Architectural Environmental Control part 2.pdf

Architectural Environmental Control
Part 2/3
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD. (Hons)
Assit. Prof./Architecture/Dar al Uloom University, KSA
●
2022-MMXXII
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Index – Content
Introduction: What sustainability means?: The Green Architecture
Environmental Certification for Buildings
Sustainable Sites
Sustainable Transport
Water Saving
Energy and Atmosphere
Matarials & Sustainable Resources
Indoor Air Quality
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Lecture Class no. 6
Energy and Atmosphere 01
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

The Energy and Atmosphere (EA) category is about designing a
building that uses as little energy as possible through
conservation, efficiency, and the use of alternative renewable
energy sources.
Constructing an energy efficient building takes great effort, and it
begins with aspects such as the way the building is positioned on
the property (plot site), and the glazing that is used on façades
used to heat and cool the building.
Improving/enhancing energy efficiency is one of the easiest ways
to save money and increase the global sustainability of a building.
3. Energy and Atmosphere: Introduction
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Household energy
uses
KSA EU USA Japan Australia Russia
Cooling & Heating 72% 48% 32% 36% 40% 56%
Water heating 4% 25% 14% 16% 23% 25%
Lighting 5% 4% 7% 7% 5% 2%
Cooking 3% 7% 3% 10% 4% 10%
Appliances 14% 13% 20% 12% 20% 4%
Others 2% 3% 24% 19% 8% 3%
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

What to do?
- Building design to save energy:
- Active Architecture
- Passive Architecture
- Use Green (renewable) energy production systems, as
electricity solar panel, water heating solar panels, wind-turbines, etc.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3. Energy and Atmosphere
3.1: Optimize Energy Performance
3.2: On Site Renewable Energy
Production
Using whole-building energy modeling or prescriptive paths as described in the
ASHRAE, EN OR LOCAL STANDARD GUIDES for the type of building being used,
provide energy efficiency measures to save from 15% (mandatory) to 50% over
the code building used according the location.
Provide from 10% (at least) of the
building’s annual energy consumption
from renewable energy sources.
Intent: To establish the minimum level of energy efficiency for the proposed building and
systems to reduce environmental & economic impacts associated with excessive energy use.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

What to do?
Improve at least 15% of the total energy use in the building compared to what the
local building code about energy saving says (If there´re not locals, use an
international with prestige). The project must meet this requirement without
including renewable energy sources (such as solar panels or wind-turbines).
How to do it?
Therefore, design the building shape, envelope and systems (facilities) to meet
that requirement, improving the 15% of the building energy performance.
Use a computer simulation model (software) to assess the energy performance
and identify the most cost-effective energy efficiency measures. Quantify energy
performance compared with a baseline building according Codes/Standards.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

How to do it?
- Use Green (renewable) energy production Systems, as
electricity solar panel
- Building design to save energy:
- Passive Architecture
- Active Architecture
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Active Architecture & Passive Architecture
Building techniques use both active and passive design features in
architecture to ensure comfortable living spaces, by means of utilizing
energy intensive materials that enable overall reduction in energy usage.
Active Designs use systems or equipment that modify the state of the
building, creating energy and comfort. While Passive Design features are
those that maximize energy efficiency by the actual design of the
construction itself.
The concept and definition of Active Architecture, is based on the idea
that buildings can generate more energy than they consume, getting more
comfortable buildings, capable of adapting to the climate and respecting
the environment. But first, we must design efficient system that consume
little.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Active Architecture & Passive Architecture
For example
Active solar design uses outside energy and equipment—like electricity and solar
panels—to help capture and utilize the energy of the sun.
- Active solar cooling or heating
- Active solar water heating
Passive solar design doesn’t use any outside energy or require much special
equipment, but simply takes advantage of existing natural phenomena, like the
direction of the sun, or the insulating properties of special concrete. Parallel,
passive measures could avoid, or attenuate, unwanted natural phenomena, like a
strong solar irradiance.
- Passive solar cooling or heating
- Passive solar lighting
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Active Architecture & Passive Architecture - for example
Passive solar cooling design techniques help ensure avoid solar heat inside
(and outside) buildings, even during hot summer months.
• Roof overhangs and eaves designed at a specific angle to provide shade from
the hot summer sun (which travels a slightly higher route than it does in the
winter months, when its heat is welcome).
• Install removable awnings to provide extra shade over windows.
• Planting deciduous trees (evergreen in very hot areas) on the south side of the
home to create naturally seasonal shade.
• Windows are specifically placed and designed to be opened during cooler hours
(like the evening) to allow for effective cross-ventilation and night flush cooling.
• Use a high Solar Factor for glazing in windows.
• Use light colors on roofs and sun exposed surfaces to reflect solar radiation
• Install ventilated facades & roofs to expel solar heat before entering inside de
building.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1: Optimize Energy Performance – Steps:
Passive Architecture
3.1.1. Bioclimatic design strategies
3.1.2. Building envelope insulation:
- Walls, Roofs and ground-slabs
- Openings
- Thermal bridges
3.1.3. Building envelope air tightness
Active Architecture
(without including any renewable energy, yet)
3.1.4. High efficiency HVAC & R systems:
- Ventilation with cool/heat exchanger
- Air Heating or/and Cooling system
3.1.5. High efficiency Water Heating system
3.1.6. High efficiency artificial light system
3.1.7. High efficiency appliances
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Lecture Class no. 7 – Energy & Atmosfere
The Passive Bioclimatic Architectural Design – Strategies
(Summarized)
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

