![A Few Acronyms
• BPCS – Basic Process Control System
“1. The control equipment that is installed to perform the normal regulatory
functions for the process—for example, PID control and sequential control.
[ANSI/ISA-91.01-1995] 2. A system that responds to input signals from the
equipment under control and/or from an operator and generates output
signals that cause the equipment under control to operate in the desired
manner. Some examples include control of an exothermic reaction, anti-
surge control of a compressor, and fuel/ air controls in fired heaters. Also
referred to as process control system. [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]” (International
Society of Automation, 2003, p. 43)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02chapter02pnidsandsymbolssplitanimations-160811204402/85/02-chapter02-p-ids_and_symbols_split_animations-6-320.jpg)
![A Few Acronyms
• BPCS – Basic Process Control System
• HLCS – High Level Control System
• SIS – Safety Instrumented System
“A system that is composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control
elements whose purpose is to take the process to a safe state when
predetermined conditions are violated. Other terms commonly used include
"emergency shutdown system" (ESS), "safety shutdown system" (SSD), and
"safety interlock system." [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996] See emergency shutdown
system (ESS) and safety shutdown (SSD).” (International Society of
Automation, 2003, p. 433)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02chapter02pnidsandsymbolssplitanimations-160811204402/85/02-chapter02-p-ids_and_symbols_split_animations-8-320.jpg)
Uploaded byJohn Todora
02 chapter02 p&ids_and_symbols_split_animations
The document explains the concept of P&IDs (Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams), detailing their definition, the meaning of the acronym, and the lack of universal standards governing their content. It discusses the development of ISA standard ISA-5.7 and the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 standard for symbols used in P&IDs, alongside various process control acronyms and functions. Additionally, it covers instrument identification and numbering systems, including best practices for creating and reading P&IDs.
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02 chapter02 p&ids_and_symbols_split_animations
- 1. P&IDs and Symbols Chapter02 – P&IDs and Symbols EMEC125
- 2. P&ID – WidelyUnderstood? • P&ID is an acronym that is well understood to be the document used to define a process. • Definition: • “A schematic diagram of the relationship between instruments, controllers, piping, and system equipment.” (Kirk, Weedon, & Kirk, 2014, p. 23) • P&IDs are a symbol based schematic language that once understood, adds simplicity to the information being presented. • They can also be confusing when a unique symbol appears. • There is no real standard for what should be included on the drawing.
- 3. P&ID Acronym • Whatdoes P&ID stand for? • The letter meanings are not universal. • ‘P’ could stand for “Piping” or it could stand for “Process”. • ‘I’ could represent “Instrumentation” or represent “Instrument”. • ‘D’ could mean “Drawing” or it could mean “Diagram”. • Which ever is used, including those not listed, we are all talking about the same document(s).
- 4. New ISA Standard– ISA-5.7 (Not Yet Released) • As mentioned, “there is no universal, national, international or international multi-discipline standard that covers the development and content of P&IDs” (Meier & Meier, 2011, p. 27) • The ISA is in the process of creating a standard that will be known as: ISA-5.7 and is based on the Process Industries Practice (PIP) PIC 001. • There is a standard that governs the symbols used on P&IDs. This standard is ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Instrument Symbols and Identifications. (See the introduction to this course)
- 5. What Comes FromP&IDs? • Instrument Lists or Index • Documents specifications, acquisition and installation • Motor Lists • Size, horsepower, voltage • Piping • Line lists, sizes, service and purpose • Tanks & Vessels • Information about tanks and vessels • All this information is used to lay out equipment, start specifying and purchasing the necessary equipment.
