The document discusses different types of building foundations. It begins by defining foundations and their main functions, which include distributing loads, providing lateral stability, and minimizing differential settlement. It then describes different types of shallow foundations, including isolated, combined, and continuous footings. Raft or slab foundations are discussed as alternatives used when soil conditions prevent conventional shallow foundations. Deep foundations such as piles are also mentioned.
01 Introduction to a Building Construction Course.
02 Soils and Their Investigation: Definition, Types, How to investigate soils; load bearing soil, etc.
About foundation and its Types
1. Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
2. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line.
3. The foundations of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater area.
4. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the exterior wall.
01 Introduction to a Building Construction Course.
02 Soils and Their Investigation: Definition, Types, How to investigate soils; load bearing soil, etc.
About foundation and its Types
1. Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
2. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line.
3. The foundations of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater area.
4. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the exterior wall.
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
Aimed for the basic or foundation course in civil engineering. From introduction to detailing of steel. This will help you to get understanding of RCC framed structure.
Building Technology 1 Construction Solutions Reportdouglasloon
Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Technology (BLD 61403)
importance of formwork and types of formworkUdayram Patil
Formwork system is the important part construction. Formwork cost about 70% total cost of concrete frame. Formwork is devided into three types; wall formwork,column formwork & slab formwork
Sistemas estructurales usados en Venezuela, dos construidos con concreto, dos en acero y uno en tierra, identificando los elementos que lo conforman , su utilidad , aplicación y uso.
(Waffle slab google search- البلاطات المعصبة د . يوسف جميضةDr.youssef hamida
Ribbed and waffle slabs- تصميم البلاطات المعصبة المفرغة باتجاهين
Ribbed and waffle slabs, 2021
Ribbed and waffle slabs
Ribbed and waffle slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab, reducing the extent of foundations. They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration is an issue, such as laboratories and hospitals.
Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns with narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth. A thin topping slab completes the system.
Sistemas estructurales. Son las estructuras compuestas de varios miembros, que soportan las edificaciones y tienen además la función de soportar las cargas que actúan sobre ellas transmitiendolas al suelo.
Project Execution Plan for High Rise BuildingDavid H Moloney
The purpose of this presentation is to give an understanding of the Methods, Plant and Sequence to construct a high-rise building.
This presentation can be used to engage Stakeholders and to get the Site Teams commitment to the programme. Also can be used for Induction Training and as a way to capture and share knowledge.
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
Aimed for the basic or foundation course in civil engineering. From introduction to detailing of steel. This will help you to get understanding of RCC framed structure.
Building Technology 1 Construction Solutions Reportdouglasloon
Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Technology (BLD 61403)
importance of formwork and types of formworkUdayram Patil
Formwork system is the important part construction. Formwork cost about 70% total cost of concrete frame. Formwork is devided into three types; wall formwork,column formwork & slab formwork
Sistemas estructurales usados en Venezuela, dos construidos con concreto, dos en acero y uno en tierra, identificando los elementos que lo conforman , su utilidad , aplicación y uso.
(Waffle slab google search- البلاطات المعصبة د . يوسف جميضةDr.youssef hamida
Ribbed and waffle slabs- تصميم البلاطات المعصبة المفرغة باتجاهين
Ribbed and waffle slabs, 2021
Ribbed and waffle slabs
Ribbed and waffle slabs provide a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab, reducing the extent of foundations. They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration is an issue, such as laboratories and hospitals.
Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns with narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth. A thin topping slab completes the system.
Sistemas estructurales. Son las estructuras compuestas de varios miembros, que soportan las edificaciones y tienen además la función de soportar las cargas que actúan sobre ellas transmitiendolas al suelo.
Project Execution Plan for High Rise BuildingDavid H Moloney
The purpose of this presentation is to give an understanding of the Methods, Plant and Sequence to construct a high-rise building.
This presentation can be used to engage Stakeholders and to get the Site Teams commitment to the programme. Also can be used for Induction Training and as a way to capture and share knowledge.