THERMAL HEAT TRANSFER WITH THE ENVIRONMENTAL SURRUONDINGS
3.1.1. Bioclimatic Design Strategies
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

THERMAL HEAT TRANSFER WITH THE ENVIRONMENTAL SURRUONDINGS
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Climate - world
Saudi
Arabia
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

BASIC CONCEPTS – PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
1. Wind control:
How to reduce unwanted winds, or take advantage of them.
2. Use of vegetation and water:
How to use of plants to create shade, and water to cool by
evaporation
3. Indoor & Outdoor spaces design:
How to take advantage of courtyards, cantilevers, patios, terraces,
etc.
to introduce heat/cool inside the building
4. Ground/land use (to attenuate/decrease the heat):
To use the land to cover walls, roofs, etc., protecting us from extreme
heat conditions.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Wind control: How to reduce unwanted
winds
- Use the surrounding land, vegetation or
other constructions elements/shapes to
protect, or attenuate, the unwanted winds
- Provide for the shape and orientation of
the building to limit turbulences of the
unwanted winds
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the surrounding land, vegetation or other constructions
to protect, or attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Green Windbreak Characteristics
Effect of Height:
it is the most important factor to design a green
windbreak, increasing according tree or bush
maturity.
The height of the tallest tree-row determines
the windbreak value of H. From now on:
- On the windward side of the barrier, wind speed reductions are measurable upwind
for a distance of 2 to 5 times the height (H) of the windbreak.
- On the leeward side of the barrier, wind speed reductions occur up to 30 times the
height (H).
Use the surrounding land, vegetation or other
constructions to protect, or attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Effect of density:
Density means the solid portion of the barrier to the
total area of the barrier (in %).
As more solid is a barrier, the less wind pass. As more
permable is a barrier, the most wind pass throungh.
BUT: very solid barriers create turbulence behind the
windbreak, reducing the down-wind protection.
Therefore, a windbreak should be solid, but not totally impervious
(windproof). The best solution is to use different densities with
different types of trees and bushes, and different rows (min/max:
50-80% of density; best: 55-75%).
More rows, more density. Decreasing the distance between rows
increases the density. Types of trees determine density
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Windbreaks could be single, double
or multiple rows, and as rectilinear,
curvilinear or quincunx design.
To choose the type will be according
the protected area, shape, type and
dimension
Barrier type Height Some species (English language name)
1 Tall barrier 12.50 m. Maple, Elm, Beech, Linden, Fir, Pine, Poplar, Arborviate, Eucalyptus, Tree of heaven,
American ash, Plane tree, Mulberry, Grevillea.
2 Medium barrier 7.50 m. Willow, Thorn, Hawthorn, Pear tree, Whitebeam.
3 Tall & Rustic
fence
4.50 m. Bay tree, Plum-tree, Cypress, Bottle tree, Incense-cedar, Salt cedar, Hornbeam,
Pyramid tree, Waterbush, Oleander, Acacia, , Blackthorn, Common Hawthorn,
Buckthorn, Dogwood, Elder.
4 Medium fence 1.20 m. Holly, Yew, Box, Lavender, Rosemary.
Note: The distance between rows should be 1/25 to 1/10 of the taller tree height.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Effect of orientation:
Windbreaks are more effective when oiented at
right angles to prevailing winds.
In Saudia Arabia, usually, need protection from
hot, dry, abrasive even dusty winds from North
and North-West (Shamal). Windbreaks should
be oriented perpendicular to those winds. But
not always come from those directions.
Therefore, we can use multiple-leg windbreaks
according the design objectives.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the surrounding land,
vegetation or other
constructions to protect,
or attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Green Windbreak
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Effect of length:
The length of a windbreak determines the
extent of the protected area downwind
(the amount of total area receiving
protection).
For maximum efficiency, the continue
barrier sholud exceed the trees height by
at least 10:1.
Take care with gaps, because they produce
unwanted air corridors, even turbulences.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Solution for gaps
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Microclimate modifications: In addition to the wind speed, windbreaks modificate the
surrounding microclimate. For example, the temperature.
Temperature apparent (°C) = 33 + (TAIR – 33) x (0.474 + 0.454 x √(V) – 0.0454 x V)
Apparent temperature according the speed wind and air temperature
WIND SPEED (W) AIR TEMPERATURE (TAIR)
m/sec. Km/h. Def. -10ºC 0ºC 10ºC 20ºC 30ºC 40ºC 50ºC
5 18 Soft breeze -21 -8 4 17 29 42 54
10 36 Moderate breeze -29 -15 0 14 29 43 57
15 52 Hard breeze -33 -18 -2 13 28 44 59
20 70 Hard wind -35 -19 -3 13 28 44 60
25 82 Very hard wind -35 -19 -3 13 28 44 60
30 104 Storm -35 -19 -3 13 28 44 60
35 122 Hurricane/Tiphon/Cyclone -33 -18 -3 13 28 44 75
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Microclimate modifications:
In addition to the wind speed, windbreaks modificate the surrounding
microclimate. For example, the Humidity and the Evapotranspiration (plant
water lost):
The wind often decrease the humidity, except when winds are humid. In
addition, decrease the Evapo-transpiration, that is the plant and soil water lost.
Therefore, because winds in Saudia Arabia are often dry, hot and dusty, they
drecrease the humidity even more and increase the plant & soil water needs.
Finally, again, soils and the air became hotter, and the temperature increases.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Summary:
Green barriers are able to attenuate unwanted winds
Well designed, green barriers can attenuate unwanted winds
until 30 times the green barrier height (best 4 to 7 times)
These barrier must be semi-permeable, and never impermeable:
Therefore, the best way to design them is to use different types
of trees and bushes, and rows (evergreen/deciduous, different
heights, different foliage, etc.).
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the surrounding land, vegetation or other constructions to protect,
or attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the
surrounding
land, vegetation
or other
constructions to
protect, or
attenuate, the
winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the surrounding land, vegetation or other constructions to protect, or
attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

