05 Building Walls - Façades.pdf

Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Course: Building Construction
05 Walls (exterior – façades)
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio J. PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD (Hons)
Assit. Professor / Architecture / Dar Al Uloom University / KSA
2021/MMXXI
5. Walls
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Javier PALM
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0. Introduction
00 Introduction to the Course
01 Soils and their Investigation
02 Building Foundations
03 Structures (simplified)
04 Floors
05 Walls (façades)
06 Water & Humidity Exclusion
07 Openings: doors & windows
08 Glazing
09 Vertical Transportation Systems
10 Flooring
11 Wall Coating and Cladding
12 Ceiling
13 Roofs
Course Index
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5. Walls
INDEX:
Definition, Functions & Functional Requirements
Types of Walls:
According to Loading/Structural characteristics
According to the location
According to the Weight:
- Masonry Walls: Blocks, Bricks and Stone
- Light Framed - Drywalls
According to how are opening:
- Wall & Window Walls – The Lintel
- Curtain Walls
Bibliography
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5. Walls
Introduction:
Definition:
- A continuous & vertical building member
- Thin relatively to its length and height
Functions:
- External Walls – To enclose and protect a
building against outdoor environment (natural or
artificial) for reasonable indoor security and
comfort
- Internal Walls – To divide building into different
indoor spaces, also called Partition Walls
Functional Requirements:
- Strength & Stability
- Resistance to the weather and ground moisture
- Durability and very low maintenance
- Resistance to the passage of heat/cold
- Resistance to the passage of noise
- Aesthetics
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
ACCORDING TO LOADING/STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
- Load bearing walls
- Non-load bearing walls
ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION
- Façade walls
- Party walls
- Partition wall – Interior walls
- Basement wall & Retaining wall – Underground walls
ACCORDING TO THE WEIGHT
- Heavy walls – Masonry walls
- Light walls – Frame wall – Dry walls
ACCORDING TO HOW ARE OPENINGS
- Wall & Window system
- Curtain wall system
ACCORDING TO THE LEAFS (AMOUNT)
- One-leaf/skin walls
- Two-leafs walls – Double/Triple skin walls – Cavity walls –
Veneered walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
ACCORDING TO LOADING/STRUCTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS
- Load bearing walls
- Non-load bearing walls
A Load Bearing Wall is a wall
that bears structural weight
along with its own (similar
than a column), while a Non-
Load Bearing Wall only
supports its own weight.
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION
- Façade walls
- Party walls
- Partition wall – Interior walls
- Retaining wall
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Party walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Basement & Retaining Walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Retaining Walls
Simplified explanation of typical Retaining Walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Retaining Walls – Gravity Walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Retaining Walls – Cantilever Walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Retaining Walls – Piling Walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Retaining Walls – Piling Walls
Soldier
Beam Soldier
Beam
Soldier Beam
Soldier Beam
RCC Panel
RCC Panel
Wood Plank
Gabion
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Retaining Walls – Anchored Walls
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5. Walls
Anchor
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5. Walls
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
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5. Walls
Types of walls: According to the weight
- Heavy or Solid walls – Masonry walls
- Light walls – Frame wall – Dry walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls: According to the weight – Heavy or Solid Walls – Masonry Walls
- Masonry is the building of structure from individual units laid and bound together by
mortar or similar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
- The common materials of masonry construction walls are concrete blocks, stones, bricks
(including the adobe).
- Masonry is generally a highly durable form of wall construction. However, the material
used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are
assembled can significantly affect the durability of the overall masonry construction
walls.
- Classification could be based on materials, all of them exposed (facing) or not:
- Concrete blocks (several types): Solid or Hollow blocks
- Other blocks: hemp blocks, Honeycomb clay blocks, etc.
- Bricks (several types)
- Stones
- Concrete pre-cast panels
- Etc.
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5. Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
A concrete masonry unit (CMU) is a standard size rectangular block used in building and other
constructions.
