and its composition differs between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Internally, prokaryotic cells contain a single loop of DNA, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies that store nutrients.
The cell is the basic unit of life. It contains a nucleus and cytoplasm, which includes organelles like the cell membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and maintains homeostasis. Inside the cell, the nucleus contains DNA and directs cell activities, while the cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out essential functions and keep the cell alive.
This document provides an overview of the types of cells and tissues in the human body. It will discuss the structure of cells and different types of tissues, including epithelial and connective tissues. Examples will be provided of where each tissue type is located and its functions. The goals are to identify different cell types, the four primary tissues, examples of epithelial and connective tissues and their locations, and how epithelial and connective tissues differ in structure and function.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell. It describes that the cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 and is the basic structural and functional unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The structures of the cell discussed include the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. Each structure performs important functions essential for cellular activities.
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.
1. The document discusses cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.
2. It provides details on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and outlines the three main principles of cell theory.
3. The document describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles as well as their structure and functions. It provides examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
The cell cycle is the process by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases - G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. The M phase includes both mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes are aligned and separated. Cytokinesis then divides the cell into two daughter cells each with identical genetic material.
The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It begins by outlining the key phases of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase is further broken down into the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its contents. Mitosis is the phase where the cell nucleus divides into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. The document also discusses DNA structure and replication, noting the double helix structure and enzymes involved in duplicating DNA. Abnormal cell division can lead to diseases like cancer if the cell cycle is not properly controlled.
Golgi apparatus ppt (introduction structure and Function)Dryogeshcsv
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that packages and modifies proteins and lipids. It consists of stacked, flattened sacs called cisternae. Proteins enter the Golgi at the cis face and undergo processing and modification as they move through the cisternae towards the trans face. At the trans face, proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles and transported to their final destinations within or outside the cell. The Golgi apparatus plays important roles in protein modification, secretion, and sorting of macromolecules.
The document discusses the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. It provides information on the history, structure, and functions of the three main cytoskeletal components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are hollow rods that help with intracellular transport and cell division. Microfilaments are made of actin and involved in cell motility and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and resist stresses on the cell.
Cell as basic unit of life ppt 88 slidesICHHA PURAK
This Power point presentation describes Cell as basic unit of life. The slides provide information about Discovery of cell,cell theory,number,size,shape and cell types .Differentiates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types and point out major differences in plant and animal cell and also about structure and function of cell organelles
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell and outlines the cell theory. The major components of plant cells are described, including organelles like the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cell membrane. It also discusses the cytoskeleton and movement of substances across the cell membrane through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis, and active transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. The overall purpose is to introduce learners to key aspects of cell biology.
Bacteria are microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and organelles. They display a diversity of shapes and sizes, and structures like flagella and pili enable motility and genetic exchange. The bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity and protection, and differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in its chemical composition and layers. Flagella are helical filaments that rotate to propel bacteria and allow for swimming movement in different directions.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in human bodies. They contain specialized structures called organelles that perform specific functions. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. Movement across the membrane occurs through diffusion, osmosis, and active/passive transport. The nucleus houses DNA and controls cell activities. Other organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes help synthesize proteins and carry out metabolic functions. Cells reproduce through mitosis and differentiate during development. Aging and death are normal cellular processes.
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.pptxAmjad Afridi
All living things can be divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms found in Bacteria and Archaea that have simpler cells without organelles. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists and have more complex cells with organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus. The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that eukaryotes have a nucleus, larger and more complex ribosomes, and plant eukaryotes have a cell wall.
Chapter 2 : Cell Structure and FunctionsSimple ABbieC
The development of cell theory began with Robert Hooke coining the term "cell" after observing plant cells under a microscope. Robert Brown discovered that cells contain a nucleus. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established that plants and animals are respectively composed of cells. Modern cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things, cells have similar components, new cells are formed via cell division, and cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform specific functions. Prokaryotes are cells without nuclei while eukaryotes contain nuclei.
This document summarizes the key differences between plant and animal cells. It states that plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells lack a cell wall. The document outlines several organelles common to both cell types, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. It also notes that plant cells are generally larger than animal cells and have specific roles in transport and photosynthesis.
The document discusses the key components and structure of the nucleus. It notes that the nucleus was discovered in 1831 and is located at the center of most cells, where it controls cell activities and houses genetic material. The nucleus contains a double-layered nuclear envelope that encloses chromosomes, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm. Chromosomes contain DNA that provides genetic instructions, while the nucleolus produces ribosomes and the nucleoplasm is a liquid found within the nuclear envelope.