- 6. A Few Acronyms •BPCS – Basic Process Control System “1. The control equipment that is installed to perform the normal regulatory functions for the process—for example, PID control and sequential control. [ANSI/ISA-91.01-1995] 2. A system that responds to input signals from the equipment under control and/or from an operator and generates output signals that cause the equipment under control to operate in the desired manner. Some examples include control of an exothermic reaction, anti- surge control of a compressor, and fuel/ air controls in fired heaters. Also referred to as process control system. [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 43)
- 7. A Few Acronyms •BPCS – Basic Process Control System • HLCS – High Level Control System “A system above that of BPCS” (Meier & Meier, 2011, p. 31)
- 8. A Few Acronyms •BPCS – Basic Process Control System • HLCS – High Level Control System • SIS – Safety Instrumented System “A system that is composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements whose purpose is to take the process to a safe state when predetermined conditions are violated. Other terms commonly used include "emergency shutdown system" (ESS), "safety shutdown system" (SSD), and "safety interlock system." [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996] See emergency shutdown system (ESS) and safety shutdown (SSD).” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 433)
- 9. Process Control Functions •Sensing Formal Definition of Sensing “1. To examine, particularly relative to a criterion. 2. To determine the present arrangement of some element of hardware, especially a manually set switch.” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 43) “ To ascertain or measure a process variable (PV) and convert that value into some understandable form.” (Meier & Meier, 2011, p. 32)
- 10. Process Control Functions •Sensing • Comparing “To compare the value of the process variable (PV) with the desired setpoint (SP) and to develop a signal to bring the two together. The signals depend on: • How far apart the PV & SP are • How long they have been apart • How fast they are moving toward or away from each other” (Meier & Meier, 2011, p. 31)
- 11. Process Control Functions •Sensing • Comparing • Correcting Formal Definition of Correcting “In process instrumentation, the algebraic difference between the ideal value and the indication of the measured signal. It is the quantity that added algebraically to the indication gives the ideal value. Note: A positive correction denotes that the indication of the instrument is less than the ideal value: 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 “ (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 116)
- 12. Control Loop • Acollection of equipment consisting of at least three devices used to automatically control a process or a part of a process • The three most common devices is: • A transmitter used to sense the PV and transmit the measured value to a controller • A controller used to compare the PV with a setpoint and generate a signal based on that comparison • A final control element that corrects the process
- 13. Pneumatic Control Loop PT 103 PIC 103 PV 103 FO Pneumatic Controller ControlValve Pressure Valve Fail Open (FO) Pressure Transmitter Control Loop 103 – Pressure Control Loop
- 14. Valve Failures • Valvescan fail in various positions • Fail Open (FO) • Fail Closed (FC) • Fail Locked (FL) • Fail in Last Position, Drift Open (FL/DO) • Fail in Last Position, Drift Closed (FL/DC) • Valves are shown on a P&ID by a shape that resembles a bow tie • Actuators are shown with a line from the bow tie junction to a shape such as a half circle, a square, a horizontal line, etc. (More on valve symbols later in the chapter. • The next slide shows symbols for valve failures
- 15. Valve Failures -Symbols
- 16. Electronic Control Loop FO Electronic Controller Electronic FlowTransmitter Control Loop 205 – Electronic Flow Loop Flow Element Orifice Plate I P Transducer FV 205 FY 205 FIC 205 FT 205 FE 205 FO Electronic Controller Electronic Flow Transmitter Control Loop 205 – Electronic Flow Loop Flow Element Orifice Plate I P Transducer FV 205 FY 205 FIC 205 FT 205 FE 205
- 17. ANSI/ISA-5.1 • As statedearlier, the ANSI/ISA-5.1 is most often used by designers as the standard for symbology. Following is a direct quote from the standard: “The symbols and identification methods contained in this standard have evolved by the consensus method and are intended for wide application throughout all industries. The symbols and designations are used as conceptualizing aids, as design tools, as teaching devices, and as a concise and specific means of communication in all types and kinds of technical, engineering, procurement, construction, and maintenance documents and not just in Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams.” (International Society of Automation, 2009)
- 18. Instrument Identification (TagNumbers) • All instruments should have a metal, plastic or paper tag attached to them that states an instrument identification number; known as a “Tag Number”. • There are several numbering schemes; however, the ISA standard, ISA-RP-5.1 (1949) superseded by ANSI/ISA-5.1-1984 (R 1992) superseded by ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 is the most common. • Tag numbers are an alpha-numeric code where the: • Alpha portion should be no more than four upper case characters • Numeric portion should be know more than four digits. • The smaller the tag number, the better.