1. SELECTION OF FOUNDATION AND SUBSOIL EXPLORATION/INVESTIGATION (FE) 2180609...VATSAL PATEL
Types of foundation, Factors affecting the selection of type of foundations, steps in choosing types of foundation based on soil condition, Objectives and planning of exploration program, methods of exploration-wash boring and rotary drilling-depth of boring, soil samples and soil samplers-representative and undisturbed sampling, field penetration tests: SPT, SCPT, DCPT. Introduction to geophysical methods,
Professional Presentaition on Projects and Achievements (PPPA) .pptxZawMoeMyint5
Concrete Pontoon Construction for Dalla-Yangon ferry at Dalla Dockyard. Japan and Myanmar engineers worked together to complete the pontoon project.
JICA supported materials and technology to dockyard. Dockyard engineers and labor got not only modern construction methods but also use of hand tools. During the construction Japan and Myanmar engineers solved so many problems together .JICA and Japanese people also supported to Myanmar three Cherry ferries . U Zaw Moe Myint was deputy command engineer at that time and made a power point presentation to Myanmar engineer council for the technical development. JICA also supported to dockyard welding training and transferred welding training room and welding machines.
A Flash-back about architectural Movements, Styles, and Trends from late 19th century to nowadays: pre-modernism, early Modernism, Modernism, Late modernism, Postomodernism, Deconstructivism, Critical Regionalism, Blobism, High-Tech
Water Supply in Building
Cold water network
Heat Water Systems
Solar Heater Systems
Hot water network
Water Garden Irrigation
Swimming pool treatment systems
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Course: Building Construction
02 Building Foundations
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio J. PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD (Hons)
Assit. Professor / Architecture / Dar Al Uloom University / KSA
2021/MMXXI
2. Foundations
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
2. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
0. Introduction
00 Introduction to the Course
01 Soils and their Investigation
02 Building Foundations
03 Structures (simplified)
04 Floors
05 Walls (façades)
06 Water & Humidity Exclusion
07 Openings: doors & windows
08 Glazing
09 Vertical Transportation Systems
10 Flooring
11 Wall Coating and Cladding
12 Ceiling
13 Roofs
Building Construction
Course Index
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
3. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Building Foundations
INDEX
Introduction
Functions
Requirements
Settlement of Foundations
Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations & Walls
Deep Foundations (Pile/Pilot Foundations)
Other Foundations
Conclusions – Summary (Metodology & Design Process)
Bibliography (Building Foundations)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
4. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Definition (Sometime called Sub-structure):
Foundation is a part of a building which is in direct
contact with the soil, and transmit loads to it.
Foundations are normally placed below the
ground Surface.
The main function of a foundation is to distribute
the load over a large área at an uniform rate so
that the pressure of the soil does not exceed its
allowable bearing capacity.
There are several types of building foundations according to the shape or form,
depth, material used, etc.
Foundations must be hidden (underground).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
5. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Therefore: What to check before to choose a foundation type?
Question before to choose the foundation type:
1. How is the soil (bearing capacity, strata-layers types, water table
level, etc.)?
2. How are the Building loads?:
- Floors or stories
- Dimensions
- Material weights
- Uses (type of occupancy, including vehicles and machines)
- Etc.
3. Is there basement?
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
6. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Normally (for example):
If the superficial or sub-superficial soil is suitable, shallow
foundations are right. If not, we need pilots.
If there is basement, the building needs wall foundations at least.
Other characteristics determine which foundation, shallow or deep,
could be suitable.
If the building has one or two floors, shallow should be suitable.
However, tall building should need a raft or deep foundations.
When the Water Table level is too high (close to the surface), a raft
foundation, even pilots, could be the right foundation systems.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
7. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Functions of Foundations:
- Distribution of loads (horizontal and vertical loads).
- Lateral stability (sliding and overturning).
- Minimize differential settlement or any distress from soil
movement.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
8. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Functions of Foundations:
- Distribution of loads (horizontal and vertical loads)
- Lateral stability (sliding and overturning)
- Minimize differencial settlement or any distress from soil movement
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
9. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Building’s loads
Gravity loads:
Dead loads: Own weight of materials, according to the building design.
Live loads (non-permanent): Overweight of use (people, furniture, vehicles,
machines, etc.), depending on building design, building use & typology,
occupancy and facilities: and maintenance overload (in non-accessible covers).
Wind loads, according to the site.
Snow loads, according to the site.