Continuation of the cell structure and function. This presentation highlights the cell cycle and concentrate on how cell division occur and the steps involved in cell dividing.
2018/2019
The nucleus is the control center of eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and directs protein synthesis and cell regulation. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin. Chromatin contains DNA and histone proteins that package DNA into chromosomes. The nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm while nuclear pores allow transport of molecules. The nucleolus produces ribosomes and rRNA. The nucleus controls DNA replication, protein production, and cell processes through gene expression and protein synthesis.
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm. It provides structure and organization to the cell, determining shape and positioning organelles. The three main types of filaments are actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin filaments are the thinnest filaments and form structures like filopodia, lamellipodia, and stress fibers. Microtubules are hollow cylinders composed of tubulin dimers and originate from the centrosome. They are involved in processes like cell division, organelle transport, and motility. Cilia and flagella project from the cell surface and use microtubule motors for movement.
Prokaryotic cells have several structures that allow them to move, adhere to surfaces, and protect themselves. These structures include flagella, pili, and a cell envelope. The cell envelope is composed of a cell wall and cell membrane. The cell wall provides structure and protection, and its composition differs between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Internally, prokaryotic cells contain a single loop of DNA, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies that store nutrients.
The cell is the basic unit of life. It contains a nucleus and cytoplasm, which includes organelles like the cell membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and maintains homeostasis. Inside the cell, the nucleus contains DNA and directs cell activities, while the cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out essential functions and keep the cell alive.
This document provides an overview of the types of cells and tissues in the human body. It will discuss the structure of cells and different types of tissues, including epithelial and connective tissues. Examples will be provided of where each tissue type is located and its functions. The goals are to identify different cell types, the four primary tissues, examples of epithelial and connective tissues and their locations, and how epithelial and connective tissues differ in structure and function.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell. It describes that the cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 and is the basic structural and functional unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The structures of the cell discussed include the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. Each structure performs important functions essential for cellular activities.
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.
1. The document discusses cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.
2. It provides details on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and outlines the three main principles of cell theory.
3. The document describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles as well as their structure and functions. It provides examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
The cell cycle is the process by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases - G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. The M phase includes both mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes are aligned and separated. Cytokinesis then divides the cell into two daughter cells each with identical genetic material.
The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It begins by outlining the key phases of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase is further broken down into the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its contents. Mitosis is the phase where the cell nucleus divides into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. The document also discusses DNA structure and replication, noting the double helix structure and enzymes involved in duplicating DNA. Abnormal cell division can lead to diseases like cancer if the cell cycle is not properly controlled.
Golgi apparatus ppt (introduction structure and Function)Dryogeshcsv
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that packages and modifies proteins and lipids. It consists of stacked, flattened sacs called cisternae. Proteins enter the Golgi at the cis face and undergo processing and modification as they move through the cisternae towards the trans face. At the trans face, proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles and transported to their final destinations within or outside the cell. The Golgi apparatus plays important roles in protein modification, secretion, and sorting of macromolecules.
The document discusses the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. It provides information on the history, structure, and functions of the three main cytoskeletal components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are hollow rods that help with intracellular transport and cell division. Microfilaments are made of actin and involved in cell motility and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and resist stresses on the cell.
Cell as basic unit of life ppt 88 slidesICHHA PURAK
This Power point presentation describes Cell as basic unit of life. The slides provide information about Discovery of cell,cell theory,number,size,shape and cell types .Differentiates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types and point out major differences in plant and animal cell and also about structure and function of cell organelles
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell and outlines the cell theory. The major components of plant cells are described, including organelles like the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cell membrane. It also discusses the cytoskeleton and movement of substances across the cell membrane through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis, and active transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. The overall purpose is to introduce learners to key aspects of cell biology.
Bacteria are microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and organelles. They display a diversity of shapes and sizes, and structures like flagella and pili enable motility and genetic exchange. The bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity and protection, and differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in its chemical composition and layers. Flagella are helical filaments that rotate to propel bacteria and allow for swimming movement in different directions.
The document provides an overview of cell biology, including:
- Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their organelles. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles.
- Characteristics of plant and animal cells including organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuoles.
- Chemical composition and basic components of cells including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.