- 19. Typical Instrument TagNumber • PDT 102 – Instrument Identification or Tag Number • PDT – Function Identification • P 102 – Loop Identification • 102 – Loop Number • P - First Letter • DT - Succeeding Letters • The most common identifiers are used for the most common process variables in process control: • F – Flow • L – Level • P – Pressure • T - Temperature Note: Hyphens are optional as separators
- 20. The Letter ‘X’as a First Letter • The letter ‘X’ as a first letter in a special case. • The ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard states: • “First-Letter or Succeeding-Letter for unclassified devices or functions (X), for non-repetitive meanings that shall be defined outside tagging bubbles or by a note in the document.” (International Society of Automation, 2009) • A legend sheet and descriptive letters next to the bubble should define the function letter ‘X’. • Proper use is to not use the letter ‘X’ frequently and when used should only be used once, or at least in a limited capacity
- 21. Identification Letters • TheANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Instrumentation Symbols and Identification standard lists the preferred First Letter and Succeeding Letters. • The standard also lists typical letter combinations. • Keep these lists handy when reading or creating P&ID’s. ISA 5.1 (2009).pdf
- 22. Symbology – BuildingBlocks • Circles (Bubbles) • Squares & Rectangles • Triangles • Half Circles • Lines PT 102 FIC 1 FT FIC 2
- 23. General Consideration • Symboland text size may vary according to the needs of the user and type of drawing being generated • Smallest recommended bubble size is: 3/8” (9-10mm) diameter • For a “D-Size” drawing (22” x 34”) • Bubble should be at least: 9/16” (14-15mm) • Square or diamond should be at least: ¼” x ¼” (6-7mm x 6-7 mm) • Be careful of sizes if “D-Size” drawings are reduced to “C-Size” drawings • Line weight: • Leaders should be lighter than process lines (McAvinew & Mulley, 2004)
- 24. Instrument Numbering • Consistsof a loop number which is a number assigned to all devices within a function. • A loop number along with the letter designator uniquely identifies and links each device within a set or loop. • The numbering system used may or may not use the suggestions in the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard. • The valid numbering systems provide unique identification of each device, group related and looped.
- 25. Instrument Location Information •ISA standard instrument symbols, location and accessibility • Symbols are used to help identify the type of: • Instrument • Location • Located in the field • Not panel, console or cabinet mounted • Visible at the field location • Accessible to the operator • Located in or on front of central or main console or panel • Visible on front panel • Location at rear of main or central panel • Not accessible to the operator
- 26. Instrumentation Devices orFunction Symbols Field Mounted, Locally Mounted Primary Choice Or Basic Process Control System Graphic on Computer Screen Alternate Choice Or Safety Instrumented System PLC/DCS Functions (Seldom Used) Computer Systems And Software (Seldom Used) Discrete Instruments (Most Commonly Used Symbol, Always present)
- 27. Instrumentation Devices orFunction Symbols Normally Accessible to Operator on a Main Panel or Screen Primary Choice Or Basic Process Control System Graphic on Computer Screen (Most Commonly Used symbol, Always Present) Alternate Choice Or SIS PLC/DCS Function (Rarely if ever used) Computer Systems And Software (Seldom Used) Discrete Instruments (Most commonly Used Symbol, Always Present)
- 28. Instrumentation Devices andFunction Symbols Normally inaccessible to the operator or behind-the-panel devices or functions Primary Choice Or Basic Process Control System Graphic on Computer Screen (Not Usually Needed Unless There is a Good Reason) Alternate Choice Or SIS (Rarely if Ever Used) Computer Systems And Software (Rarely if Ever Used) Discrete Instruments (Not Usually Needed Unless There is a Good Reason)
- 29. Instrumentation Devices andFunction Symbols Auxiliary location normally accessible to the operator, Sub Panel or Remote Location Primary Choice Or Basic Process Control System Graphic on Computer Screen (Used from Time-to-Time) Alternate Choice Or SIS (Rarely if Ever Used) Computer Systems And Software (Rarely if Ever Used) Discrete Instruments (Used from Time-to-Time)
- 30. Instrumentation Devices andFunction Symbols Normally inaccessible to the operator or behind-the-panel devices or functions Primary Choice Or Basic Process Control System (Rarely if Ever Used) Alternate Choice Or SIS (Rarely if Ever Used) Computer Systems And Software (Rarely if Ever Used) Discrete Instruments (Rarely if Ever Used)
- 31. Instrumentation Devices andFunction Symbols A Summary http://www.aiche.org/sites/default/files/chenected/2010/09/P3F4.jpg
- 32. Instrument Line Symbols InstrumentSupply * Or Connection to Process Undefined Signal ORElectrical Signal Pneumatic Signal ** Hydraulic Signal
- 33. Instrument Line Symbols InstrumentSupply * Or Connection to Process Undefined Signal ORElectrical Signal Pneumatic Signal ** Hydraulic Signal * The following abbreviations are suggested to denote the types of power supply. These designations may also be applied to purge fluid supplies. AS – Air Supply HS – Hydraulic Supply IA – Instrument Air NS – Nitrogen Supply PA – Plant Air SS – Steam Supply ES – Electric Supply WS – Water Supply GS – Gas Supply The supply level may be added to the instrument supply line. E.g. AS-100, A 100-psig air supply; ES-24DC, a 24-volt direct current power supply. ** The pneumatic signal symbol applies to a signal using any gas as the signal medium. If a gas other than air is used, the gas may be identified by a note on the signal symbol or otherwise.