Earthquake, according to the site.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
10. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Building’s loads
Earthqhake – Seismic Hazard
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
11. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Building’s loads - Wind
It depends of:
- Location (see the map)
- Wind orientation
- Enviroment (mountain, valey,
town, etc.)
- Façade´s height & width
(dimensión)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
12. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Building’s loads
Snow
No snow
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
13. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Functions of Foundations:
- Distribution of loads (horizontal and vertical loads)
- Lateral stability (sliding and overturning)
- Minimize differencial settlement or any distress from soil movement
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
14. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Functions of Foundations:
- Distribuition of loads (horizontal and vertical loads)
- Lateral stability (sliding and overturning)
- Minimize differencial settlement or any distress from soil movement
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
15. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Introduction:
Functions of Foundations:
- Distribution of loads (horizontal and vertical loads)
- Lateral stability (sliding and overturning)
- Minimize differencial settlement or any distress from soil movement
Cracks
Ignacio
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17. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Therefore, the classification could be:
Shallow: Footing, Trench and Raft
Deep: Pilot/Pile
Other: such as Wells or Piers, Trenches, etc.
Types of Foundations:
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18. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
19. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Footings
There are several types, the most of them defined as foot
or footing foundations.
This type is the most used, because it is the most
economical. If the Bearing capacity of the soil is high, this
is the best type.
A foot is an extension of the base of a column or wall that
aims to transmit the load to the sub-soil at a pressure
appropriate to the properties of the soil.
The foots that support a single column are called individual
or isolated footing. The foot that is built under a wall is
called a strip/continuous footing. If a foot supports several
columns, it is called a combined footing.
Materials: Concrete, RC, bricks, Steel, Wood, Mixed, etc.,
but the most common are concrete and RC.
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
20. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Footings
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
21. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations:
Isolated Footings
They are used to support the individual
column, Columns could be made with RC, Steel
even Wood). Most of the time, footings are
made with RC.
The column usually starts from the geometrial
center of the foot (centrically). However,
sometimes, could start from a border (dividing
or corner footing), when there is another
building next to (ecentricaly).
The footing has always a reinforcement with a
Steel grill.
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
22. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
RC Column vs Steel Column
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
23. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
24. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations:
Isolated Footings
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
25. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
26. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
27. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
To avoid lateral movement or diferencial settlements, we can reinforce the foundation in
one-bay frame with spread footings and Connecting Beam
At least, around the perimeter of the foundations. Next, inside in one direction. Finally,
inside in both direction, as a grill.
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
28. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
At least, around the perimeter of the foundations. Next, inside in one direction.
Finally, inside in both direction, as a mesh/frame (earthquake zones).
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
29. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
At least, around the perimeter of the
foundations. Next, inside in one direction.
Finally, inside in both direction, as a
mesh/frame (earthquake zones).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
30. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
Types of Foundations:
At least, around the perimeter of the
foundations. Next, inside in one direction.
Finally, inside in both direction, as a grill.
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
31. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Isolated Footings
Connecting beam: At least, around the perimeter of the foundations. Next, inside in one
direction. Finally, inside in both direction, as a grill.
Types of Foundations:
Connection beam
Isolated footing
Column
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
32. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Combined Footings
A combines footing support two columns. This becomes necessary under the
following conditions:
- When the spacing between two columns is small, and according to
calculations, footing´s dimensions are large, therefore, both footing meet.
- When the bearing capacity of the soil is low, or building´s loads high, or both,
and both footings meet.
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
33. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Combined Footings
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
34. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Combined Footings
Connecting beam (same than insolated footings): At least, around the perimeter of the
foundations. Next, inside in one direction. Finally, inside in both direction, as a grill.
Types of Foundations:
Connection beam
Combined footing
Column
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
35. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings
These consist of continuous reinforced concrete (RC) slabs extending over three
or more columns, or a wall.
This solution is very suitable for buildings with basements that require retaining
walls.
Types of Foundations:
Column
Wall
Continuous footing
Continuous footing
Continuous footing
Wall
Column
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
36. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings – Basement walls
Types of Foundations 19:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
37. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings - Centered
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
38. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings – Not centered
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
39. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Continuous/Strip Footings
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
40. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs
These foundation are used when the bearing capacity is so low, and footings can
not be economically provided, sometimes when the Water Table level is high.
