DOORS & WINDOWS

ABHILASH B.L. M.Tech, IGBC-AP.
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
VidyaVardhaka College of Engineering,
Mysuru – 570002.
Building Materials & Construction (18CV34)
BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

Module-IV
Chapter 1 - Doors, Windows and Ventilators:
Location of doors and windows, technical terms, Materials for doors and windows: PVC,
CPVC and Aluminum. Types of Doors and Windows: Paneled, Flush, Collapsible, Rolling
shutter, Paneled and glazed Window, Bay Window, French window. Steel windows,
Ventilators. Sizes as per IS recommendations.
Chapter 2 - Stairs:
Definitions, technical terms and types of stairs: Wood, RCC, Metal. Requirements of good
stairs. Geometrical design of RCC doglegged and open-well stairs.
Chapter 3 - Formwork:
Introduction to form work, scaffolding, shoring, under pinning.

• A door may be deﬁned as an openable barrier secured in a
wall opening.
• It serves as a connecting link between the various internal
portions of a building
• A window is also a vented barrier secured in a wall opening.
• The function of the window is to admit light and air to the
building and to give a view to the outside

• A ventilator may be defined as a narrow window of small
height provided near the roof of a room for providing ventilation
in the room
outside air into, or thesupply of
of inside air from an enclosed
• It is a
removal
space.

 No of doors in room should be kept minimum, cause it consume large
number of doors & obstruct for in more area.
 Doors should be in corner of room nearly about 20 cm, not in centre of wall
length.
 If two rooms are there it should be opposite in wall facing each other so it
provide good ventilation and more air circulation in room.
 Size and number of window should be decided on the basis of some
important factors, such as distribution of light, control of ventilation &
privacy of the occupants.
Doors & Windows Location . . .

 Windows should be located in opposite wall, facing a door or another
window, so cross ventilation is achieved.

 From the point of view of fresh air, the
window should be located on the
northern side of a room & should be
located in the prevalent direction of
wind.

 The sill level of window should be
located min. About 80 to 100 cm
floor level of the room.

 Privacy
 Security
 Safety
 Ventilation
 Light & Climate Control
 Prevent spreading of fire
 Barrier to noise
 Aesthetic
Uses of Doors

• Light
• Ventilation
• Beauty
• Energy (heat
and cold =>
in and out)
• View
Uses of Windows

Components Of ADoor
Door Frame : The door frame consists of an assembly of horizontal and
vertical members.
The main components of door frame are head, horn, jamb, holdfast,
transom, mullion, etc.
Door Shutter :The door shutter is a movable barrier consisting of a
panelled assembly or otherwise which fits into the frame.
It is an assembly of styles, panel and rail.

Door Frame

Height = Width + (1.20 meters)
Width = 0.4 × Height OR
 SIZES OF DOORS
The common width-height relations used
 Width = 0.4 – 0.6 Height
 Height = (width +1.2)m
General sizes used
a) Residential
External door – 1.0 x 2.0 to 1.1 x 2.0m
Internal door - 0.9 x 2.0 to 1.0 x 2.0m
Bath & WC – 0.7 X 2.0 to 0.8 x 2.0m
Garages for cars – 2.25 x 2.25 m to 2.40 x 2.25m
b) Public
1.2 x 2.0 m or 1.2 x 2.1 m or 1.2 x 2.25m
Common Criterion for sizes of Door used in India

• Frame: This consists of a group of members which form a support for a door
or a window.
• Stile: This is the outside vertical member of the shutter of a door or a
window.
• Head: The top or uppermost horizontal part of a frame is known as the head.
• Sill: The lowermost or bottom horizontal part of a window frame is known as
the sill. The door frames are usually not provided with the sills.
Definition Of Technical Terms

• Top rail: Top most horizontal member of the shutter.
• Lock rail: This is the middle Horizontal member of the shutter where the
locking arrangement is provided.
• Bottom rail: This is the lowermost horizontal member of the shutter.
• Intermediate or cross-rails: The additional horizontal rails ﬁxed
between the top and bottom rails

• Panel: This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent
rails.
• Holdfast: This is generally in the form of a mild steel ﬂat bar of
section 30 mm X 6 mm and of length 200 mm.
• Horn: This is a horizontal projection of head or sill beyond the
face of the frame.
• Shutter: The entire assembly of styles, panels and rails is known
as the shutter.