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5. Walls
Types of walls: According to the weight – Heavy or Solid Walls – Masonry
Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
Benefits - Advantages:
- Greatly reduced construction cost
- Reduced maintenance cost
- Extremely durable
- Energy saver
- Design flexibility
Types of concrete blocks, according to material:
- Hollow concrete blocks
- Solid concrete blocks
- Aerated lightweight concrete blocks “Aircrete blocks” (AAC) – Solid
- Cellular lightweight concrete blocks (CLC) “Foam concrete block” – Solid
- Insulated concrete form (ICF) blocks “Fox blocks” - Hollow
- Others: glass concrete, asphalt concrete, rubberized concrete, etc.
Types of concrete blocks, according to exposed faces:
- Exposed or facing blocks – Different types of finished block faces – Fair faces
- Non-exposed or hidden face blocks – Finished could be plastered, mortared,
boarded, stamped, etc.
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5. Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
1. SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS
Dimension:
40/44/50/60 cm. (length)
20/21.5/22.5/35 cm. (height)
6/6.5/8/10/14/15/21.5/25/27.5/30/35/40 cm. (width)
High compressive strength, resistance to weathering,
impact and abrasion.
Capability of being molded into components of any shape / size
Good fire resistance, up to about 400ºC
Rapid construction – Easy to use them
Very good stability
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5. Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
1. SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS
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5. Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
2. HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS
Dimension:
40/44/50/60 cm. (length)
20/21.5/22.5/35 cm. (height)
14/15/21.5/25/27.5/29/30/40 cm. (width)
Can be made larger than solid blocks. Are lighter in weight than solid blocks
For construction walls is easy and quick
The voids can be filled with sand, earth even RC achieving high resistance
The air spaces provides good thermal insulation
The cavities can be used for plumbing or electrical installations
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5. Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
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5. Walls
Types of walls: According the weight – Heavy or Solid Walls – Masonry Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
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5. Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
3. AERATED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK (AAC) – AIRCRETE BLOCKS
Also know as Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC),
autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), autoclaved concrete, cellular concrete, porous
concrete, Aircrete, even as commercial brands such as Hebel Block, Starken, Siporex,
Aircon, or Ytong.
It is made with cement and very fine aggregates (smaller than sand), aluminium and
water, sometimes with fly ash. When AAC is mixed and cast in forms, several chemical
reactions take place that give AAC its light weight, excellent thermal properties through
interior air bubbles up to 3 mm. in diameter.
Benefits – Advantages
- Excellent thermal insulation
- Good fire protection
- Very good workability. Easy to cut
- Light weight (-20% than regular concrete). Large size blocks
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5. Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
3. AERATED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK (AAC) – AIRCRETE BLOCKS
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According the weight – Heavy or Solid Walls – Masonry Walls
CONCRETE BLOCKS
4. CELLULAR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK (CLC)
also called as FOAM CONCRETE BLOCK
Foamed concrete is manufactured by mixing cement,
fine sand, fly ash, water and preformed foam (perlite,
arlite or vermiculite) in varied proportions. Therefore,
is very similar than AAC, but now, the light and the
thermal properties are given through preformed foam
little balls, and not through air bubbles.
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According the weight – Heavy or Solid Walls – Masonry Walls CONCRETE BLOCKS
4. CELLULAR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK (CLC), also called as FOAM CONCRETE BLOCK
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5. Walls
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According the weight – Heavy or Solid Walls – Masonry Walls OTHER BLOCKS
5. HEMP BLOCKS, also knows as HEMPCRETE BLOCKS
Actually, it is a fiber-reinforced concrete block
Hempcrete is a bio-composite made of the inner woody core of the hemp plant
mixed with a lime-based binder.
It is a lightweight cementitious insulating
material weighing about a seventh or an
eighth of the weight of concrete.
It is not used as a structural element, only as
insulating block.
Hempcrete buildings ten stories high have
been built in Europe.