Actually, it is a RC slab supporting an arragement of columns (ground-floor) or
walls (basement) in a row or rows, transmitting the loads to the soil.
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
41. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs
The common types of raft foundations are: flat plate, flat plate with reinforcement beams (one or two-
ways), and flat plate with pedestals.
Types of Foundations:
Ignacio
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42. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs
The common types of raft foundations are: flat plate, flat plate with reinforcement beams (one or two-
ways), and flat plate with pedestals.
Types of Foundations:
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43. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs – Steel (How is it?)
Down Up
.
Types of Foundations:
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44. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs
.
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
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45. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs
.
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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46. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs
.
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
47. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Shallow (or Spread) Foundations: Rafts or Slabs
.
Types of Foundations:
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
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48. Pile (pilot) foundations:
The load is transmitted by driving long
vertical members of either timber (wood),
steel or concrete called piles or pilots.
Pile foundation may be adopted:
(i) instead of a raft foundation where no
firm bearing strata exists at any
reasonable depth and the loading is
uneven
(ii) (when a firm bearing strata does exist
but at a depth such as to make strip or
spread footing uneconomical, and
(iii) when pumping of sub-soil water would
be too costly or timbering to excavations
too difficult to permit the construction of
normal foundations.
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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49. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
50. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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51. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Pilot/Pile Foundation: Types of pile foundation can be classified under
various heads, such as the following categories:
1. Materials used
2. Construction method
3. Installation type
4. Load transmission and functional behavior
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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52. Types of Pilots according to material used:
- Timber (Wood):
- Steel:
- Concrete or RC
- Composite (combined materials)
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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53. Types of Pilots according to material used - Steel:
Though most piling is carried out using some form of concrete there are situations
where steel piles should be considered.
The piles are generally a standard H section or, for longer or more heavily loaded
sections, tubular box section piles are used.
The advantages of steel piles compared with concrete are:
- They have a lighter weight for a required load-bearing capacity.
- They can be used in longer lengths
- They are more resistant with similar concrete pile section.
- They are particularly useful for marine structures (piers, jetties, etc.) above water
where the piles may be subjected to impact forces, ships docking, etc.
The disadvantages of steel piles are:
- There is a need for corrosion-protection.
- The pile cost can be relatively high.
- There are fewer piling sub-contractors competent to carry out the work.
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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54. Types of Pilots according to material used - Steel:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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55. Types of Pilots according to material used - Steel:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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Javier PALM
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56. Types of Pilots according to material used - Timber:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Timber piles are placed under water level. They can be rectangular or circular in
shape (diameter or size from 30 to 40 cm.), and length of 20 times of the top width.
They are usually designed for 15000 - 20000 kilograms.
Advantages of Timber Piles:
- Economical and easy to install if it is available.
- Timber piles can be cut off at any desired length after they are installed.
- If necessary, timber piles can be easily pulled out.
Disadvantages of Timber Piles:
- It is difficult to drive pile if the soil strata are very hard.
- Timber or wooden piles are not suitable to be used as end-bearing piles.
- Its durability is low. Dry-wet conditions are not suitable, and insects can attact it.
Therefore, wooden piles are often treated with preservative.
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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57. Types of Pilots according to material used - Timber:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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58. Types of Pilots according to material used - Timber:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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59. Types of Pilots according to material used - Timber:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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60. Types of Pilots according to material used - Concrete:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Concrete piles could be, according to installation type, the following:
Pre-cast Concrete Piles, or Pilots
Cast in-situ Piles, or Pilots
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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61. Types of Pilots according to material used - Concrete:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Pre-cast Concrete Pile
They are rectangular or circular shape. Precast piles are usually reinforced with steel to
prevent breakage during its mobilization from casting bed to the location of the foundation.
Advantages of Pre-cast Piles:
- Provides high resistance to cracks, and they are usually of high strength.
- Quality of the pile can be controlled.
- If any fault is identified, it can be replaced before driving.
- Pre-cast piles can be driven under the water.
- The piles can be loaded immediately after it is driven up to the required length.
Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles:
- Once the length of pile is decided, it is difficult to increase or decrease the length of the
pile afterward.
- They´re difficult to mobilize.
- Needs heavy and expensive equipment to drive.