• Sash: This is a special type of frame, made of light
sections and designed to carry glass.
• Mullion: this is a vertical member which is employed to sub-divide a
window or a door opening vertically.
• Transom:
employed
this is a horizontal
to sub-divide a
member which is
window opening
horizontally.
• Louver: this is a piece of timber which is ﬁxed in an
inclined position within a frame.

Fig: Window

Door 2011/6/2017 BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

Material
• The usual materials for doors and windows are
wood, glass, plywood and metals.
• The wood is the most common material for doors and windows.
• The glass is used for panels to admit more light.
• The plywood can be used as a covering material.
• Especially for the windows. At places where wood is likely to be attacked
by vermin’s. The aluminium and steel are used
. 21BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

It is based depending upon…
(1.) Types of materials used
Timber, Steel section, Aluminum section, Concrete, etc..
(2) Arrangement of different components of the door
1. Battened & ledge doors..
2. Battened , ledge & braced doors…
3. Battened, ledge, framed doors…
4. Battened, ledge, braced, & framed doors..
(3) Method of construction
1. Framed & panneled doors…
2. Glazed or sash doors…
3. Flush doors…
4. Louvered doors
5. Wire-gauged doors…
Types of Doors

(4) Nature of working operation…
1. Revolving doors
2. Sliding doors
3. Swing doors
4. Collapsible steel doors
5. Rolling steel shutter doors
(5) Metal doors…
1. Mild steel sheet doors
2. Corrugated steel sheet doors
3. Hollow metal doors
4. Metal covered plywood doors

Arrangement Of Components
• Battened & Ledged Doors
• Battened, Ledged And Braced Doors
• Battened, Ledged And Framed Doors
• Battened, Ledged, Braced And Framed Doors

Battened And Ledged Door
• Battens are vertical bonds which are having grooves are
attached together by horizontal supports called ledges.
• General Dimensions of batten are 100-150mm width and 20-30mm
thick.
• General dimension of ledges are 100-200mm width and 25-30mm
thick.
• This type of battened and ledged doors suitable for narrow openings.

Fig: Battened and ledged door

Battened, Ledged AndFramed Doors
• For the simple battened and ledged door, frame work is
provided in the form of two verticals, known as stiles.
• Stiles are generally 100mm wide and as far as thickness is
concerned, the thickness of stile should be equal to the
combined thickness of ledge and batten. Preferably 40 mm.

Fig: Battened, Ledged And Framed Door

Battened, Ledged, Braced And Framed Doors
• In this type, the door made up of battens, ledges, stiles and
braces. So, it is more rigid.
• The braces are connected diagonally between the ledges,
at about 40mm from the stiles.
29BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

Fig: Battened, Ledged, Braced And Framed Door

Framed And Panelled Doors
• These are very strong and will give good appearance when compared
to battened doors. These are the widely used doors in almost all types
of buildings.
• Stiles, vertical members and rails, horizontal members are grooved
along the inner edges of frame to receive the panels.

• The panels are made up of timber or plywood or A.C
sheets or glass.
• These doors may be single leaf for narrow openings
and double leaf for wider openings.
• Minimum width of stile should be 100mm and
minimum width of bottom and locked rail should be
150mm.

Fig : Door with one panel & two panels

Fig : Door with two panels & threepanels

Fig: Framed And Panelled Doors

Fig : Door Elevation & Vertical section

Salient Features Of Framed And Panelled Doors
• The styles are continuous from top to bottom, i.e. they are in single piece
• Various rails are jointed to the styles at both the ends.
• The styles and the rails are joined by tenon and mortised joints.
• Mullions or mutines, if provided, are jointed to the adjacent rails
between which it is ﬁxed.
• The bottom and lock rails are made wider than top and frieze rails.