There’re hollow and solid Hempcrete blocks
Dimension:
50 cm. (length)
20 cm. (height)
8/12/15/25/30/36/40 cm. (width)
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
5. HEMP BLOCKS, also knows as HEMPCRETE BLOCKS
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
6. HONEYCOMB CLAY BLOCKS, also knows as POROTHERM BLOCKSS
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to the weight – Heavy or Solid Walls – Masonry Walls OTHER BLOCKS
6. ICF BLOCKS – INSULATED CONCRETE FORM BLOCKS
Insulating/insulated concrete form (ICF) block is a BLOCK usually made with a rigid thermal
insulation that stays in place as a permanent interior or exterior substrate of concrete block.
It could be a pre-cast block, or a insulated material shell ready to fill with concrete.
Fill with concrete
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
Insulating/insulated concrete form (ICF) block is a BLOCK usually made with a rigid thermal
insulation that stays in place as a permanent interior or exterior substrate of concrete block.
It could be a pre-cast block, or a insulated material shell to fill with concrete.
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5. Walls
Types of walls: Block walls Installation
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5. Walls
Installation
Types of walls: Block walls
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Bricks
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5. Walls
BRICKS
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other
elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick
referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote any
rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-
bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced
in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region
and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Advantages of Brick Construction:
There are many advantages when bricks are used as part of the construction.
•Aesthetic: Bricks offer natural and a variety of colors, including various textures.
•Strength: Bricks offer excellent high compressive strength.
•Porosity: The ability to release and absorb moisture is one of the most important and
useful properties of bricks, regulating temperatures and humidity inside structures.
•Fire protection: When prepared properly, a brick structure can give a fire protection
maximum rating of 6 hours.
•Sound attenuation: The brick sound insulation is normally 45 decibels for a 4.5 inches
brick thickness and 50 decibels for a 9-inch thick brick.
•Insulation: Bricks can exhibit above normal thermal insulation when compared to other
building materials. Bricks can help regulate and maintain constant interior temperatures
of a structure due to their ability to absorb and slowly release heat. In this way, bricks can
produce significant energy savings—more than 30 percent when compared to wood
construction.
•Wear-resistance: A brick is so strong that its composition provides excellent wear
resistance when compared to wood.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Brick’s Classification:
- According to row materials
- According to dimension, depending on local Standard
- According to shape geometry
- According to their uses
- According to resistance to the moisture
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Brick’s Classification: According to row materials
In modern construction practices, common bricks are categorized according to
their component materials and method of manufacture. Under this classification,
there could be six common group types:
- Common Burt Clay bricks
- Sand Lime (calcium-silicate) Bricks
- Fly Ash Clay bricks
- Concrete bricks
- Special bricks: Engineering, Fire or Refractory bricks
- Earth bricks: Adobe, or Mud bricks, and Compressed Earth bricks (or blocks)
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Burnt Clay Bricks (Classic red bricks)
Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick, created by pressing wet clay into molds, then drying and firing them in kilns. This is a very old
building material—the type of brick found in many of the ancient structures of the world. In appearance, these bricks are solid blocks of
hardened clay, usually reddish in color.
Burnt clay bricks are typically sold in four classes, with first-class offering the best quality and most strength. These high-grade burnt clay
bricks have no noticeable flaws, but they’re also going to cost more.
When these bricks are used in walls, they require plastering or rendering with mortar.
Uses include: Masonry walls, Foundations, Columns, Lintels, etc.
Sand Lime (calcium-silicate) Bricks
Sand lime bricks are made by mixing sand, fly-ash and lime. Pigments may also be added for color. The mixture is then molded under pressure
to form bricks; the materials bond together by a chemical reaction that occurs as the wet bricks dry under heat and pressure. These bricks are
not, however, fired in kilns in the same manner as burnt clay bricks. Sand lime bricks can offer some advantages over clay bricks such as:
• Their color appearance is gray instead of the regular reddish color.