- 34. Instrument Line Symbols Electromagneticor Sonic Signal (Guided) *** Internal System Link (Software or Data Link) Electromagnetic or Sonic Signal (Not Guided) *** Capillary Tube *** Electromagnetic phenomena include heat, radio waves, nuclear radiation, and light.
- 35. Instrument Line Symbols OptionalBinary (ON – OFF) Symbols Electric Binary Signal Pneumatic Binary Signal Mechanical Link OR
- 36. Final Control Elements- Valves Generic Two-way Straight globe Gate Generic Two-way Straight globe Gate Generic 2-WayScrew-down Powered Ball Valve Generic Two-Way Angle Generic 4-WayGeneric 3-Way
- 37. Final Control Elements- Valves
- 38. Backpressure regulator, Internal pressure tap Pressure-reducing regulator,Internal pressure tap Backpressure regulator, External pressure tap Pressure-reducing regulator, External pressure tap Generic pressure safety valve, Pressure relief valve Final Control Elements - Valves
- 39. Final Control Elements- Valves
- 40. Final Control Elements- Valves
- 41. Positive Displacement Turbine, PropellerVortex Shedding Variable AreaMagnetic 01 M Magnetic 02 Standard Pitot Tube Primary Flow Measurement - Flowmeters
- 42. FT *01 FT *01 FT *01 FT *01 FT *01 FT *02 FT *03 PT FT *03 VC CT PT VC DifferentialPressure - Flowmeters Single connection. The CT = Corner Tap, PT = Pipe Tap, VC = Vena Contracta Taps. These three are not very common. Double connections to the process. PT = Pipe Tap, VC = Vena Contracta Taps. http://www.pipingguide.net/2009/06/types-of-pressure-taps.html
- 43. Learning Microsoft Visio •Microsoft Visio is a software application used to make drawings • Originally designed to create flowcharts; however, it can now be used to create: • Organizational charts • Computer network diagrams • Floor plans • Parts and Assembly drawings • PFD’s and P&ID’s • Fluid Power • Industrial Control Systems • And hundreds of other types of drawings
- 44. Learning Microsoft Visio •Your instructor will prompt you through creating your first drawing • There are video’s in the Learning Management System (LMS) that can be used as a review and/or a how to while coming up the curve on the use of this powerful software application
- 45. Simple Drawing UsingVisio • Simple Home Heating System • One furnace • Oil Fired • One thermostat • Heat Loss creates a disturbance • Poor insulation • Door(s) opening/closing • Window open? Heat Loss (Disturbance) Furnace Thermostat
- 46. Simple Drawing UsingVisio • One possible method to draw the home heating process T Valve TC TT Fuel Flow #2 Fuel Oil Setpoint Oilfired furnace Temperature Sensor/Transmitter Thermostat Controller
- 47.
- 48. PFD in TextbookFig. 1-1 D C B A 4 3 2 1 D C B A 4 3 2 1 EMEC125 Process Flow Diagram Plant 001 Knockout Drum 0-001 SIZE FSCM NO DWG NO REV DRG PFD-1 SCALE 1 : 1 SHEET 1 OF 1 NOTES: Stream 1 – 10,000#/hr., Wet Gas, Temp. 90° to 180°F, Pressure 20 psi, SP Gravity = - Stream 2 – 1,000#/hr., Degassed Material, Temp. 70° to 170°F, Pressure 50 psi, SP Gravity = 0.9 at 60°F Stream 3 – 9,000#/hr., Light Ends to Flare, Temp. 80° to 140°F, Pressure 4 psi, SP Gravity = - D-001 G-005 Stream 2 – To Separator Stream 1 Stream 3 – To Flare
