The document discusses aromatic amines, their classification, preparation methods, and chemical properties. It explains how aromatic amines are derived from aromatic hydrocarbons, primarily through the reduction of nitro compounds, and highlights their basicity influenced by electron-donating or withdrawing groups. Various reactions of amines, including their interactions with nitrous acid and the formation of diazonium salts, are also summarized.

1. Aromatic Amines
1
Mr. Mote G.D.
ADCBP, ASHTA

2. INTRODUCTION
Amines are similar to ammonia (base) with one or more
alkyl or alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.
The classification:
 1o,2o,or 3ocorresponding to the number of hydrogen atoms
or alkyl replaced.
 General structure:
N
H
H H Ammonia
N
R
H
H
N
R
R'
H
N
R
R'
R''
22

3. Aromatic amines
1. These are the derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbon in which a hydrogen
of benzene ring has been replaced by amino group.
2. All such compound in which an amino or substituted amino group is
bonded directly to an aromatic ring are termed as aromatic amines
NH2
aniline
NH N
CH3 CH3
CH3
N,N-dimethylbenzenamineN-methylbenzenamine
3

4. N
NH
CH3
N
OH
H3C
Cl
Hydroxychloroquine
Identify whether the amino group shown by the arrow is
primary, secondary or tertiary.
44

5. 55

6. Aromatic amines belong to specific families,which actas
parent molecules.
For example, an amino group (—NH2) attached to benzene
produces the parent compound aniline.
AMINES
6
phenylamine
6

7. H2N (CH2)6 NH2
hexane-1,6-diamine
(1,6-hexanediamine)
7
H2N NH2
benzene-1,4-diamine
(1,4-benzenediamine)
NOMENCLATURE OF
AMINES
Compounds with two –NH2 groups are named by adding the
suffix ‘diamine’to the name of the corresponding alkane or
aromatic compounds.
7

8. PREPARATION OF
8
AMINES
1. Reduction of nitro compounds
2. Reduction of halides with ammonia
3. Reduction of amides
4. Reduction of nitriles
5. Hoffmann degradation of amides
8

9. 

Aromatic amines are normally prepared by reduction of the
corresponding aromatic nitro compound.
Aniline is prepared from nitrobenzene.
 Reducing agents: Fe/H+,Sn/H+or catalytic hydrogenation (example,
H2/Pdor Pt or Ni). 10
PREPARATION OF
AMINES
1. Reduction of nitro compounds – gives 1oamines
9

10. Another example:
PREPARATION OF
AMINES
10

11.  The reaction of ammonia with an alkyl halide leads to the
formation of aprimary amine.
 The primary amine that is formed can also react with the alkyl
halide, which leads to adisubstitutedamine.(2oamine)
PREPARATION OF
AMINES
2. Reduction of halides with ammonia
11

12. In general:
PREPARATION OF
AMINES
Further reaction can form atrisubstituted amine.(3oamine).
12

13. 


3. Reduction of amides
 Amides yield primary amines on reduction by lithium aluminum hydride,
LiAlH4.
The oxygen atom is replacedby two hydrogen atoms.
2oand 3oamides produce 2oand 3oamines, respectively.
Reaction occurs via nucleophilic acylsubstitution then nucleophilic addition.
AMINES
13

14. 4. Reduction of nitriles


Nitriles can be reduced by strong reducing agent like H2 with
catalyst (example Ni) or LiAlH4 to yield primary amines via
nucleophilic addition reaction.
Example:
AMINES
R CN
2H2, catalyst
or LiAlH4, ether R CH2NH2
14

15. 5. Hoffmann degradation of amides



Heating the amides with a mixture of bromine and KO H
or NaOH.
amides will change to amines.
is used to shorten the chain by onecarbon.
AMINES
∆
C
O
NH2
NH2
anilinebenzamide
NaOH/Br2
15

16. Basicity of aromatic amines
1. Aryl amines are basic compounds due to pressence of
lone of electron present on nitrogen.
2. Incase of ethyl amine, the lone pair of electron
localized on the nitrogen atom.
3. Incase of aromatic amines, lone pair of electron
deloacalized on the benzene ring.
4. As the electron density decreases and basicity also
decreases. Hence ethyl amine is more basic than
aromatic amines.
5. Aromatic amines react with HCl or acid to form salt.
6. Aromatic amines are levis base because they give
electron to form pair.
7. Aromatic amines are lowry bronsted base because
they accept hydrogen to form salt.
16

17. Factor affecting on basicity of aromatic amines
1. Electron donating groups adds electron density to the benzene ring
making aryl amines more basic than aniline
2. Electron withdrawing groups removes electron density from benzene ring .
Hence 4-nitro aniline is less basic than aniline.
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NO2
4-nitrobenzenaminebenzene-1,4-diamine
aniline
17
R

18. REACTIONSAMINES
18
1. Formation of amides
2. Amine alkylation: formation of quarternary salts
3. With nitrous acid
4. Isocyanides (nitrile compound)
5. Benzenediazonium salts
1. Preparation of Benzenediazonium chloride
2. Reaction of Benzenediazonium chloride
6. Oxidation
7. Hofmann-Martius reaction
8. Electrophilic substitution
9. Salt formation

19. 1. Formation of amides
a. From acyl chlorides
Addition of 1o,2o(or ammonia) to acid chlorides results in
amides.
REACTION OF AMINES
19

20. Example:
REACTION OF AMINES
20

21. 1. Formation of amides
a. From acid anhydride
REACTION OF AMINES
O
2R2NH
O
R C NR2
O O
R C O C R
O O
R C O C R
R C
O
O RNH3
+
O
R C
+
O R2NH2
acid anhydride
2RNH2
amine
R C NHR
amide
21