• To protect exposed facades:
air infiltrations
• Openings: Windows
• Weak winds: small and short
buildings
• Hard winds: water-drop,
domes, etc.
• Tall buildings: inclined roofs
• Compact shapes
Use building shapes and orientations to protect, or attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use building orientations and the land to protect, or attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use building shapes and orientations to protect, or attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use other constructions and the land to protect, or attenuate, the winds.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use building shapes and
orientations to take advantage
of the winds.
Wind catchers
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Wind catchers
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Cross effect ventilation
vs.
Up-ward effect
ventilation
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Cross effect ventilation vs. Up-ward effect ventilation
3.1.1. Bioclimatic design strategies 3. Energy and Atmosphere
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Cross effect ventilation
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Upward ventilation
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Ventilated Facades & Roofs
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Ventilated Facades
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Ventilated Roofs 3. Energy and Atmosphere
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Lecture Class no. 8
The Stereographic Sun Path Diagram
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

The Stereographic Sun Path Diagram 3. Energy and Atmosphere
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

North
South
East
West
This is your position
regarding the cardinal
points (N, S, E, W)
S
N
E
W
In the Northern Hermisphere, the
sun is always in the South.
Therefore, put your back against
the North, to see always the sun.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

"The Horizon"
"The Horizon"
North
South
East
West
This is your position
regarding the cardinal
points (N, S, E, W)
Therefore, the entire
interior area of the
circle is the portion of
projected sky visible
from our position
S
N
E
W
In the Northern
Hermisphere, the sun is
always in the South.
Therefore, put your back
against the North, to see
always the sun.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Altitude
Azimuth
North
South
East
West
30º
60º
120º
150º
330º
310º
240º
210º
8
0
º
7
0
º
6
0
º
5
0
º
4
0
º
3
0
º
2
0
º
1
0
º
0
º
North
South
East
West
30º
60º
120º
150º
330º
300º
240º
210º
10º
20º
30º
40º
70º
80º
100º
110º
130º
140º
350º
340º
320º
310º
290º
280º
260º
250º
230º
220º
160º
170º
190º
200º
80º
70º
60º
50º
40º
30º
20º
10º
0º
Azimuth
30º
60º
120º
150º
330º
310º
240º
210º
Altitude
90º
Nadir
S
N
W
Sky dome
80º
70º
60º
50º
40º
30º
20º
10º
0º
Zenith
E
Zenith
Nadir
S
N
E
W
Sky dome
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

North
East
West
30º
60º
120º
150º
330º
310º
240º
210º
80º
70º
60º
50º
40º
30º
20º
10º
0º
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

According to the Latitude
and Hemisphere of the
location, we can see that the
anual variation of sun path
is diferent.
For example:
Riyadh city is in the North
Hemisphere, with a Latitud
of 25 degrees. Therefore:
North – 25º
or
N – 25º
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Riyadh (SAU) Hemisphere:North
Riyadh (SAU) Latitude:24º 38´
Therefore, Riyadh (SAU):24º 38´ North
+24º 38´
According to the latitude
and hemisphere of the site,
we find that the annual
variation of sun path is
diferent.
- According the Latitude
- According the Hemisphere:N(+) or S(-)
Jun
Dec
North
South
East
West
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

North
South
East
West
330º
310º
Sunrise
Sunset
Riyadh (SAU): 24º 38´North
6:00
7
:
0
0
8
:
0
0
9
:
0
0
1
0
:
0
0
1
1
:0
0
1
8
:
0
0
1
7
:
0
0
1
6
:
0
0
1
5
:
0
0
1
4
:
0
0
1
3
:0
0
12:00
Daylight Hours
6:00
7
:0
0
8
:0
0
9:00
1
0:
00
11:00
13:
00
14:00
15
:00
16:00
1
7
:0
0
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