- 49. P&ID for PFDin Textbook Fig. 2-21 01-D-001 TRIM 150 CS20" MW TE 100 TI 100 TG 1 2" HS 401 HS 402 HL 401 HL 402 01-G-005 Condensate Pump 5 GPM at 50 psi Operating Temp. 170° Driver 10 H.P. L 1 1" PG 2 2" 2" HV 400 IA HS 400 S HY 400 ZSH 400 I ZL 400 2" 1" 2" 1"300S 3 4 LY 100 LV 100 2" 150 CS 005 P&ID #31 ½” PP To Separator 2" 2" ¾” ¾” 1" 1 ½” 1 ½” 10" 6" 10" 6" 300S 1 2 P&ID #6 From C-101 10" 6" 10" 6" 300 6 7 P&ID #5 FY 100 FV 100 1 ½” FT 100 FRC 100 I P I P PSV 600 8" 150 CS 002 8" X 10" PV 100 PIC 100 1" 1" PIT 100 PG 1 10" 150 CS 004 LG 1 ½” ½” ½” ½” LSH 300 LSL 301 LAH 300 LAL 301 I LT 100 LIC 100 LI 100 5 10" 150 CS 003 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Typical for Drains # 1 01-D-001 KO Drum 6' Diameter X 10'0" T/T Design – 50 PSIG 400° F Insulation 1 ½” PP OWS
- 50. Flow Loop 100– Fig. 2-22 10" 6" 10" FT 100 FV 100 1 2 6" 300 FRC 100 FY 100 1 ½” I/P 1 2Typical for drains
- 51. Pressure Loop 100Fig. 2-23 10" 6" 10" PIC 100 10" 150 CS 004 1" PIT 100 PV 100 6 7 6" 300
- 52. Level Loop 100Fig. 2-24 2" 1" 2" 2" 150 CS 005 LV 100 3 4 1" 300 LIC 100 LY 100 I/P 3 4Typical for drains 2" 1 ½” 1 ½” LT 100 LI 100 2" 1" At LV 100 Bypass
- 53. Local Panel Switches& Lights Fig. 2-25 PI 2 ZSH 400 2" HY 400 HS 401 HS 402 HL 401 HL 402 L1 L1 HS 400 ZL 400 2" HV 400 IA 01-G-005 Condensate Pump Start Stop 2" 150# CS 005
- 54. Summary • PFD’s showbasic unit operation, major equipment, major piping and major process flow • Symbols must be kept simple • Instrument symbols should be abbreviated in the extreme • Permissible to omit primary elements, transmitters, alarms and other ancillaries • Emphasize the instrument loop details and de-emphasize equipment
Editor's Notes
- #3 P&IDs are the documents that technicians will use when troubleshooting and/or repairing instrumentation. The symbols must be understood and are defined by the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard; however, there is no real standard that specifies how much information and what type of information should be on these drawings. This can cause confusion when a technician is trying to decipher the meaning of a unique symbol that the designer included. As a designer, if a unique symbol is to be used there should be a note and/or a key on the drawing stating what the symbol represents and its function.
- #4 Discuss the different meanings of the letters in P&ID.
- #5 A discussion should be held about how not all P&IDs use common symbols from company to company and even within the same company. Discuss how, as drawings are updated over the years by various people, different symbols can be used for the same thing on different drawings within a drawing package. Also introduce the concept of loop numbering and loop numbering schemes. Do not talk about these schemes in detail, that will come later; however, mention that the ISA-5.1 lists nine different loop numbering schemes and some of them “are parallel - a duplicated numerical sequence for each loop variable. Others schemes are serial, a single numbering sequence for all loop variables.” (Meier & Meier, 2011, p. 29). There will be much more about symbols and loop numbering later in this chapter.
- #6 Discuss what information is taken from P&IDs and how it can be used. If an actual P&ID drawing is available, show parts of the drawing that identify some or all of the items listed on this slide.