• The entire frame is grooved on all the inside faces to
receive the panels.
• Additional timber beading is provided either on one or
on both the sides to improve the elevation of the door.
• The lock rail elevation is so adjusted that its centre
line is at a height of about 800 mm from the bottom of
the shutter.
• The minimum Width of style is kept as 100 mm,
bottom rail and lock rail is kept as 150 mm.

Flush Doors
• Solid Core Flush Doors or Laminated Flush Doors
• Hollow Core Flush Doors
• Cellular Core Flush Doors

• The flush doors are prepared by specialist firms and therefore they are
available in standard sizes.
• The thickness of plywood facing is about 6 mm on either side and total
thickness of flush door varies from 25 mm to 40 mm.
• The flush doors are now commonly used especially for interior work. The
ﬂush doors are economical, easy to clean, better in appearance,
reasonably strong, little affected by moisture, termite-proof and crack proof.

• The timber to be used in the preparation of flush doors should be properly
seasoned and its moisture content should be reduced to the desired level.
• The termite-proof treatment should be given to all timber work before
applying glue.
• The flush doors should be suitably heated and pressed in hot-press.
• In case of laminated flush doors, it is not necessary to provide lock block
and hinge blocks.

• The life of flush doors depends to a very large extent on the glue
bonds. Hence glue, used for the manufacture of flush doors, should
be of standard quality.
• The glues usually adopted are of PF type, UF type or MF type.
• The flush doors for optimum performance should be installed and
maintained as per instructions given by the manufacturers.

Louvered Doors
• The louvers permit natural ventilation when the
door is closed and also provide privacy in the
room.
• These are generally used for toilets of residential
and public buildings.
• The door may be fully louvered are partly
louvered.
are made up of
and these may
timber or
be either
glass or
fixed or
• Louvers
plywood
movable

Fig: Louvered doors

Wire Gauged Doors
• Wire gauged doors permits natural ventilation
and restrict the entry of flies, mosquitoes, insects
etc..
• These doors are commonly used in hotels,
restaurants and for cup boards containing
eatables.

Fig: Wire gauged doors

Revolving Doors
• Revolving doors are only provided in public
buildings like museums, banks, libraries etc.,
because of constant visitors. It consists mullion
at its centre to which four radiating shutters are
attached.

Fig: Revolving Door

Sliding Doors
• In this type, with the help of runners and guide rails the door slides to
the sides. The door may have one or more sliding shutter depending
up on the open in available

Fig: Sliding door

Collapsible Steel Doors
• A collapsible steel door consists of a mild steel frame.
• The two vertical pieces of mild steel channels, about 15
mm to 20 mm wide, are joined together with the hollow
portion of the channel inside.
• A vertical gap of about 12 mm to 15 mm is thus created.
Such pieces are spaced at about 120 mm centre to centre
and are joined to one another by cross iron pieces.

• The cross iron pieces are usually 10 mm to 15
mm wide and 15 mm thick.
• The rollers, mounted on horizontal piece, are
provided at top and bottom ends of the vertical
pieces.
• The door can be opened or closed manually by
a slight pull or push. The door is also provided
with handles, locking arrangement, stoppers,
etc.

• A collapsible steel door thus works without
hinges and it is used for compound gates,
residential buildings, schools, sheds, godowns,
workshops, public buildings, etc for providing
increased safety and protection to the property.
recommended in situations where
• The collapsible steel doors are also
light and
ventilation are desired even when the opening is
closed.

Fig: Collapsible
steel door
elevation

Rolling Steel Shutter Doors
• Rolling steel shutter doors are commonly used
for warehouses, garages, shops etc..
• These are very strong and offer proper safety
to the property.
• The door consists frame, drum and a shutter
of thin steel plate inter locked together.
• A horizontal shaft is provided in the drum
which helps to open or close the shutter.