North
South
East
West
330º
310º
Sunrise
Sunset
6:00
7
:0
0
8
:0
0
9
:0
0
1
0
:0
0
11:
00
1
8
:
0
0
1
7
:0
0
1
6
:0
0
1
5
:0
0
1
4
:0
0
13
:0
0
12:00
Daylight Hours
The months of the year
6:00
7:0
0
8:0
0
9:00
10:0
0
11:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17
:00
North
South
East
West
JUN, 21 (Summer Solstice)
JUL/MAY, 21
AUG/APR, 21
SEP/MAR, 21 (Equinoxs)
OCT/FEB, 21
NOV/JAN, 21
DEC, 21 (Winter Solstice)
JUN, 21
JUL/MAY, 21
AUG/APR, 21
SEP/MAR, 21
OCT/FEB, 21
NOV/JAN, 21
DEC, 21
Sunrise
Sunset
North
South
East
West
JUL/MAY, 21
AUG/APR, 21
OCT/FEB, 21
NOV/JAN, 21
JUN, 21
JUL/MAY, 21
AUG/APR, 21
SEP/MAR, 21
OCT/FEB, 21
NOV/JAN, 21
DEC, 21
6:00
7
:
0
0
8
:
0
0
9
:0
0
1
0
:0
0
11
:00
1
8
:
0
0
1
7
:
0
0
1
6
:
0
0
1
5
:0
0
1
4
:0
0
1
3
:0
0
Daylight hours and months of the year
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Daylight hours and months of the year
North
South
East
West
OCT/FEB, 21
9
:
0
0
9
:
0
0
Example:
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Example:
North
South
East
West
30º
60º
120º
150º
330º
310º
240º
210º
80º
70º
60º
50º
40º
30º
20º
10º
0º
JUL/MAY, 21
AUG/APR, 21
OCT/FEB, 21
NOV/JAN, 21
JUN, 21
JUL/MAY, 21
AUG/APR, 21
SEP/MAR, 21
OCT/FEB, 21
NOV/JAN, 21
DEC, 21
6:00
7
:
0
0
8
:
0
0
9
:
0
0
1
0
:
0
0
1
1
:0
0
1
8
:
0
0
1
7
:
0
0
1
6
:
0
0
1
5
:
0
0
1
4
:
0
0
1
3
:0
0
124º
34º
21th OCT/FEB, 9:00 am
Azimuth: 124º
Altitude: 34º
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

North
South
East
West
30º
60º
120º
150º
330º
310º
240º
210º
80º
70º
60º
50º
40º
30º
20º
10º
0º
6:00
Azimuth and Altitud
Example:
1
2
4
°
34º
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

N
W E
S
http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/solar-position
Instructions to use a Stereographic Sun-Path Diagram are:
Please, see:
1. Find (look for) the latitude (and hemisphere) of where you are, or the place that interests you (Project site).
2. Get the Stereographic Sun-Path Graphic with that latitude and hemisphere (Northern or Southern).
3. Now, we must locate the point-data in the area of the graphic (daylight hours and months) where we are. First, we run through the
lines intersect the hours with the month.
4. Using the horizon circle with degrees Azimuth, we know the Azimuth of that point-data with respect to the North (Note: In some
countries, the south angle is measured, therefore, the value would be different).
5. Similarly, using the concentric circles that represent the altitude, we get the sun's altitude (Altitude) at that date (daylight hours and
months).
6. With the Altitude and Azimuth, we know the location of the sun in the sky from our position at that date (hour, day and month)
Where may we get the Stereographic Sun-Path Graphic of Riyadh (or elsewhere)?:
http://www.suncalc.net (Internet locates you and offers the site´s precise data in Google Map)
http://www.gaisma.com/en (data from the most important cities of the world)
http://www.jaloxa.eu/resources/daylighting/sunpath.shtml (chosing the Latitud and Hemisphere, it offers the Sun-Path Diagrams)
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Lecture Class no. 9
Energy and Atmosphere 02
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

To use the maximum cooling by evaporation,
with plants and water:
- To use the vegetation next to the thermal
envelope of the building.
- To use a vegetable layer (green covered
area) to cool the building entrances and
openings.
- To use water spray, or water bodies, to
favor cooling by evaporation.
Use of vegetation & water: How to use of plants to create
shade/shadow, and water to cool by evaporation
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use vegetation next to the entrances, openings and always next to the envelope
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use vegetation next to the entrances, openings and always next
to the envelope
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

To use water spray, or water
bodies, to favor cooling by
evaporation
House Hydrant System – Roof
Sprinkler Cool System
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

To use water spray, or water bodies, to favor cooling by evaporation
House Hydrant System – Roof Sprinkler Cool System
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

House Hydrant System – Sprinkler Cool System
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

To use water spray, or water bodies, to
favor cooling by evaporation
House Hydrant System – Water Curtain Cool
System
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Indoor & Outdoor spaces design: How to take advantage of
pavements, courtyards, patios or terraces to introduce
heat/cool inside the building
To design exterior/outdoor protected spaces (only a deck/roof, for
example) to decrease the effect between day and night or between
seasons.
To design a space oriented to the North, to take advantage of the
cooler orientation, or oriented to the South (to the North in the
Southern Hemisphere) to attenuate the solar heat effect through
constructive elements (West is the worse - Sunset).
To distribute rooms according the use and the orientation.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

MATERIAL SRI
%
NEW SNOW 80-90
OLD SNOW 40-70
WHITE SAND 30-60
CONCRETE 30-50
DIRTY SNOW 20-50
GRASS 20-30
BRICKS/TILES 23-48
SANDY SOIL 15-40
FOREST 5-20
ASFALT 10-15
BLACK STONE 7-10
GRESS 18
DRY GRASS/LEAFS 25-35
CORK 23-48
GREEN LAND 3-15
WATER 3-10
Indoor & Outdoor spaces design: How to take advantage of pavements, courtyards, patios or
terraces to introduce heat inside the building
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Indoor & Outdoor spaces design: How to take advantage of pavements, courtyards, patios or
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Indoor & Outdoor spaces design: How to take
advantage of pavements, courtyards, patios or
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