• Their shape is uniform and presents a smoother finish that doesn’t require plastering.
• These bricks offer excellent strength for load-bearing structures.
• When pigments are added, the bricks can be used for ornamental purposes.
• Less mortar is required during construction.
• Edges are straight and precise, making construction easier.
• Bricks do not effloresce salts and minerals.
The uses for sand lime bricks include: Structural foundations and walls,
Exposed brick walls and pillars or Ornamental uses (when pigments are added)
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Concrete Bricks
They are made from solid concrete and are growing in popularity among homeowners. Concrete bricks are usually placed in facades, fences,
and provide an excellent aesthetic presence. These bricks can be manufactured to provide different colors if pigments are added during
production. Concrete bricks should not be used in below-ground applications.
Common uses for concrete bricks include Fences or Internal (hidden) brickwork
Fly Ash Clay Bricks
They are manufactured with clay and fly ash—a byproduct of coal burning—fired at about 1,000 degrees C. Because fly ash contains a high
volume of calcium oxide, this type of brick is sometimes described as self-cementing, since it expands when exposed to moisture. This
tendency to expand, however, can also produce pop-out failure. Fly ash clay brick has the advantage of being lighter in weight than clay or
concrete brick.
Typical uses for fly ash clay brick include: Structural walls, Foundations,
Pillars and anywhere that improved fire resistance is required
Fire Bricks (or refractory bricks)
These are manufactured from specially formulated earth with a high aluminum oxide content.
After burning, these bricks can withstand very high temperatures without their shape, size, or strength being affected.
Common used for this type of brick include: Lining of chimneys and furnaces or
Pizza ovens and outdoor brick BBQ.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Adobe bricks (mud bricks) are made of earth with a fairly high clay content and straw. If
produced manually the earth mix is cast in open moulds onto the ground and then left to dry
out (sun-dry). Adobe bricks are only sun-dried, not kiln-fired. When used for construction
they are laid up into a wall using an earth mortar. Before drying out, the finished walls are
smoothed down. Often a clay render is applied as a surface coating.
It is a very old technic, with several examples in America,
Middle East, Australia or Africa.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Adobe bricks (mud bricks)
Sizes: 14 x 10 x 24 cm.; 20 x 10 x 30 cm.; 25 x 10 x 35 cm., or any one.
Composition: Earth + water + vegetated fiber (straw or dung)
- Earth composition: Fine sand (55-75%) + Clay (15%) + Slit mix (30-10%)
- Today, to reinforce Adobe Bricks, we can introduce a little cement in its composition.
Joints: mud plaster (mud mortar).
Finishing: Bricks could be exposed (faced) or non-exposed, coated with a lime or mud plaster, with a
whitewash finish.
Advantages:
- Adobe raw materials are easily available.
- Very cheap.
- Good thermal insulation, in Summer and Winter both.
Disadvantages:
- Not very resistant to external conditions (winds, water, etc.).
- Not suitable in humid or raining areas
- Cracking of walls in Summer
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5. Walls
Poeh Museum Tower – Santa Fe – New Mexico, USA
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5. Walls
Adobe high-rise tower houses in Yemen
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5. Walls
Adobe or Mud bricks – Al Diriyah
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5. Walls
Adobe or Mud bricks – Ushaiger
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5. Walls
Modern Adobe buildings
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Bricks can also be categorized according to their shape. Some
common shapes include:
- Solid bricks: These bricks are solid, all filled, without any hole.
- Circular bricks: with a circular stretcher
- Cornice bricks: with a circular header
- Brick veneers: These bricks are thin and used for surface cladding.
- Air-bricks: These bricks contain large holes to circulate air and
lessen weight. They are used in suspended floors and cavity walls.
- Perforated bricks: These bricks contain many cylindrical holes drilled
throughout the brick. They are very light in weight.
- Bullnose brick: These are bricks molded with round angles.