Fig: Rolling Steel
Shutter Doors

PVC Door
• They are totally rust-proof, rot-proof, termite-proof and
water-proof.
• They are unaffected by coastal saline air, dry heat, sub-
zero temperatures or tropical rains.
• They do not fade, corrode, ﬂake or warp and
consequently, require no maintenance. All that is needed
is an occasional cleaning with ordinary soap and water.
• They provide an alternative to the wood.

FIG: PVC Door

Types of Windows
• Windows are classified based on their positions, materials and
functioning.
• Fixed Windows
• Sliding Windows
• Pivoted Windows
• Double Hung Windows
• Louvered Windows
• Casement Windows
• Sash Windows

• Metal Windows
• Corner Windows
• Bay Windows
• Dormer Windows
• Clerestory Windows
• Lantern Windows
• Gable Windows

Bay Windows
• These windows project outside the external walls of a
room. They may be square, splayed, circular, polygonal
or of any shape.
• Bay window make the room appear larger and create
the attractive appearance to the interior as well as the
exterior of the home.
• These types of windows provide increased area of the
opening, so that admit more light and ventilation from
different directions.

Fig :Square bay window Fig :Splayed bay window

Fig : bay window

Panel Windows
• Panelled windows are very old types of
windows and popular, even today.
• These types of windows have single, double,
three or six panels.
• Sometimes, windows are a half panel and
half glazed, too.

Fig : panel window

CASEMENT WINDOWS
• These are the main or common types of windows
usually provided in buildings.
• The shutters of the Window open like shutters of
the doors. The Window has a frame which is
rebated to receive the shutters.
• The shutters consists of styles, top rails, bottom rails
and intermediate rails, thus dividing it into panels.
The panels may either be glazed, or unglazed, or
partly gazed and partly unglazed.
• In case of Windows with double shutters, the outer
shutters may have wire gauged panels for ﬂy
prooﬁng.

Fig: Casement Windows

Fig: CASEMENT WINDOWS

• A sash window is a type of casement window in
which the panels are fully glazed.
• The frame of each shutter consists of two vertical
styles, top rail and a bottom rail.
• The space between the top and bottom rails is
divided into small panels by means of small timber
members placed horizontally and vertically.
• These timber members, known as sash bars or
glazing bars are rebated to receive glass panels.
• Glass-panels are ﬁxed to these sash bars either by
means of putty or by timber beads commonly known
as glazing beads secured to the sash bars by
means of nails.
SASH OR GLAZED WINDOWS

Fig: SASH OR GLAZED WINDOW

Partially Panel and Partially Glazed Windows
• These types of windows are most commonly
used in residential buildings.
• These windows provide natural lighting or to
make the interior of one room visible from
another.
• The ratio of the glazed portion to panel portion is
kept 2:1

Fig: Partially Panel and Partially Glazed Window

Fixed Windows
• Fixed windows are fixed to the wall without any
closing or opening operation.
• In general, they are provided to transmit the light
into the room.
• Fully glazed shutters are fixed to the window
frame.
• The shutters provided are generally weather
proof.

Fig: Fixed Window

Sliding Windows
• In this case, window shutters are movable in the
frame.
• The movement may be horizontal or vertical
based on our requirement.
• The movement of shutters is done by the
provision of roller bearings.
• Generally, this type of window is provided in
buses, bank counters, shops etc

11/6/2017 85Fig: SlidingWindowBUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

Pivoted Windows
• In this type of windows, pivots are provided to
window frames.
• Pivot is a shaft which helps to oscillate the
shutter.
• No rebates are required for the frame.
• The swinging may either horizontal or vertical
based on the position of pivots

Fig: Pivoted Windows

Louvered Windows
• Louvered windows are similar to louvered doors which are provided
for the ventilation without any outside vision.
• The louvers may be made of wood, glass or metal. Louvers can also
be folded by provision of cord over pulleys.
• Recommended angle of inclination of louvers is about 45 degree.
• The sloping of louvers is downward to the outside to run-off the rain
water.
• Generally, they are provided for bath rooms

Fig: louvered Window

Corner window
• As the name suggests, the corner window is
placed in a corner of the room of the house.
• Here two windows meet at a corner or edge of a
structure.
• The two adjacent surfaces of the house contain
segments of the window which meet at the edge
of the surfaces.