SOLAR CONTROL TO ATTENUATE THE HEAT
To attenuate the reflectiviy of exterior surfaces
next to opening exposed to the solar radiation
MATERIAL SRI
%
NEW SNOW 80-90
OLD SNOW 40-70
WHITE SAND 30-60
CONCRETE 30-50
DIRTY SNOW 20-50
GRASS 20-30
BRICKS/TILES 23-48
SANDY SOIL 15-40
FOREST 5-20
ASFALT 10-15
BLACK STONE 7-10
GRESS 18
DRY GRASS/LEAFS 25-35
CORK 23-48
GREEN LAND 3-15
WATER 3-10
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the land next to, plants or other buildings to
create or produce shadow
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

SHADE AND SHADOW IN SUN ORIENTATIONS
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

USE EFLECTIVE (HIGH SRI) MATERIALS ON TH FRONT OF THE SUN (S, SW & W)
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the land next to, plants or other buildings to create or produce shadow
Green Façades
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the land next to, plants or other buildings to
create or produce shadow
Green Façades
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Green Façades
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

PROYECT “WETLAND”, HOLLAND, 2000
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Flooding roof, water storage roof, or Blue Roof
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Netherlander Pavilion,
Expo-2000 of
Hannover (GER), MVRDV
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

INDOOR AND OUTDOOR PROTECTED SPACES TO ATTENUTE THE HEAT, OR THE COLD
The Courtyard
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

INDOOR AND OUTDOOR PROTECTED SPACES TO ATTENUTE THE HEAT, OR THE COLD
The courtyard
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Locate rooms according uses and orientation
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Locate rooms according uses and orientation
N NE E SE S SW W NW
BEDROOMS X X X XX XX XX XX X
TOLETS & WASHROOMS X X X X X XX XX X
KITCHENS XX XX X X X X XX XX
DINING ROOMS X X X X X XX XX XX
LIVING ROOMS XX XX XX XX XX O X X
PLAY ROOMS X X X X X O X XX
LAUNDRY & SERVICES X X X X X X X X
STUDIOS XX XX X X X O X XX
STORAGES & STORES X X X X X X X X
GARAGES & PARKING X X X X X X X X
COVERED TERRACE O O X X XX O O X
UNCOVERED TERRACE X XX XX XX X O X X
RED COLOR: It depends of other clima factors (winds, breezes, humidity …)
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

USE THE SOIL & LAND – TO KEEP THE HEAT, OR THE COLD
UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS
BUFFER/MATRIX EFFECT – INSULATION SOILS
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Radio & Satelite EFA Station, Aflenz (Austria), Gustav Peichl 1976-79
USE THE SOIL/LAND – TO KEEP THE HEAT, OR THE COLD
UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS
BUFFER/MATRIX EFFECT – INSULATION SOILS
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Use the soil and the land – the Green Roof
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

The Vegetated or Green Roof
Extensive vs. Intensive vs. Mixed with water
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Extensive vs. Intensive
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

SEMINARY “KONAMI NASU”,
TOCHIGI, JAPAN, 1998-2000
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL CENTRE
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
SHIGA, JAPAN, 1995
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

BARCLAYCARD HEADQUARTER
NORTHHAMPTON, UK, 1996
Fritzroy Robinson Ltd.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

SCIENCE PARK, GELSENKIRCHEN, GER, 1995. Kiessier + Partner
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

APARTMENT BUILDING
BIEL, SWIZERLAND, 1993
LOG ID, Dieter Schempp
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

YASUDA ACADEMY
TOKIO, JAPAN, 1994
Nihon Sekkei Inc.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