- Paving bricks: These bricks contain a good amount of iron. They are
used in underfoot paving applications.
- Capping bricks: These bricks are used to cap the tops of
freestanding walls.
- Hollow bricks: About one-third of the weight of the normal bricks,
these are used mostly in partition walls where load-bearing is not
required.
Brick’s Classification: According to shape geometry
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5. Walls
BRICKS
For efficient handling and laying, bricks must be small enough and light enough to be picked
up by the bricklayer using one hand. Bricks are usually laid flat, and as a result, the effective
limit on the width of a brick is set by the distance which can conveniently be spanned
between the thumb and fingers of one hand, normally about 10 to 12 cm. In most cases, the
length of a brick is twice its width plus the width of a mortar joint, about 20 to 24 cm. or
slightly more. In the same way, height should be a half of the width increasing the width of a
mortar joint (about 5 to 6 cm. or slightly less) or the third part of the length (about 7 to 8 cm.).
Therefore, a common brick has a size of 20-22 x 10-12 x 7 to 5 cm. approximately, depending
on local Building Codes.
Brick’s Classification: According to dimension, depending on the National Standard
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Brick Sizes according to some country Building Codes
KSA common bricks: 23.5 x 11.5 x 6.5 cm.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Classification
According to resistance to the moisture:
- Severe weathering (SW) bricks can withstand direct contact with the ground and
moisture. Use these for foundations, patios, garden walls, and so on.
- Medium weathering (MW) bricks can withstand freezing temperatures and above ground
exterior work (not direct ground contact).
- No weathering (NW) bricks are for interior work only (partition walls).
According to their uses:
- Facing bricks (exposed), for an attractive
appearance. Therefore, they are several colours,
textures, etc.
- Common bricks. Suitable for anything except to be
exposed. Therefore, they´re plastered, at least.
- Engineering bricks (bearing walls, retain walls, fire
protection, etc.). They´re very dense
- Special bricks (corners, angles, etc.)
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5. Walls
BRICKS
There´re several types of brick´s bonding. The most important are:
- English bond: alternating course of stretchers and headers in different rows
- Flemish bond: alternating course of stretchers and
headers in the same row
- Common, American or Stretcher bond: always using
course of stretchers.
- Running or Header bond: always using course of headers.
- Others: Scottish, Dutch, Soldier, Monk, Raking, etc.
Bonding of Bricks
The bricks can be sire to different types of bonds.
This bonding is essential, because it eliminate continuous
vertical joints both in the body wall as in the face of the
wall; and it imparts strength to the masonry wall. Defective
arrangement of bricks reduce s the strength and durability
of the masonry wall and, sometime the structure.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Bonding of Bricks: English bond
English bond is made up of alternating courses of stretchers and headers. This produces a solid
wall that is a full brick in depth, is easy to lay and is the strongest bond for a one-brick-thick
wall.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Bonding of Bricks: Flemish bond
Flemish bond is created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course. The
next course is laid so that a header lies in the middle of the stretcher course below.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Bonding of Bricks: Running or Header bond
Header bond is created by rows of headers, only displaced by half a brick on each row. This
bond is often use to create curved brickwork.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
Bonding of Bricks: Common or Stretcher bond
Stretcher bond is one of the most common bonds. It is easy to lay with little waste and
composed of stretchers set in rows, offset by half a brick.
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5. Walls
BRICKS
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5. Walls
Retaining Walls – Anchored Walls
I need a
Break-time
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5. Walls
STONE
Stone
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5. Walls
STONE
The construction of stone bonded together with mortar (or without) is named as Stone
Masonry, where the stones are available in a abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to
the proper shape, they provide an economical material for the construction of various
building components such as walls, but also columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams,
pavements, claddings, etc.
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5. Walls
STONE
Material uses for stone masonry
They are Stones and Mortar (sometimes, without mortar).
The common types of stones available are according to the site.