- Structures of prokaryotic cells like the cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, and pili. Eukaryotic cell structures like the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, Gol
Biology Class 11 Chapter 8
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La celula: la teoría celular, estructura y función. La división celularJosué Moreno Marquina
Teoría celular, cell theory
Estructura celular: membrana, citoplasma y núcleo. Membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
Orgánulos celulares, organelles.
Mitosis y meiosis
This document discusses cell biology and provides information about different types of cells. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as plant and animal cells. It outlines the key cellular components like the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and more. It also describes different cells found in the human body including stem cells, bone cells, red blood cells, muscle cells, and others; outlining their morphology and functions.
This document provides information on organelles found in eukaryotic cells. It discusses the structure and functions of 9 major organelles - Golgi complex, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, vacuoles, centrioles, chloroplasts (in plant cells), and plastids (in plant cells). The Golgi complex packages and modifies proteins and lipids, vesicles transport materials within the cell, and lysosomes digest foreign particles and old cell components. Mitochondria generate energy for the cell, while chloroplasts and plastids are involved in photosynthesis and storage in plant cells. The document also compares key differences between plant and animal cells as well as prokaryotic and eukary
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within eukaryotic cells, including:
1) The cytosol is the jelly-like material within the cell cytoplasm with dissolved substances like amino acids.
2) The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and controls the cell. Inside is the nucleolus which makes ribosomes.
3) Mitochondria convert food into ATP for energy in most eukaryotic cells, with more in muscle cells. They have inner and outer membranes.
4) The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, with ribosomes on the rough ER and no ribosomes on the smooth ER.
This provides a high-level overview of
This document provides an overview of cell structures and their functions. It describes the fundamental parts of cells, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material. It then explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The remainder of the document details the structures and functions of various cell organelles, including those involved in protection, genetic control, manufacturing and transport, energy processing, and structural support. Organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton are described.
CELL BIOLOGY LECTURE. Cells described in the purest of forms.ndugbu34
The document provides information on basic cell biology, summarizing the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles and having DNA in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, having a nucleus that houses DNA and various membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize functions. Both cell types have a plasma membrane and cytoplasm, but prokaryotes lack internal structures while eukaryotes have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles that allow them to carry out functions necessary for life.
3. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack these structures.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell and describes its basic components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles. It explains the functions of organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and others. It also summarizes the key events and phases of cell division through mitosis and meiosis, and how cells transport materials across the plasma membrane through both passive and active mechanisms.
THE CELL-Unlocking the Mysteries of the Cell: A Journey into the Building Blo...Nursing Mastery
Unlocking the Mysteries of the Cell: A Journey into the Building Blocks of Life
Embark on an enlightening voyage into the intricate world of cells with our captivating SlideShare presentation. From the tiniest microorganisms to the complex structures within our bodies, delve into the fundamental units of life that shape our existence.
In this visually engaging presentation, we explore the fascinating realms of cell biology, unraveling the mysteries of cellular structure, function, and diversity. Discover the inner workings of cells, from the powerhouse mitochondria to the information hub of the nucleus, and delve into the dynamic processes that sustain life.
Featuring stunning visuals, insightful explanations, and intriguing facts, our presentation is designed to enlighten and inspire audiences of all backgrounds. Whether you're a seasoned biologist, a curious student, or simply intrigued by the wonders of life, join us on this immersive journey into the heart of the cell.
Unlock the secrets of life itself and gain a deeper appreciation for the remarkable complexity and beauty of the cellular world. Don't miss out on this captivating exploration of "the cell" – the foundation of all living organisms.
Antibiotics are drugs that kill or disable bacteria. Most are naturally produced by microorganisms and work by binding to structures in bacterial cells. Light microscopes use visible light while electron microscopes use electron beams, allowing them to view cell structures at higher magnifications. Cells were first observed in 1665 and it is now known that all living things are composed of cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells found in plants and animals.
description about cell biology, different types of cell organelles. single bound cell organellle and doubel membrane bound cell organelles, briefy explain different organelles inside the cell
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells were the first life forms and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger and compartmentalized with a nucleus. The cell theory proposes that cells are the fundamental unit of life and all living things are composed of cells. Key cell structures like the plasma membrane, organelles, and their functions are also described.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The modern cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, all cells come from preexisting cells, and all cells contain DNA. The document then describes key aspects of cell structure, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It also summarizes several important cell functions such as transport, digestion, synthesis of cellular structures, energy production, and movement.