The Passive Architectural Design: Construction Materials & Systems
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1: Optimize Energy Performance – Steps:
Passive Architecture
3.1.2. Building envelope insulation:
- Walls, Roofs and ground-slabs
- Openings
- Thermal bridges
3.1.3. Building envelope air tightness
Active Architecture
(without including any renewable energy)
3.1.4. High efficiency HVAC & R systems:
- Ventilation with cool/heat exchanger
- Air Heating or/and Cooling system
3.1.5. High efficiency Water Heating system
3.1.6. High efficiency artificial light system
3.1.7. High efficiency appliances
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.2. Envelope & window insulation, and air tightness
Energy losses of a non-
insolated building:
- 60% envelope
- 15% openings
- 5% Thermal bridges
- 20% air infiltration
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.2. Envelope insulation
A. Compact buildings with good thermal protection
All components making up the building envelope must be well insulated.
60% of Energy losses
A key feature of a passive house is that they incorporate very
high standards of insulation. This reduces the amount of
heat/cool lost through the building fabric to a very low level.
When achieving these very high standards of insulation the
purpose provided heating/cooling requirement, even on the
coldest/hottest days, is reduced to a minimum and hence it is
possible to adequately heat/cool the dwelling by just
preheating the fresh air entering the rooms.
The heat/cool loss through a regular construction (an external
wall, a floor to the basement or a slab on ground, a ceiling or
a roof) is characterised by the thermal heat loss coefficient or
U-value. This value shows, how much heat (in Watts) is lost
per m2 at a standard temperature difference of 1 degree
Kelvin. The international unit of the U-value therefore is
“W/(m²K)”. To calculate the heat loss of a wall you multiply
the U-value by the area and the temperature difference.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.2. Envelope insulation
A. Compact buildings with good thermal protection
All components making up the building envelope must be well insulated.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.2. Envelope insulation B. Window insulation
Frame + glazing + meeting between them, and with the wall
The frame is the 25-35% of the total window area.
Metal (steel or aluminum): low insulation
Metal with TBB: low-medium insulation
Wood: medium insulation
PVC (2 chambers): high insulation
PVC (3 chambers): very high insulation
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.2. Envelope insulation B. Window insulation
Frame + glazing + meeting between them, and with the wall
How many glasses, thickness and types
How is the air space, thickness, and what gas is used
How is the meeting between glazing, and frame-glazing
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.2. Envelope insulation C. Thermal bridges
Thermal bridges are localized regions in a building which display increased
thermal losses. They can be caused by component geometry such as in the
case of balconies or by the use of materials with a higher thermal conductivity
such as in the case of aluminum window frames without thermal break.
Thermal bridges are most often created by the structure of the building, at
the junction of walls and floors, at the junction of walls and roof, in the
corners or around windows if they are not properly installed. Thermal bridges
cannot be completely avoided but the goal is to bring their negative effects to
a point that is tolerable and does not create any damage. In the following, we
use the denomination thermal bridge for those that are not tolerable and
must therefore be fixed.
Interior thermal insulation is well known to create many thermal bridges that
could be completely avoided by doing exterior thermal insulation or by
building with large blocks.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.2. Envelope insulation C. Thermal bridges
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.3. Airtightness
- Controlling air leakage is an important factor effecting:
- Building’s energy efficiency
- Occupant’s comfort
- Uncontrolled air infiltrations/ex-infiltrations could have drawbacks such as:
- Increasing energy consumption
- Heath and safety of building’s occupants
- Accelerate deterioration of building materials:
corrosion mold, wet insulation, etc.
Causes:
Different pressures or temperatures
outdoor-indoor across the building envelope.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.3. Airtightness
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.3. Airtightness
What to do?
- Design a continue tight building:
- Material types
- Building orientation according winds
- Opening sizes
- Install air-tightness layers
- Construct a tight building, taking care with:
- Meeting between pipes and walls
- Duct penetrations
- Opening ‘s sealants
- Wall’s joints, meeting walls and
floors/roof
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.3. Airtightness
The system consists of materials (bricks, blocks, slabs,
windows and doors, etc.) and connections between
them.
Therefore, there is no single material, but it is a
continuous system consisting of several materials and
the connections between them.
Dr. Waleed Abanomi
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.3. Airtightness
Materials use as Air Barriers
could be:
- Polyethylene or PVC (plastic) sheet
after the insulation material.
- An adhered membrane, after the
insulation material.
- High-density insulation material
(boards and, sometimes, spray).
- Indoor board, such as gypsum,
plywood or OSB.
- A continuous wall-roof system, as a
pre-cast concrete wall & roof system.
- Indoor continuous plaster layer.
- Indoor latex paints
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.3. Airtightness Test
A passive building’s airtightness must be demonstrated with a pressure test wherein
the allowable air change cannot exceed 0.6 times a room’s volume per hour and the
pressure differential is limited to 50 Pascal (0.005 kg/cm², or 0.0073 psi).
Blower Door
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.2 and 3.1.3. Envelope insulation and Airtightness
Summary
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

The Active Architectural Design: Technical Installations
(without renewables, yet)
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Temperatures underground are typically rather constant year-round. This can be taken
advantage of as a convenient way to passively pre-heat or pre-cool fresh, incoming air: before
entering the building, fresh air can be led through a ground heat exchange system, consisting
of air ducts placed underground. While not a requirement and perhaps not always practical,
this can be a good option to look into.
Ground or Geo-thermal heat exchangers (Canadian or Procencal Well)
3.1.4. High efficiency HVAC & R systems: Ventilation with cool/heat exchanger
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Q = m.c.∆T
Q = heat energy (Joules, J)
m = mass of a substance (1.00 kg)
c = specific heat o air (1.00 J/kg∙K)
∆T = change in temperature (K, or C, degree)
Hot weather:
Without heat exchanger Q = m.c.∆T = 1 x 1 x (45-20) = 25 joules
With heat exchanger Q = m.c.∆T = 1 x 1 x (35-20) = 15 joules (- 40% of energy)
Cold weather:
With heat exchanger Q = m.c.∆T = 1 x 1 x (14-4) = 10 joules (- 38% of energy)
Ground or Geo-thermal heat exchangers (Canadian or Procencal Well)
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Ground temperatures depend of: soil type, depth and average air temperatures (approx.)
Riyadh (KSA)
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Ground or Geo-thermal heat exchangers (Canadian or Provençal Well)
With heat exchanger Q = m.c.∆T = 1 x 1 x (37-18) = 19 joules (- 40% )
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Ground heat exchangers (Canadian or Provençal Well)
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.4. Ventilation with heat recovery for efficiency
Ventilation units with heat recovery are key in terms of energy savings, as they ensure that the warmth
carried by the exhaust air is not wasted, but first transferred to the incoming fresh air without the two
air streams ever physically mixing.
In extremely hot conditions (such as KSA), heat exchangers can also work in reverse so that the heat
carried by the incoming air is transferred to the exhaust air and thus pre-cooled before entering the
rooms. These systems should also be equipped with automatically controlled bypasses, thus allowing
the incoming air to bypass heat exchange, for example, during the night at times when days are warm
and nights are cool.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.4. Ventilation with heat recovery for efficiency
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.4. Ventilation
with heat recovery
for efficiency
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.5. Heat Water System
First step: Calculate perfectly the Heat Water System according needs. Never produce more hot water
than the building demand.
Second step: Save water. Saving water using low-consumption technologies inn showers, sinks, basins
and appliances (washing machine, dishwasher, etc.), you are saving hot water too, therefore, you are
saving energy.
Third step: use accumulative systems. Instantly heater water systems consume a lot of energy. To heat an
instantaneous flow rate of 0.20 liters/second (just a shower) during minutes requires a lot of energy.
However, to heat during hours keeping the hot water inside a insolated tank, waiting to use it, is much
cheaper. Now, we have to calculate the water tank volume according hot water needs
Fourth step: insolates the accumulative water tank, and pipes, to keep the heat inside as longer as
possible.
Firth step: Use high-performance & High-efficient boilers and heaters
Sixth step: In medium and high-rise buildings heat water system, design a return hot water pipe to the
boiler/heater.
Seventh step: Reuse and recover the expelled heat from HVAC-R systems to decrease the inlet energy
(demand) for the water heating system (WHS).
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