However, the most important could be:
- Limestones (available in KSA): it is a calcareous rock and consist of carbonate of lime.
They are various colours and it is easy to work with. However, the acid weather condition
can hurt it.
- Granite (available in KSA): it is the hardest types, but it is difficult to work with. They are
available in various colours from white to green or grey.
- Sandstones (available in KSA): they are made up of quartz cemented by a matrix of silica,
with a little mica, felspar and oxides of iron. The colour depends on the concentration of
those components. Easy to work with.
- Marbles (available in KSA): various colours, and it could be polished
- Slates: (available in KSA): dark colours.
Check: https://www.stonecontact.com/stone/saudi-arabia
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5. Walls
Granites
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5. Walls
Limestones:
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5. Walls
Sandstones:
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5. Walls
STONE
Classification of stone masonry:
Stone masonry can be classified according to the thickness of joints, continuity of courses and
finish of faces.
Broadly speaking there´re two types of stone masonry named as following:
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5. Walls
STONE
Classification of stone masonry:
Rubble Stone Masonry: This consists of blocks of stone either undressed or roughly dressed
and having wider joints.
Ashlar Stone Masonry: This is built of stones carefully dressed and has narrow joints.
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5. Walls
STONE
Details Ignacio
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5. Walls
Types of walls: According to the weight – Light Frame Walls – Drywalls – Wall stud
A wall framing is done with 5 x 5 cm. to 5 x 15 cm. studs, soleplates and top-plates (vertical feet), depending on
material (timber, steel or aluminum), insulation thickness and loads.
According to Building Codes, the spacing of the studs in any particular wall will vary depending on whether it is
load bearing or not, its height, and the size of the studs used. Distance between studs are 30, 40 or 60 cm.
If the wall has more than 3 meters of height, the frame needs horizontal elements to reinforce studs.
In both sides, boards or panels are nailed or arrowed. Therefore, board sizes must be according to distance
between studs and between plates (sole and top). Size boards are 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 cm. (both, length and
width).
Before to nail or arrow boards, the space between studs is filled with a light-weight isolating material
(rockwool, glass-fiber, cellulose/paper recycled, etc.).
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5. Walls
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5. Walls
External leafs (the skin):
- Plaster or gypsum boards
- Wood (plywood, OSB, etc.) boards
- Silicate-Calcium boards
- Polymer boards
Filled (thermal & acoustic insulation):
- Rockwool or Glass-Fiber wool.
- Natural wool, Recycled paper panels, etc.
Internal frame (the skeleton):
- Aluminum
- Steel
- Wood/Timber
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5. Walls
Types of walls: According to the weight – Composite: light plus heavy
External leaf plus Internal leaf - Heavy wall plus light wall
Resistance (out) plus Isolation (in)
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5. Walls
Types of walls: According to the weight – Composite: light plus heavy
External leaf plus Internal leaf - Light wall plus heavy wall
Resistance but light with Isolation (out) plus a Heavy one (in)
Called Ventilated Façade
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
ACCORDING TO HOW ARE OPENINGS
- Wall & Window system
- Curtain wall system (one or two leaf wall – masonry and lightweight walls)
Wall & Window system
Curtain wall system
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
What is a Curtain Wall?
A curtain wall is a glazed wall system hung off a concrete slab using anchors. Curtain walls
are self-supporting and give a building’s exterior the look of top to bottom glass. Most often
used on commercial buildings, curtain walls are typically installed from the outside of a
building using cranes or rigs. Curtain wall installation is a complex process and can be more
expensive than other systems.
What is a Window & Wall?
A window wall is achieved by placing glazing between a building’s concrete slabs, using the
slabs as structural support. Window walls have a break between the glass, with slab covers
used to conceal the concrete. Window walls are often used in residential applications as
they allow for more customizable sections such as windows and balcony doors. They are
most commonly installed from the inside of a building, which is a safer, more efficient and
more cost effective.