- #7 BPCS Definition “1. The control equipment that is installed to perform the normal regulatory functions for the process—for example, PID control and sequential control. [ANSI/ISA-91.01-1995] 2. A system that responds to input signals from the equipment under control and/or from an operator and generates output signals that cause the equipment under control to operate in the desired manner. Some examples include control of an exothermic reaction, anti-surge control of a compressor, and fuel/ air controls in fired heaters. Also referred to as process control system. [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 43) Click the slide to display each definition HLCS Definition “A system above that of BPCS” (Meier & Meier, 2011, p. 31) SIS Definition “A system that is composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements whose purpose is to take the process to a safe state when predetermined conditions are violated. Other terms commonly used include "emergency shutdown system" (ESS), "safety shutdown system" (SSD), and "safety interlock system." [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996] See emergency shutdown system (ESS) and safety shutdown (SSD).” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 433)
- #8 BPCS Definition “1. The control equipment that is installed to perform the normal regulatory functions for the process—for example, PID control and sequential control. [ANSI/ISA-91.01-1995] 2. A system that responds to input signals from the equipment under control and/or from an operator and generates output signals that cause the equipment under control to operate in the desired manner. Some examples include control of an exothermic reaction, anti-surge control of a compressor, and fuel/ air controls in fired heaters. Also referred to as process control system. [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 43) Click the slide to display each definition HLCS Definition “A system above that of BPCS” (Meier & Meier, 2011, p. 31) SIS Definition “A system that is composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements whose purpose is to take the process to a safe state when predetermined conditions are violated. Other terms commonly used include "emergency shutdown system" (ESS), "safety shutdown system" (SSD), and "safety interlock system." [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996] See emergency shutdown system (ESS) and safety shutdown (SSD).” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 433)
- #9 BPCS Definition “1. The control equipment that is installed to perform the normal regulatory functions for the process—for example, PID control and sequential control. [ANSI/ISA-91.01-1995] 2. A system that responds to input signals from the equipment under control and/or from an operator and generates output signals that cause the equipment under control to operate in the desired manner. Some examples include control of an exothermic reaction, anti-surge control of a compressor, and fuel/ air controls in fired heaters. Also referred to as process control system. [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 43) Click the slide to display each definition HLCS Definition “A system above that of BPCS” (Meier & Meier, 2011, p. 31) SIS Definition “A system that is composed of sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements whose purpose is to take the process to a safe state when predetermined conditions are violated. Other terms commonly used include "emergency shutdown system" (ESS), "safety shutdown system" (SSD), and "safety interlock system." [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996] See emergency shutdown system (ESS) and safety shutdown (SSD).” (International Society of Automation, 2003, p. 433)
- #10 Click slide to snow animations The three process control functions Sensing – All processes will have at least one measured value; the Process Variable (PV). This/these can be level, pressure, temperature, flow, etc. A transmitter is used to measure the PV. Some transmitters can also contain a setpoint. May modern transmitters can display the PV and/or send the read value to a controller. All of these signals and shown on the P&ID. Comparing – Comparing is the process of taking a setpoint and comparing it against the measured value. The setpoint and measured values are combined in some manner and is used to produce the manipulated variable (Control Variable, CV). The textbook goes on to mention PID control. Briefly introduce this concept; however, this will be covered in great detail in a future course. Correcting – Correction takes place by combining the setpoint with the PV and sending the result to a field device that then changes the value of the PV. These field devices are usually called final control elements and can consist of valves, Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and many other types of output devices.
- #11 Click slide to snow animations The three process control functions Sensing – All processes will have at least one measured value; the Process Variable (PV). This/these can be level, pressure, temperature, flow, etc. A transmitter is used to measure the PV. Some transmitters can also contain a setpoint. May modern transmitters can display the PV and/or send the read value to a controller. All of these signals and shown on the P&ID. Comparing – Comparing is the process of taking a setpoint and comparing it against the measured value. The setpoint and measured values are combined in some manner and is used to produce the manipulated variable (Control Variable, CV). The textbook goes on to mention PID control. Briefly introduce this concept; however, this will be covered in great detail in a future course. Correcting – Correction takes place by combining the setpoint with the PV and sending the result to a field device that then changes the value of the PV. These field devices are usually called final control elements and can consist of valves, Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and many other types of output devices.
- #12 Click slide to snow animations The three process control functions Sensing – All processes will have at least one measured value; the Process Variable (PV). This/these can be level, pressure, temperature, flow, etc. A transmitter is used to measure the PV. Some transmitters can also contain a setpoint. May modern transmitters can display the PV and/or send the read value to a controller. All of these signals and shown on the P&ID. Comparing – Comparing is the process of taking a setpoint and comparing it against the measured value. The setpoint and measured values are combined in some manner and is used to produce the manipulated variable (Control Variable, CV). The textbook goes on to mention PID control. Briefly introduce this concept; however, this will be covered in great detail in a future course. Correcting – Correction takes place by combining the setpoint with the PV and sending the result to a field device that then changes the value of the PV. These field devices are usually called final control elements and can consist of valves, Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and many other types of output devices.