First step: Calculate perfectly the Heat Water System according needs. Never produce more
hot water than the building demand.
Type of installation Liters per day and person
Heating to 40 C Heating to 50 C Heating to 60 C
Low category 20 – 40 liters 15 – 30 liters 10 – 20 liters
Medium category 40 – 70 liters 30 – 60 liters 20 – 40 liters
High category 70 – 140 liters 60 – 120 liters 40 – 80 liters
Total volume per property (liters) = ∑
𝒇 𝒙 𝒏𝒇
𝑫
, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒏
𝒌 𝟎
f = Consume of each device in one use,
for medium category (total water)
Bathtub 140 to 180 liters
Shower 50 to 80 liters
Basin/faucet 10 to 15 liters
Sink 15 to 25 liters
Appliance
(if there are connected)
15 to 20 liters
D = Peak periods of hot water as a function of the type of user, with 40 C temperature
Apartment 2.0 hours
Family house 2.4 hours
Flat apartment (until 3 units) N x 1.5 hours
Flat apartment (3 to 8 units) N x 1.80 (N-3) x 0.73
Flat apartment (9 to 25 units) N x 1.80 (N-9) x 0.45
Flat dwelling (until 3 units) N x 1.75
Flat dwelling (3 to 8 units) N x 2.3 (N-3) x 0.73
Flat dwelling (9 to 25 units) N x 2.3 (N-9) x 0.45
Palace 3.0 hours
Residences and Hotels until ** 2.4 hours
Hotels *** 3.0 hours
Hotels **** 3.4 hours
Hotels ***** 3.8 hours
Commercial and offices 1.0 hours
Heath buildings and clinics 3.0 hours
Hospitals 4.0 hours
Sport facilities 1.0 hours
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Example: Small single-family house with two bathrooms (toilet, basin and shower, and only
one bathtub), one washroom (basin and toilet), and a kitchen with a sink and two appliance
connected to the water heater system:
D = 2.5 hours, with 40 C water temperature, medium category installation
- One bathtub: 1 x 160 = 160 liters
- Three basins: 3 x 12 = 36 liters
- Three toilets: no hot water
- Two showers: 3 x 70 = 210 liters
- One washing machine: 1 x 20 = 20 liters
- One dishwasher: 1 x 20 = 20 liters
- One kitchen sink: 1 x 20 = 20 liters
Total volume per property (liters) = ∑
𝒇 𝒙 𝒏𝒇
𝑫
𝒏
𝒌 𝟎
V (liters) = 160/2.4 + 36/2.4 + 210/2.4 + 20/2.4 + 20/2.4 + 20/2.4 = 194 = 200 liters
Therefore, that family house needs 200 liters of 40 C hot water per day (approximately)
It means, four persons, 50 liters/day each one
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Second step: Save water. Saving water using low-consumption technologies in showers, sinks,
basins and appliances (washing machine, dishwasher, etc.), you are saving hot water too,
therefore, you are saving energy.
Use appliance with hot water connections. To heat the water in a building system is cheaper
than to heat the water thought the own appliance heater.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Third step: use accumulative systems. Instantly (also called tankless, continuous flow, inline,
flash, on-demand, or instant-on) heat water systems consume a lot of energy. To heat an
instantaneous flow rate of 0.20 liters/second (just a shower) during minutes requires a lot of
energy. However, to heat during hours keeping the hot water inside a insolated tank, waiting to
use it, is much cheaper.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Third step: use Accumulation Systems. Instantly (also called tankless, continuous flow, inline,
flash, on-demand, or instant-on) heat water systems consume a lot of energy. To heat an
instantaneous flow rate of 0.20 liters/second (just a shower) during minutes requires a lot of
energy. However, to heat during hours keeping the hot water inside a insolated tank, waiting to
use it, is much cheaper.
Accumulation systems, as the name implies, work through tanks in which hot water is
maintained until it is demanded by the user. It is a simple system with which it is heated and
stored in a insolated tank, usually of ceramic material, foam and steel, and from that tank it is
distributed to the different points of the installation.
A characteristic of the production of Hot Water by accumulation is that it can be used in
individual facilities (for a single dwelling, or a family-house) or for many users (collective
system) such as neighborhood communities, flat blocks, hotels, hospitals, etc.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Fourth step: insolates the accumulative water tank, an pipes, to keep the heat inside as longer
as possible.
Elastic foam
Polyethylene
Rockwool &
Al-film Thickness: 10 to 50 mm.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Firth step: Use high-performance & High-efficient boilers and heaters
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Sixth step: In medium and high-rise buildings heat water system, design a return hot water
line (pipe) to the boiler/heater.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Seventh step: Reuse and recover the expelled heat from HVAC-R systems to decrease the inlet
energy (demand) for the water heating system (WHS).
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Seventh step: Reuse and recover the expelled heat from HVAC-R systems to decrease the
inlet energy (demand) for the water heating (WH) system.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Artificial Lighting and Appliance
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