Fig: Corner window

Ventilators
• Ventilators are provided for the purpose of ventilation
in the room. They are provided at greater height than
windows
• nearer to roof level. It is in very small size.
• Horizontally pivoted shutters are provided for
ventilators. Sometimes shutter is replaced by wired
mesh, in this case sunshade is provided to prevent
against rain water.

Fig: Ventilator

Recommended
Size for DOOR

Recommended
Size for
WINDOW

STAIRS
• A series of steps which provides access from one floor to another is
called a stair and the part of the building accommodating the stair is
known as stair case.
• Stair cases are used for the purpose of giving access to different floors of
a structure.
• A stair may be constructed with steps either rising continuously or with a
break in the form of landing in between.

Stair Terminology
Step:-The combination of a tread and a riser supported
by string is called a step.
Tread:-The horizontal top surface of a step on which foot is placed
while going up or coming down a stair is known as tread.
Riser:-The vertical face of a step is called riser.
Going or run:-The horizontal distance between any two adjacent
risers in a stair is called going or run.

Rise:-The vertical distance between any two adjacent
Treads in a stair is called rise.
Nosing:-The projecting edge of a tread beyond its riser in a step is called
nosing. The line joining nosing of all steps in a flight is known as line of
nosing.
Bull-nose step:- The step with one or both ends rounded is known as bull
nose step. This type of step is generally provided at the bottom of a flight
and is always Projecting beyond the face of the newel post.

Pitch line
Min Headroom
Total rise
StaircaseTerminology
Landing
Landing

Pitch or slope:- The angle between the line of nosing
and the floor or landing is called pitch or slope of a stair.
String or stringer:- The inclined support to which the ends of treads and
risers of a stair are fastened is called a string Or stringer.
Hand rail:- As inclined member at a convenient height projecting above
steps of a stair to provide assistance and safe-guard to the users is
called hand rail.

StaircaseTerminology
Handrail
Balustrade

Flight:- A series of steps without any break in between is
known as flight
Balusters:- The vertical members provided in between the Steps and the
hand rail are called balusters. These members act as intermediate
supports to the hand rail.
Newel or newel post:- The posts provided at the bottom, top and all the
turning points in a stair to support the hand rail are known as newels or
newels posts.
Soffit:- The under surface of a stair is called soffit.

Head room:- The height between the line of nosing to
the soffit of a flight or ceiling of roof immediately above is called head room.
Width of a stair case:- The width of enclosure accommodating the stair in a
building is called width of stair case. It depends upon the layout and width of the
stair.
Landing:- The horizontal platform provided in between any two flights of a stair
is called landing.

Requirements Of A Good Stair
• Maximum comfort, ease and safety.
• Location
• All the steps should have uniform width and height
• The pitch or slope of a stair should neither be more than 40° nor less than
24°.
• The width of a stair must not be less than 0.85 m in any case.

• The maximum number of steps in a flight should not be more than 15.
• The head-room must not be less than 2.1 m vertically or 1.5 m at right
angles to the line of nosing.
• The height of the hand rail should neither be more than 0.85 m nor less than
0.75m measured vertically from the line of nosing to the top of hand rail.
• It must be constructed of sound materials.
• It should have good workmanship.
• It must be properly ventilated and lighted.

Type Of Staircases
• Based On Materials
• Based On Shape
• Based On Shape Of Plan

• Wooden Stair
• Stone Stair
• Steel Stair
• Reinforced Concrete Stair
• Brick stair
• Glass stair
Based On Materials

•Single flight straight stairs
•Double flight straight stairs
•Quarter turn newel
•Half turn newel
•Dog legged stairs
•Open well stairs
•Bifurcated stairs
•Geometrical stairs
Based On Shape

Based On Shape Of Plan
Straight Staircase
“U” Staircase
“C” Staircase
“L” Staircase
Adjustable Staircase