- #13 Discuss the basics of a control loop. Mentions some of the more standard signals such as: 4-20mA 3-15 psig (pounds per square inch gauge) 6-30 psig 1-5VDC 10-50mA 0-10VDC -10 to 10VDC The next slide contains a simple control loop
- #14 Review this simple pressure control loop. Identify the transmitter measuring the pressure. There is a generic valve that can be used to remove the pressure transmitter from the loop. Identify the PIC as a pressure indicator controller that supplies a 3-15 psig out to control the valve. Identify the pressure control valve, PV, as a Fail Open (FO). Identify the symbols for major pipes, and pneumatic signals Students will not know much of anything about this diagram; however, after explaining to them what it is and how it functions, poll the class as it if there is anything missing? (See page 35 in the text). Items that could be included that are not: Air sets Setpoints Root drive Control valve size Valve positioner Controller location
- #15 Discuss the failure modes that can occur in valves with some examples. Such as, a drain valve on a vessel filled with toxic material would want to fail closed so that none of the toxic materials will escape the vessel. Also mention that the symbols vary on the type of valve and how it is controlled and that valves will be covered later in the chapter.
- #16 Discuss the standard symbols used for valve failure identification. The notes come from the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard page 34: (1) Users engineering and design standards, practices, and/or guidelines shall document which symbols have been selected. (10) The symbols are applicable to all types of control valves and actuators.
- #17 Review this simple Electronic control loop. Identify the instruments, pipes and line types. Identify the control valve, FV, as a Fail Open (FO). Students will not know much of anything about this diagram; however, explaining to them what it is and how it functions. (See page 36 in the text). FT – Flow Transmitter FE – Flow Sensor Primary Element FIC – Flow Indicator Controller FY – Flow Transducer I/P FV – Flow Valve
- #18 Discuss the standard and why it is important to follow the standard whenever possible.
- #20 Discuss the use of Letters and numbers and some generic variations. Then proceed to the next slide where there will be a link to the Identification Letters from the ANSI/ISA-5.1 Standard. PDT represents a Pressure Differential Transmitter
- #21 Discuss the use of the Unclassified letter ‘X’. A good description can be found on page 39 & 40 in the Meier textbook.
- #22 Open the PDF for the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard list of Identification Letters. The Standard Identification Letters are on Page 30 of the standard, with notes about the table in Section 4.2 on Page 25 to 29. The Allowable Succeeding Letter Combinations are on Page 106 to 108 of the standard Discuss some examples such as those on page 42 in the textbook.
- #23 Discuss the use of the basic geometric shapes as per chapter 02 in the textbook. Students will most likely not know what most of the instruments are as of yet, nor will they have a good understand of the tagging and identifiers; however, provide a brief introduction to them, with much more to come in this and the next several chapters, and relate them to as many instruments on the lab trainers as time permits.
- #24 Discuss the size of the graphical symbols used to create documents. This information is from: McAvinew, T., & Mulley, R. (2004). Control System Documentation Applying Symbols and Identification (2nd ed.). Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA: International Society of Automation. You should explain paper sizes A, B, C, D and E. Most of today’s students have never heard of these paper sizes.
- #25 Briefly review the fact that all devices on a P&ID have a unique identification using letters and numbers. The next slide starts a discussion on series and parallel numbering
- #26 Open the PDF file “Proc_Control_Bench_(Series)_Parallell.pdf” to show an example of serial numbering. Discuss the serial number method and point the students to the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 standard for more information. Serial is the most common method used for numbering; however, in very large process plants the numbers could easily go to four digits and many people are not comfortable with going being three digits. In large process plants the parallel numbering method would make more sense. Click the link on the slide to display a simple example of Serial Numbering
- #27 Open the PDF file “Proc_Control_Bench_Series_(Parallel).pdf and discuss the parallel number method and point the students to the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 standard for more information. Click the link on the slide to display a simple example of Parallel Numbering
- #28 Review the various instrument mounting locations with students before proceeding to the next slides that show the symbols.
- #29 Discuss the symbols on the next several slides Located in field Not panel, console or cabinet mounted Visible at the field location Accessible to the operator Review the table found on page 46 of the textbook and/or Table 5.1.1 on page 36 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard
- #30 Discuss these symbols Located in or on front of main or central console or panel Visible on the front of panel or on video display Normally accessible to the operator at the front console or panel Review the table found on page 46 of the textbook and/or Table 5.1.1 on page 36 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard
- #31 Discuss these symbols Located in the rear of the main or central panel Located in cabinet behind the panel Not visible on the front of the panel or on a video display Not normally accessible by the operator at the console or panel Review the table found on page 46 of the textbook and/or Table 5.1.1 on page 36 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard
- #32 Discuss these symbols Located in or on front of secondary or local console or panel Visible on the front panel or on a video display Normally accessible to the operator at the front console or panel Review the table found on page 46 of the textbook and/or Table 5.1.1 on page 36 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard
- #33 Discuss these symbols Located in the rear of the secondary or local panel Located in a field cabinet Not visible on the front of the panel or on a video display Not normally accessible to the operator at the console or the panel Review the table found on page 46 of the textbook and/or Table 5.1.1 on page 36 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard
- #35 The next two slide are a sample of additional symbols. Discuss some of the other symbols that are not referenced in the textbook but can be found on page 37 in Table 5.1.2 and on page 38 in Table 5.2.1 in the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard
- #36 Discuss some of the other symbols that are not referenced in the textbook but can be found on page 37 in Table 5.1.2 and on page 38 in Table 5.2.1 in the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard
- #37 Discuss the line types on the next several slides as found in the textbook in Table 2-13 on pages 48 & 49 and in Table 5.3.2 on pages 46 & 47 in the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard. Click the slide to display the note for the single asterisk. Click the slide to return to the line types. Click the slide to display the note for the two asterisks. Click the slide to return to the line types. Click the slide to advance.