This document discusses several topics relating to cells:
1. It outlines cell theory and defines cells as the basic unit of life.
2. It explains how the surface area to volume ratio limits cell size by affecting the rates of transport of materials into and out of cells.
3. It states that multicellular organisms exhibit emergent properties as cells work together in tissues, organs, and organ systems.
4. It provides an overview of stem cells, their ability to self-renew and differentiate, and one therapeutic use for retinal cells.
Biology is the study of life. It includes the study of living organisms from microscopic molecules and cells to entire ecosystems. The main branches of biology study anatomy, physiology, cells, genetics, ecology, and more. Key characteristics of living things include order, adaptation, response to the environment, regulation, energy processing, growth, and reproduction. Biology is studied at different levels of organization from molecules to biosphere. The basic units of structure and function in living things are cells, which contain organelles that carry out essential functions. Plant cells differ from animal cells in having additional structures like chloroplasts and a cell wall.
This document summarizes the ultrastructure of bacterial cells. It describes that bacteria are unicellular and microscopic. They have characteristic shapes including cocci, bacilli, vibrio and spirals. Their structures include a cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella for motility, pili for adhesion, capsules for protection, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and some can form endospores. The cell wall structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes and DNA but not membrane-bound organelles.
1. The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes cell structures and activities.
2. It is composed of three main types of fibers: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
3. Microtubules are hollow tubes that help maintain cell shape and enable intracellular transport. Microfilaments are thin fibers involved in cell motility and structure. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and anchor organelles.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an organized network of extracellular materials that surrounds cells. One type of ECM is the basement membrane, a thin sheet that underlies epithelial tissues. The ECM is composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and structural glycoproteins. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the ECM and forms fibrils that provide structural support and determine the shape of tissues. Collagen molecules assemble into fibrils outside of cells through a process involving post-translational modifications.
The document discusses the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document also provides details on the structures and functions of cell membranes and other cellular components in prokaryotic cells.
Membranes cover the surface of cells and surround organelles within cells. They serve several functions including maintaining cellular integrity by keeping components inside, selectively controlling movement of molecules in and out, and allowing cellular processes to occur separately within organelles. The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer with various embedded and attached proteins and carbohydrates. It regulates what enters and exits the cell.
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes cell structures and activities. It is composed of three main types of fibers: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the thickest fibers and help maintain cell shape. They also interact with motor proteins to transport vesicles within cells. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and resist shear stress.
Membranes cover the surface of cells and surround organelles within cells. They have several functions, including keeping cellular components inside the cell, allowing selective movement of molecules in and out, isolating organelles, and allowing cells to change shape. The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of cells and is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with various embedded and attached proteins and carbohydrates. It regulates what moves in and out of cells.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an organized network of extracellular materials that surrounds cells. One type of ECM is the basement membrane, a thin sheet that underlies epithelial tissues. The ECM is composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and structural glycoproteins. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the ECM and forms fibrils that provide structural support and determine the shape of tissues. Collagen molecules assemble into fibrils outside of cells through a process involving post-translational modifications.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. Definition
= Three part theory about cells
1. All living things are made of cells.
3. Part 2 of the Theory
2. The cell is the basic structural and functional
unit of life.
4. Part 3 of the Theory
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
yeast cells dividing
5. Cells are Us
A person contains about 100 trillion cells. That’s
100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 1014 cells.
There are about 200 different cell types in
mammals (one of us).
Cells are teeny, tiny, measuring on average
about 0.002 cm (20 um) across. That’s about
1250 cells, “shoulder-to-shoulder” per inch.
nerve cell
6. Why Study Cell
Biology?
The key to every biological
problem must finally be
sought in the cell, for every
living organism is, or at some
time has been, a cell.
7. The Cell Theory (review)
The Cell Theory (proposed independently in 1838 and
1839) is a cornerstone of biology.
Cells are the basic unit of life
All Cells arise from previously existing cells
8. Two Types of Cells
Two Fundamentally Different Cell Architectures:
1) A prokaryotic cell
2) A eukaryotic cell
9. Prokaryotic cells
• have no nucleus or organelles
enclosed within membranes.
• All species in the domains Archaea and
Eubacteria have prokaryotic cells.
10. Eukaryotic cells
• have a nucleus and organelles that are
surrounded by membranes.
• Each organelle does a specific cell function.
• All species in the Eukaryota domain (protists,
fungi, plants, and animals) have eukaryotic cells.
Individual protists have only one cell, while plants
and animals can have trillions of cells.