1. Take advantage of the sunlight
2. Perfect calculation according view needs and ornamental
topics.
3. Occupancy sensors: By dimming or switching off lighting
when there is nobody in a room or corridor occupancy
sensors can reduce electricity use by 30%.
4. Daylight detectors/sensors: Adjusting the artificial lighting
according to the amount of natural light in a room using
daylight sensors or photocells can reduce electricity use
by up to 40%.
5. High efficiency (Lumens per Watt) and lifespan bulbs and
lamps
6. Maintenance plan: By regularly cleaning windows and
skylights you can reduce the need for artificial light.
Cleaning the fixtures that contain lamps, known as
luminaires, will improve their performance.
3.1.6. Efficiency lighting
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Occupancy sensors: By dimming or switching off
lighting when there is nobody in a room or corridor
occupancy sensors can reduce electricity use by 30%.
Occupancy sensors are motion detectors. A motion
detector is an electronic device that detects the
physical movement in a given area and transform
motion into an electric signal.
This sensor turn-on lighting in environments occupied
and after a pre-set duration turn-off lighting in
unoccupied environments.
Suitable application include offices, classrooms,
restrooms, conference and meeting rooms, corridors,
etc.
There’re plenty of technologies. Most commonly are
Passive Infrared, Ultrasonic and Radar-based.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Daylight detectors/sensors: Adjusting the artificial lighting according to the amount
of natural light in a room using daylight sensors or photocells can reduce electricity
use by up to 40%.
Levels from natural lighting luminance are detected by a sensor that adjusts and
controls the flow of artificial light depending on this level so as to have luminance
level desired
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

High efficiency (Lumens per Watt) and lifespan bulbs and lamps
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.7. High efficiency electrical appliance: Washing machine, dishwasher, and TV, laptop,
computer or Hi-Fi Stand-by etc.:
- Appliances consume 14% (in KSA) of the total energy of a residential building.
- 80% of the energy used by a washing machine or dishwasher is to heat the water.
Therefore, connect these appliances to a high efficiency water heating system, always
cheaper than appliance electrical heat motor.
- By choosing high efficiency models (ECO-label A) when buying them, electricity
consumption can be greatly reduced.
- Turn-off the appliance stand-by in any appliance/device.
Type pf appliance % Consume
Refrigerator & Freezer 35%
Washing machine 11%
Dishwasher 5%
Dryer 4%
Oven & Cooker 10%
TV/Hi-Fi/Home cinema 11%
Computers and Video-games 7%
Others (dry-hair, shaver, etc.) 4%
Stand-by on 11%
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.7. Appliance: 80% of the energy used by a washing machine or dishwasher is to heat the
water. Therefore, connect these appliance to a high efficiency Water Heating System, always
cheaper than appliance electrical heat motor.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.7. Appliance: Saudi Arabia EE labelling: e.g. refrigerator & freezer
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.1.7. Appliance: Saudi Arabia EE Labelling: e.g. washing machine
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

On-site Renewable Energies for Buildings
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.2: On-Site Renewable Energy Production
Requirement:
Use on-site renewable energy systems to offset building energy costs. Calculate
project performance by expressing the energy produced by the renewable systems
as a percentage of the building’s annual energy cost
The minimum renewable energy percentage is
10%.
Potential Technologies & Strategies: Assess the
project for nonpolluting and renewable energy
potential including solar, wind, geothermal, low-
impact hydro, biomass and bio-gas strategies.
When applying these strategies, take advantage
of net metering with the local utility.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

?
?
?
X
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3.2. Energy and Atmosphere
Solar Irradiance Map
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Domestic hot water
Solar Water Heating (SWH)
System
It is extremely important that
the system be efficient and
that the heat losses incurred
through the preparation,
storage and allocation of
domestic water be minimised
by seamless insulation.
To reduce fossil fuel
consumption, solar thermal,
heat pumps, or biomass can
cover all or a portion of a
buildings domestic hot water
needs.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Domestic hot water: Heat Pump System
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Domestic hot water
Solar Water Heating (SWH) System connected to a Heat Pump System
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Electricity - Solar Electricity (PV) System
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts solar energy into electric current using the
photovoltaic effect. These system produce electricity for building in DC 12/24 volts. We can convert it to AC 230
Volts.
The best and most efficient system is to supply electricity for lighting through a 12/24 Volts. Network, for
example. However, to supply motor-pump, phones or some appliance could be suitable.
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Electricity - Solar Electricity (PV) System
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Electricity wind turbines
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

3. Electricity wind turbines
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Electricity wind turbines
I
g
n
a
c
i
o
J
a
v
i
e
r
P
A
L
M
A
C
A
R
A
Z
O
A
R
C
/
C
A
D
D
/
D
A
U
/
K
S
A

Architectural Environmental Control part 2.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Architectural Environmental Control part 2.pdf

Similar to Architectural Environmental Control part 2.pdf (20)

More from Ignacio J. Palma, Arch PhD.

More from Ignacio J. Palma, Arch PhD. (18)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Architectural Environmental Control part 2.pdf