According to how are openings: Wall & Window System vs Curtain Wall System
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
Curtain Wall Advantages
If installed correctly, curtain wall systems provide excellent structural integrity, as there are
fewer mullions and joints required when compared to most window wall systems. Acting as a
single unit, curtain walls are highly resistant to moisture, wind, heat and earthquakes. They
require little maintenance.
Window & Wall Advantages
Aside from advantages such as customizability, ease of installation and cost savings, window
walls also require less engineering and safety considerations as the exterior wall is broken up
by each floors’ concrete slab, providing built-in fire stopping. Also, because the separation of
each window wall unit creates a sealed space there is less noise transfer and energy loss.
Further, if a unit becomes damaged and needs repair that specific unit can be removed and
replaced without affecting the adjoining units.
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
Back-pans and Window Walls:
When used in conjunction with curtain wall systems, insulated back-pans are placed behind
sections of the wall that do not require vision glass. In a curtain wall, the variances and design
choices of the full assembly affect the back-pan sections just as they will the glazing and other
components. Because the back-ans sit outside the floors, there is often variation in required
height, leading to a more costly and variable manufacturing and installation process. However,
in a window wall application this variation is eliminated. Pre-manufactured back-pans rest
between a building’s floors and are simply shimmed during installation to address any
irregularities. Since most buildings are similar floor to floor, part repeatability is improved.
A Cost Comparison:
For the comparable amount of glazing, window walls can be installed for half the cost – or
even less – of curtain walls. Window walls are easier to install, which reduces the need for
extra equipment, lifts, and handling time. Because the installation process is safer, fewer
special precautions need to be taken, which further reduces cost as well as shortens the
timeline of a project. Window walls also involve more repeatable components, improving
efficiency during the manufacturing process. Further, a more rigid scope means most
components can be assembled in shop rather than on site, resulting in fewer errors, less site
disruptions and a higher quality product.
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Wall & Window System – The LINTEL
Horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window.
A Lintel is one type of beam which used to support the above wall when openings like doors,
windows etc. are necessary to provide a building structure. The main function of the lintel is
to take loads coming from above wall and transfer its load to the side walls. The lintel beam
generally ends into the masonry wall so as to convey the weight carried by them to the
masonry walls and its width is same to the wall width. The lintel can also be used as
decorative architecture element.
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
LOADS LOADS
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Wall & Window System – Types of LINTEL
Lintels are classified into the following types according to the materials of their construction:
1. Timber lintel (wood)
2. Stone lintel (old construction or decorative)
3. Reinforced concrete lintel (Cheap and quick, according to the availability)
4. Brick lintel (exposed brick façades)
5. Reinforced brick or block lintel
6. Steel lintel (Cheap and quick, according to the availability)
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5. Walls
Timber lintels – Ushaiger, KSA
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
3. Reinforced concrete lintel (Cheap and quick, according to the availability) – precast or in-
situ
5. Reinforced brick or block lintel
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
3. Reinforced concrete lintel (Cheap and quick, according to the availability)
5. Reinforced brick or block lintel (exposed brick façades, and reinforced)
Ignacio
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Wall & Window System – The lintel
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
Curtain Wall
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
A Curtain Wall, also called Hanging Wall, is defined as thin, usually aluminum or
steel-framed wall, containing in-fills of glass, metal, polymer, thin stone, etc. panels.
The framing is attached to the building structure and does not carry the floor or roof
loads of the building. Therefore, it is like a building skin hanged in the structure.
Ignacio
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
A Curtain Wall, also called Hanging Wall, is defined as thin, usually aluminum or
steel-framed wall, containing in-fills of glass, metal, polymer, thin stone, etc. panels.
The framing is attached to the building structure and does not carry the floor or roof
loads of the building. Therefore, it is like a building skin hanged in the structure.
Panel
Slab
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
Components:
- Curtain wall mullion-vertical component (anodized or painted aluminum, or stainless or galvanized
steel) – Actually are like columns or studs. They are the main structural component of a curtain
wall and are connected with the building structure.