Fig: Wooden Stair
Based On Materials

Fig: Wooden StairBUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

Fig: Stone Stairs

Fig: Steel Stairs

Fig: Reinforced Concrete Stair

Fig: R.C.C. stair

Fig: Precast R.C.C. Stairs

Fig: Brick Stairs

Fig : Glass StairBUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

Fig: Combination of MaterialsBUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

Based On Shape Of Plan
Fig: Straight staircase Fig: “U” staircase Fig: “C” Staircase

Fig: “L” Staircase
Fig: Adjustable Staircase

Fig: Straight SC Fig: Dog legged SC
Based On Shape

Fig: Geometric SC Fig: Bifurcated SC

Fig: Open Well or Newel stair cases
I- FLIGHT
II- FLIGHT
III- FLIGHT
LANDING
OPEN
WELL
OPEN
WELL

FORMWORK

FORMWORK Requirements
• Material of formwork should be cheap & should be reused many time.
• It should be water proof & should not absorb water from concrete.
• Shrinkage & swelling should be minimum.
• It should be strong enough to take all loads coming on it.

• It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum.
• It should be light as far as possible
• Surface of form work should be smooth for easy stripping
• All joints of form work should be stiff so that lateral deformation under
load is minimum. Joints should be leak proof.

Fig: Formwork for wall
Fig: Formwork for column

126
Plate
• Formwork (Supporting Structure)
• Scaffoldings (Arrangement For Working
Forms)
• Shoring (Supporting Method For Unsafe
Structure)
• Underpinning (Method Of Strengthening An
Existing Structure’s Footing)
SCAFFOLDING, SHORING AND
UNDERPINNING

127
• Scaffold – It
provided for
is the temporary support system
the construction & maintenance
purposes.
• It consists of supports and a working plate form for
workers and Materials.
• Scaffolding – Method of construction of scaffolds is
called scaffolding.
• It is used when height of wall or column or other
structural member of a building exceeds about 1.5m

fig: Components Of Scaffolding

129
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
• Single scaffolding or bricklayer’s scaffolding
• Double scaffolding or mas0n’s scaffolding
• Cantilever or needle scaffolding
• Suspended scaffolding
• Trestle scaffolding
• Steel scaffolding
• Patented scaffolding

Fig: Single scaffolding

Fig: Double scaffolding

Fig: Cantilever scaffolding

133
SHORING
• Sometimes the structures are to be temporarily supported. This is
achieved by what is known as the shoring.
• It is essential for structures which have become unsafe due to unequal
settlement of foundations or due to removal of the adjacent building or
due to any other reason.

134
• Adjacent structure is to be dismantled
• Cracks developed due to unequal settlement of foundation in a wall
are to be repaired
• Defective walls of a building are to be dismantled and rebuilt and
Support is necessary to the floors or roofs connected to that wall;
• Large openings are required to be made in the main walls of an existing
building;
• Walls of a building showing signs of bulging out or leaning outwards
due to bad workmanship

110
TYPES OF SHORING
• Raking or inclined shores
• Flying or horizontal shores
• Dead or vertical shores.

136
UNDERPINNING
• The placing of new foundation below an existing foundation or the process of
strengthening the existing foundation is known as the underpinning of
foundation.
• A building with deep foundations is to be constructed adjoining to an existing
building.
• The settlement of existing foundation has taken place, resulting in serious
cracks in the wall.
• The basement is to be provided to an existing building.
• The existing foundations are to be deepened so as to rest them on a soil of
higher bearing power. BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION - 18CV34

137
POINTS TO BE ATTENDED TO BEFORE
UNDERPINNING
• Shoring And Strutting
• Examination Of Structure
• Repairs
• Bearing Plate
• Expensive Operation
• Checking Arrangement

138
Methods Of Underpinning
• Pit method
• Pile method
• Miscellaneous methods

1.Plan a dog legged stair case for a building in which the vertical
distance between the floors is 3.6m. The stair hall measures
2.5m x 5m.
2.Write the requirements of good stair
3.Define with neat sketch 1.Frame 2.Shutter 3.Panel 4.Style

DOORS & WINDOWS

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