- #38 Discuss the line types on the next several slides as found in the textbook in Table 2-13 on pages 48 & 49 and in Table 5.3.2 on pages 46 & 47 in the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard. Click the slide to display the note for the single asterisk. Click the slide to return to the line types. Click the slide to display the note for the two asterisks. Click the slide to return to the line types. Click the slide to advance.
- #39 Continue discussing line symbols
- #40 Continue discussing line symbols
- #41 Students will not know the different types of valves at this time. Point out that valves are simply a bow-tie symbol with add-ons that make the valve representative of what type of valve it is. Use the valves in the lab to demonstrate what they physically look like. There might not be a sample of all the valve types. Refer the students to Pages 48 through 55 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard for more final control elements. The next slide shows some pressure relief valve symbols.
- #42 Students will not know the different types of valves at this time. Point out that valves are simply a bow-tie symbol with add-ons that make the valve representative of what type of valve it is. Use the valves in the lab to demonstrate what they physically look like. There might not be a sample of all the valve types. Refer the students to Pages 48 through 55 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard for more final control elements. The next slide shows some pressure relief valve symbols.
- #43 Students will not know the different types of valves at this time. Point out that valves are simply a bow-tie symbol with add-ons that make the valve representative of what type of valve it is. Use the valves in the lab to demonstrate what they physically look like. There might not be a sample of all the valve types. Refer the students to Pages 48 through 55 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard for more final control elements.
- #44 Students will not know the different types of valves at this time. Point out that valves are simply a bow-tie symbol with add-ons that make the valve representative of what type of valve it is. Use the valves in the lab to demonstrate what they physically look like. There might not be a sample of all the valve types. Refer the students to Pages 48 through 55 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard for more final control elements.
- #45 Students will not know the different types of valves at this time. Point out that valves are simply a bow-tie symbol with add-ons that make the valve representative of what type of valve it is. Use the valves in the lab to demonstrate what they physically look like. There might not be a sample of all the valve types. Refer the students to Pages 48 through 55 of the ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Standard for more final control elements.
- #46 Flow is a common measurement that is made in process control. There are many different types of flowmeters and methods of measuring flow. Shown on this slide are just a few. As before, the students will not have a knowledge of flow and flowmeters. Use the lab equipment when possible to show the physical device(s). The next slide is from the textbook and shows the P&ID for various methods of measuring flow by using differential pressure.
- #47 Students will not know about differential flow at this time. Give a brief explanation of what an orifice plate flowmeter is and how, by measuring the pressure on either side, (differential pressure), a value for flow can be achieved. For more information on the types of taps used in orifice plate flowmeters, visit this website: http://www.pipingguide.net/2009/06/types-of-pressure-taps.html There will much more on all of these and other processes and measurements in upcoming course work.
- #48 The answer key is found in the instructors manual. Open the pdf file “InClassSymbol_ID_Match.pdf and show it on the smart board and use the smart board markers or light pen to draw connecting lines from the symbol to the correct description.
- #49 Give an overview of Microsoft Visio and then proceed with a step-by-step lesson(s) in creating a drawing. The following slides will be used to draw a basic home heating system.
- #50 Visio can be taught by going through a step-by-step procedure in class with the students following along or the students can simply watch the series of videos and then get started on the first Visio Lab exercise.
- #54 Explain this drawing and use it to have the students follow along creating a duplicate
- #55 Explain this drawing and show students how to place the title blocks and legends. Also note that the convection radiators use a letter combination that is user defined and noted in the legend. Loop numbers are actually not required on this PFD.
- #60 Strongback or Instrument Bridle