13. • 1. A few types of cells
are large enough to be
seen by the unaided
eye.
• 2. Most cells are
visible only with a
microscope.
•The Female Egg is the largest cell in the body, and can be seen without the aid of a
microscope.
33. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
Prokaryotes
Do not have membrane surrounding their
DNA
lack a nucleus
Lack various internal structures bound
with phospholipid membranes
Are small, ~1.0 μm in diameter
Have a simple structure
Composed of bacteria and archaea
34. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
Eukaryotes
Have membrane surrounding their
DNA
Have a nucleus
Have internal membrane-bound
organelles
Are larger, 10-100 μm in diameter
Have more complex structure
Composed of algae, protozoa, fungi,
animals, and plants
37. Prokaryotic Cell Membrane
• Structure
– Referred to as phospholipid bilayer;
composed of lipids and associated
proteins
– Approximately half composed of
proteins that act as recognition
proteins, enzymes, receptors,
carriers, or channels
• Integral proteins
• Peripheral proteins
• Glycoproteins
– Fluid mosaic model describes current
understanding of membrane
structure
38. Cell Membrane
Membranes contain a
hydrophilic and
hydrophobic side
Composed of many
different types of
proteins
Proteins in the lipid
bilayer move freely
within the membrane
39. Cell Membrane
Thin pliable lipid and protein envelope
that defines a cell.
Phospholipid bilayer
Functions:
• Regulates nutrient and water intake
• Regulates waste removal
• Site of prokaryotic respiration
• Site of prokaryotic flagella
attachment
• Involved in the distribution of genetic
material during binary fission
40. Prokaryotic Cytoplasmic Membranes
• Function
– Energy storage
– Harvest light energy in
photosynthetic prokaryotes
– Selectively permeable
– Naturally impermeable to most
substances
– Proteins allow substances to cross
membrane
• Occurs by passive or active
processes
– Maintain concentration and electrical
gradient
• Chemicals concentrated on one
side of the membrane or the
other
• Voltage exists across the
membrane
45. • Plasma Membrane
• A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a
barrier and containing transport and signaling
systems.
46. Cell membrane - Function
• The cell membrane's function, in general, revolves
around is membrane proteins. General functions
include:
• Receptor proteins which allow cells to
communicate,
• transport proteins regulate what enters or leaves
the cell,
• and marker proteins which identify the cell
47. Cell membrane - Function - Regulation of
transport
• Transport Proteins come in two forms:
Carrier proteins are peripheral proteins which
do not extend all the way through the
membrane. They move specific molecules
through the membrane one at a time.
48. Channel proteins extend through the
bilipid layer. They form a pore through
the membrane that can move
molecules in several ways.
49. • The cell membrane can also engulf structures
that are much too large to fit through the
pores in the membrane proteins.
• This process is known as endocytosis.
• In this process the membrane itself wraps
around the particle and pinches off a vesicle
inside the cell.
52. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
• Types of Glycocalyces
– Capsule
• Composed of organized
repeating units of organic
chemicals
• Firmly attached to cell surface
• Protects cells from drying out
• May prevent bacteria from
being recognized and destroyed
by host
53. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
• Glycocalyces
– Gelatinous, sticky substance
surrounding the outside of
the cell
– Composed of
polysaccharides,
polypeptides, or both
54. Capsule
Polysaccharides or
polypeptides in composition.
Surround the cell wall in some
bacteria.
Function:
•Protection from phagocytosis
•Osmotic barrier
•Reservoir for nutrients
•Virulence factor
56. Slime Layer
Consist of polysaccharide
fibers that extend form the
bacterial surface
Functions:
•Protection
•Attachment
•Associated with biofilms
57. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
• Types of Glycocalyces
– Slime layer
• Loosely attached to cell surface
• Water soluble
• Protects cells from drying out
• Sticky layer that allows
prokaryotes to attach to
surfaces
59. Bacterial Appendages Flagella
Structures of locomotion
Originate in the plasma
membrane
In bacteria rotate like a
propellar
Many different
arrangements
60. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
• Flagella
– Are responsible for
movement
– Have long structures that
extend beyond cell surface
– Are not present on all
prokaryotes
61. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
Flagella
Structure
Composed of filament, hook, and
basal body
Flagellin protein (filament)
deposited in a helix at the
lengthening tip
Base of filament inserts into hook
Basal body anchors filament and
hook to cell wall by a rod and a
series of either two or four rings
of integral proteins
Filament capable of rotating 360º
63. Bacterial Appendages
Axial filament (endoflagella)
Originates in the cell membrane and
transverses the length of the cell in the
periplasmic space.