- Curtain wall transom-horizontal component (anodized or painted aluminum, or stainless or
galvanized steel). They are connected to the mullions.
- Hangers – Anchors (Steel)
- Sealants and elastic- resilient joints
- Panels (must be lightweight, therefore, they are tin panels, no more than 10 cm.). It has two parts.
Anyone of them could be:
- Glass (with or without opening), normally in the exterior side.
- Others (aluminum, aluminum composite or copper, polymer, tin stone, cement, fabric
veneer, etc.), in one or two sides.
When there are not glazing, the interior cavity could be filled by a lightweight insulation material.
Finally, if we do not use glazing, between vertical mullions and horizontal transom, the cavity could be
filled with an thermal-acoustic insulation material finished with an indoor tin board (gypsum,
plywood, MDF, OSB, etc.).
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Componets
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Components
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
Types of installation systems:
Stick-built Curtain Wall System (easy, cheap but worse)
- Installed piece by piece at site
- Thermal expansion & contraction of mullions are attenuated by expansion joints
- System components are shop fabricated and shipped
- Greater degree or on-site adjustments
- Low shipping cost
Unitized Curtain Wall System – Precast System (little complicated, expansive but better)
- Units are shop fabricated and pre-assembled
- Units are designed so that the horizontal and vertical members in adjacent units interlock to form
common mullions and rails
- Lower degree on-site adjustment
- Have greater degree of quality control resulting from shop fabrication
- Lower filed installation cost
- Ensure progress of project
- Shorter period construction
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Details: mullion vertical
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Details: mullion & transom
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Details: mullion vertcial
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Details: trasom horizontal
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
Details: wall with curtain wall meeting
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Details: the top (with the roof)
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Details: the top
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Javier PALM
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5. Walls
Types of walls: According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Details
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Javier PALM
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5. Walls
Types of walls:
According to how are openings – Curtain Wall System – Details
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Bibliography (Walls)
APA (2014), Advanced Framing Construction Guide (no. M400A), APA – The Engineer Wood Association, Tacoma (WA),
USA. https://www.apawood.org/data/sharedfiles/documents/m400.pdf
BOOSTANI, H. & RASOOLI, P. (2013), Wall Construction: A technical research on 3-dimentional walls, LAP LAMBERT
Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3659409455
DETHIER, J. (1983), Down to earth: Adobe architecture, an old idea, a new future, Facts on File.
ISBN: 978-0871966919.
DONALDSON, B. (1991), Exterior Wall Systems: Glass and Concrete Technology, Design, and Construction (Astm Special
Technical Publication - Book 1034), Astm Intl. ISBN: 978-0803114241
HEUSLER, W.; LIEB, R-D; LUTZ, M. & OESTERLE, E. (2001), Double-Skin Facades: Integrated Planning, Prestel.
ISBN: 978-3791325040.
KREH, R. (1998), Building with Masonry: Brick, Block & Concrete, Taunton Press. ISBN: 978-1561583362
HENDRY, A. W. & KHALAF, F. M. (2000), Masonry Wall Construction, CRC Press ISBN: 978-0415232821
MEMARI, A. M. (2013), Curtain Wall Systems (ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice – Book 126), American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). ISBN: 978-0784412701
SWANSON, G.; MILLER, O. & FEDERER, W. (2008), Breathing Walls: A Biological Approach to Healthy Building Envelope
Design and Construction, Pre-publication Draft 2008-04-14.
WILLIAMS, E. & WILLIAMS, R. (1989), Wall Construction and Finishing, Tab Books. ISBN: 978-0830693870
5. Walls
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‫ﺷﻛﺭﺍ‬
Gracias
Thanks
Danke
Obrigado
Merci
謝謝
Благодарю вас
eskerrik asko
5. Walls
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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05 Building Walls - Façades.pdf

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05 Building Walls - Façades.pdf