22. 1. Formation of amides
a. From ester
Esters reacts with ammonia, primary and secondary
amines to produce amides andalcohols.
REACTION OF AMINES
R OH
H
H N R
O RO
R C O R
ester
O
R C O R
ester
R OH
O R
R C N R
R C NH
secondary amide
tertiary amide
EXAMPLE
O
H3C C O CH2CH3
O
H3C C NH2 CH3CH2 OH21
H
H N H
0-5OC
primary amine
R
H N R
secondary amine
22

23. REACTION OF AMINES
2. Amine alkylation:formation of quarternary salts
 Reaction of amines and acid will give amine salt (an ammoniumion).
CH3CH2NH2 + HCl  CH3CH2NH3 + Cl+ -
CH3CH2CH2 NH2
n-propylamine
HCl CH3CH2CH2 NH3Cl
n-propylammonium chloride
HCl(CH3CH2)3 N
triethylamine
(CH3CH2)3 NH Cl
triethylammonium chloride2223

24. Amine alkylation: formation of quarternarysalts
 Examples:
REACTION OF AMINES
CH3CH2CH2 NH2
n-propylamine
HCl CH3CH2CH2 NH3Cl
n-propylammonium chloride
HCl(CH3CH2)3 N
triethylamine
(CH3CH2)3 NH Cl
triethylammonium chloride
24

25. 3. With nitrous acid
 Nitrous acid is unstable and must be prepared in the reaction solutionby
mixing sodium nitrite with acid.
 Primary amines react with nitrous acid to yield adiazonium salt,which
ishighly unstable and degradates into acarbocation that is capableof
reaction with any nucleophile in solution.Therefore, reacting primary
amines with nitrous acid leads to amixture of alcohol, alkenes, and alkyl
halides.
REACTION OF AMINES
25

26. With nitrousacid
 Primary aromatic amines form stable diazonium salts atzero
degrees.
REACTION OF AMINES
26

27. With nitrousacid
 Secondary aliphatic and aromatic amines form nitrosoamine (yellow
oils) with nitrous acid.
REACTION OF AMINES
27

28. With nitrousacid
 Tertiary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-
nitrosoammonium compounds (ammonium salts).
REACTION OF AMINES
28

29.  Reaction of nitrous acid with aliphatic amines in cold acidic solution
can be used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary
amines.
RNH2 + HNO2 →N2 gas evolution from aclear solution.
(1° amines)
R2NH + HNO2 →An insoluble yellow oil formed (N-nitrosoamine)
(2° amines)
R3N + HNO2 →A clear solution(ammonium salt formation)
(3° amines)
REACTION OF AMINES
29

30. 4. Isocyanides (nitrile compound)
• Primary amines heated with trichloromethane (CHCl3) and
alcoholic KOH solution will produce a foul odor of isocyanide,
RNC.
•
- The C N functionality is connected to the organic
fragment via the nitrogen atom, not via carbon atom.
- a zwitterion (nitrogen atom carries positivecharge,
carbon atom carries negativecharge).
REACTION OF AMINES
Isocyanide:
- an organic compound with functional group R N C
30

31. REACTION OF AMINES
4. Isocyanides (nitrile compound)
examples:
31

32. 5. Benzenediazonium salts
1. Preparation of Benzenediazonium chloride
Structure
•has the formula C6H5N2+Cl¯
•adiazonium group is attached to the benzene ring
•the aromatic ring helps stabilise the ion
REACTION OF AMINES
32

33. 5. Benzenediazonium salts
1. Preparation of Benzenediazonium chloride
 From phenylamine (which can be made by reduction of
nitrobenzene)
 Reagents: nitrous acid and hydrochloric acid
 Conditions: keep below 10°C
 Equation:
C6H5NH2 + HNO2 + HCl  C6H5N2 + Cl¯+ 2H2O
REACTION OF AMINES
33

34. REACTION OF AMINES
5. Benzenediazonium salts
2. Reaction of Benzenediazonium chloride



Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are very useful as
intermediates to other compounds.
Aromatic diazonium salts are only stable atvery low
temperatures (zero degrees and below), warming these
salts initiates decomposition into highly reactive cations.
These cations can react with any anion present in
solution to form avariety of compounds. Figure
illustrates the diversity of the reactions.
34

35. 3
REACTION OF AMINES
5. Benzenediazonium salts
2. Reaction of Benzenediazonium chloride
• The nitrogen gas is released.
435

36. N2Cl
H2O
OH
H3PO2
Cl
Br
CN
I
FNO2
NHNH2
N=N
OH
N=N
NH2
N=N
N(CH3)2
CuCl
CuBr
CuCN
KI
HBF4
NaNO2
NaoH
4(H)
OH
NH2
N(CH3)2
Synthetic uses of Aryl diazonium salt
36

37. REACTION OF AMINES
6.Oxidation: Aromatic amines are readily oxidezed to
give p-benzoquinone
NH2
aniline
K2Cr2O7
O
O
cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
37

38. REACTION OF AMINES
7.Hofmann-Martius rearrangment
N
CH3
HClH3C
300°C
N
H
HClH3C
CH3
300°C
N
H
HCl
CH3
H
CH3
N
H
CH3
H
CH3
NaOH
38

39. REACTION OF AMINES
8. Electrophilic substitution : 3-amino benzoic acid
reacts with bromine to form 3-amino-2,4,6 tribromo
benzoic acid
NH2
COOH
NH2
BrBr
Br
COOH
Br2

40. Formation of salt
Aromatic amine react with hydrochloric acid to form salt
of aromatic amine.
Ar-NH2 HCl ArNH3Cl
NH2
HCl
NH3Cl
benzenaminium chloride