As the endoflagella rotate to move the cell the
characteristic shape is formed .
Endoflagella are associated with spirochetes.
64. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
Endoflagellum is also know as an
axial filament.
Attached to the plasma embrane
and transverses the entire cell.
Responsible for the spirochete
morphology.
65. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
• Flagella
– Function
• Rotation propels bacterium
through environment
• Rotation reversible, can be
clockwise or counterclockwise
• Bacteria move in response to
stimuli (taxis)
– Runs
– Tumbles
68. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
• Fimbriae
• Sticky, bristlelike projections
• Used by bacteria to adhere
to one another, to hosts, and
to substances in
environment
• Shorter than flagella
• May be hundreds per cell
• Serve an important function
in biofilms
• Virulence factor
69. External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
• Pili
– Tubules composed of pilin
– Also known as conjugation pili
– Longer than fimbriae but shorter
than flagella
– Bacteria typically only have one or
two per cell
– Mediate the transfer of DNA from
one cell to another (conjugation)
70. Bacterial Conjugation
Transfer of plasmid DNA
from a donor to a
recipient.
Process strengthens the
bacterial cell and alows for
survival in a competitive
environment.
71. Bacterial Inclusion Bodies
1. poly-Beta-hydroxybutyric acid - stores lipids for use in plasma membrane
2. glycogen - stores starch like polymer of sugar for energy production
3. Polyphosphate granules (metachromatic granules) - storage for
phosphates for plasma membrane and the formation of ATP from ADP.
4. Sulfur granules - stores sulfur which is necessary for the metabolic
reactions in biosynthesis.
72. 5. Mesosome
Mesosomes - invagination of the
plasma membrane that increases the
surfaces area of the plasma membrane
during binary fission.
The mesosome also serves as a site
for the attachment and distribution of
genetic material during binary fission.
73. Mesosome
In prokaryotic cell division, called
binary fission.
A diagram of the attachment of
bacterial chromosomes, indicating the
possible role of the mesosome (an
inward fold of the cell membrane) in
ensuring the distribution of the
"chromosomes" in a dividing cell.
Upon attachment to the plasma
membrane, the DNA replicates and
reattaches at separate points.
Continued growth of the cell gradually
separates the chromosomes and
allocates chromosome copies to the
two daughter cells.
74. Inclusion Bodies
6. gas vacuoles - storage of metabolic gases such as methane or hydrogen gas. The
gas vacuoles help in the buoyancy of the cell and aids in it motility.
7. ribosomes - responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
8. nucleoid material - the genetic material of bacteria, which usually is balled up in
the cell. During binary fission the nucleoid material unravels within the cell in
order to be copied and distributed to the daughter cells.
9. Plasmid - small fragments of self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA that codes for
the resistance to antibiotics or for the productions of a specific metabolite, i.e.
toxins, pigments. These plasmids may be transferred from one bacterial cell to
another by the F-pili.
75. Inclusion Bodies
9. Plasmid - small fragments of self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA that codes
for the resistance to antibiotics or for the productions of a specific metabolite, i.e.
toxins, pigments. These plasmids may be transferred from one bacterial cell to
another by the F-pili.
76. Inclusion Bodies
These plasmids may be transferred from one bacterial cell to another by the
F-pili.
77.
78. Inclusion Bodies
10. Endospores - a survival mechanism of certain genera of bacteria such as
Clostridium and Bacillus.
The endospores are composed of a complex of dipicolinc acid and
calcium and the function of the endospore is to protect the bacterial
chromosome.
The endospores are very resistant to heat, desiccation, freezing, and
other physical properties such as pesticides, antibiotics, dyes, and acids.
79. Inclusion Bodies
The endospores may remain dormant for many years until the
environment becomes suitable to sustain the life of the bacteria.
The endospore will then germinate to form an exact copy of the parent
cell that produced it.
80.
81.
82. Eukaryotic Cell Walls & Cytoplasmic Membranes
• Fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa
have cell walls but no glycocalyx
• Composed of various polysaccharides
– Cellulose found in plant cell walls
– Fungal cell walls composed of
cellulose, chitin, and/or
glucomannan
– Algal cell walls composed of
cellulose, proteins, agar,
carrageenan, silicates, algin,
calcium carbonate, or a
combination of these
83. Cell Walls
Three different types of cell walls and
their compositions:
Fungal cell walls are composed of
cellulose and/or chitin.
Plant cell walls are composed of
cellulose.
Algal cell walls are composed of
cellulose, silicon, and calcium
carbonate.
84. Plasma Membrane
Consist of a lipid bilayer and
associated proteins. The Plasma
Membrane of Eukaryotic cells
resembles and functions in the same
manner as the prokaryotic plasma
membrane with the following
exceptions;
Contains high levels of sterols such as
cholesterol.
No respiratory enzymes are located in
the eukaryotic plasma membrane.
Respiration occurs in the
mitochondria.
85. External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells
• Glycocalyces
– Never as organized as prokaryotic
capsules
– Help anchor animal cells to each
other
– Strengthen cell surface
– Provide protection against
dehydration
– Function in cell-to-cell recognition
and communication
86. Eukaryotic Appendages
Flagella
There are several different
arrangements of flagella in eucaryotes.
This diagram represents a
biflagellated eukaryotic cell.
One of the flagella aids in movement
laterally and the other aids in up and
down movement.
The eukaryotic flagella move like a
whip.
See Flagellar handout.
88. Eukaryotic Appendages
Cilia
Similar to flagella both structurally and
functionally but are much shorter and
more numerous.
Cilia are found peritrichously to the cell.
Move in an undulating manner and
motility by those organisms with cilia is
much more rapid than those with flagella.
89.
90. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
Membranous Organelles
Nucleus
Often largest organelle in cell
Contains most of the cell’s DNA
Semi-liquid portion called
nucleoplasm
One or more nucleoli present in
nucleoplasm; RNA synthesized in
nucleoli
Nucleoplasm contains chromatin –
masses of DNA associated with
histones
Surrounded by nuclear envelope –
double membrane composed of two
phospholipid bilayers
Nuclear envelope contains nuclear
pores
91. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
Nucleus - double membraned
organelle that houses the genetic
material of cell.
Nuclear membrane contains numerous
pores through which proteins and RNA
can move.
92. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
Membranous Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
Netlike arrangement of flattened, hollow
tubules continuous with nuclear
envelope
Functions as transport system
Two forms
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(SER) – plays role in lipid
synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER) – ribosomes attached to
its outer surface; transports
proteins produced by
ribosomes
93. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
Endoplasmic reticulum - network of
cytoplasmic membranes where lipids
and proteins are produced.
Smooth ER - synthesis of lipids
Rough ER - associated with ribosomes
and is responsible for the synthesis of
proteins.
.
94. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
Membranous Organelles
Golgi body
Receives, processes, and
packages large molecules for
export from cell
Packages molecules in secretory
vesicles that fuse with
cytoplasmic membrane
Composed of flattened hollow
sacs surrounded by
phospholipid bilayer
Not in all eukaryotic cells
95. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
Golgi apparatus (dictyosome) is
associated with the ER.
It modifies and packages the lipids and
proteins manufactured by the ER and
places them in vesicles for cellular use.
96. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
• Membranous Organelles
– Lysosomes, peroxisomes,vacuoles, and
vesicles
• Store and transfer chemicals within
cells
• May store nutrients in cell
• Lysosomes contain catabolic
enzymes
• Peroxisomes contain enzymes that
degrade poisonous wastes
97. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
• Membranous Organelles
– Mitochondria
• Have two membranes
composed of phospholipid
bilayer
• Produce most of cell’s ATP
• Interior matrix contains 70S
ribosomes and circular
molecule of DNA
98. Intracellular Structures of Eukaryotic Organisms (organelles)
mitochondria - involved in the
production of chemical energy in the
form of ATP.
Consist of convoluted inner membrane
and outer membrane. Invaginations
are called cristae and contain enzymes
used to synthesis ATP.
All respiratory enzymes are located in
the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.
99. Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
• Membranous Organelles
– Chloroplasts
• Light-harvesting structures
found in photosynthetic
eukaryotes
• Have two phospholipid
bilayer membranes and DNA
• Have 70S ribosomes
100. Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
• Endosymbiotic Theory
– Eukaryotes formed from union of small aerobic
prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes
– smaller prokaryotes became internal parasites
• Parasites lost ability to exist independently; retained
portion of DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasmic
membranes
• Larger cell became dependent on parasites for aerobic
ATP production
• Aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondria
• Similar scenario for origin of chloroplasts
– Not universally accepted