- There´s a possibility of breakage or damage during handling and driving od piles.
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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62. Types of Pilots according to material used - Concrete: Pre-cast Concrete Pile
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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63. Types of Pilots according to material used - Concrete:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Pre-cast Concrete Pile
Types of Foundations : Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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64. Types of Pilots according to material used - Concrete:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Cast in-situ Concrete Piles
This type of pile is constructed by boring of soil up to the desired depth and then, depositing
freshly mixed concrete in that place and letting it cure there. This type of pile is constructed
either by driving a metallic shell to the ground and filling it with concrete and leave the shell
with the concrete or the shell is pulled out while concrete is poured.
Advantages of Cast in-situ Concrete Piles:
- The shells are light weighted, so they are easy to handle. And may be assembled at sight.
- Length of piles can be varied easily.
- No breaking during installation. Additional piles can be provided easily if required.
Disadvantages of Cast in-situ Concrete Piles:
- Installation requires careful supervision and quality control.
- Needs sufficient place on site for storage of the materials used for construction.
- It is difficult to construct them where the underground water flow is heavy.
- Bottom of the pile may not be symmetrical.
- If the pile is un-reinforced and uncased, can fail.
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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65. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Some types of composite piles:
1. Steel pipe core piles
2. Corrugated shell & Timber
3. Structurally reinforced plastic matrix
4. Concrete-filled FRP pipe
5. Fiberglass pultruded
6. Plastic lumber
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Types of Pilots according to material used - Composite:
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66. Types of Pilots according to construction and installation methods:
Pre-cast Pilots/Piles are always bored depending on installation type.
Cast in-situ Pilots/Piles could be Driven or Bored:
- Driven piles (Displacement) are economical for light to moderate loading
conditions. Driven cast in-situ piles are difficult to use for deep penetrations and
grounds having boulders and other major obstructions. Difficulty in connection and
extraction of the withdrawal tube makes it difficult for driven cast in-situ piles to
be used in cases of deep penetrations. Ground heave possibilities also make them
unsuitable for some environments.
- Bored piles (Replacement) are the cheapest type formed by drilling holes with or
without liners. If the liners are left permanently, they are termed as cased pile
and as uncased pile if the liners are removed. Suitable for very high working loads
and where ground heave conditions are to be avoided. Bentonite slurry is also used
in case of collapsible soils. The main concern in using these piles will be the
disposal of the augured earth materials especially in case of contaminated soils.
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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67. Types of Pilots according to installation methods:
- Displacement (driven) Pilots/Piles
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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68. Types of Pilots according to installation methods:
- Replacement (bored) Pilots/Piles – without quinitube (casing):
- Displacement (driven) Pilots/Piles
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations 52: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
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69. Types of Pilots according to installation methods:
- Replacement (bored) Pilots/Piles – with Quinitube (casing):
- Displacement (driven) Pilots/Piles
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
70. Types of Pilots according to installation methods:
- Replacement (bored) Pilots/Piles:
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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71. Types of Pilots according to loads transmission
Loads are supported in two ways (or combinations):
- By friction between the pilot and the surrounding soil, called Side Friction Pilots, or Piles.
- By resting the pilot in a very, very hard stratum (layer), called End Bearing Pilots, or Piles.
- Both together, called Combined Friction & Bearing Pilots, or Piles.
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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72. Side Friction Pilots, or Piles, are
used to transfer loads to a depth
of a friction-load-carrying material
by means of skin friction along
the length of the pile. Such piles
are generally used in granular soil
where the depth of hard stratum
is very great.
QP < QS
Where QP is the ultimate load capacity of pile foundation
QS is the load carried by the friction pile or pile group.
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Pilots according to loads transmission
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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73. End Bearing Pilots, or Piles are used to
transfer load through water or soft
soil to a suitable bearing stratum.
Such piles are used to carry heavy
loads safely to hard strata. Multi-
storeyed buildings are invanably
founded on end bearing piles, so that
the settlements are minimised.
QP < QU
Where QP is the ultimate load capacity of pile foundation
QU is the load carried by the end bearing pile or pile group.
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Pilots according to loads transmission
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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74. Friction & Bearing Combined
Pilots, or Piles, are piles which
transfer the super-imposed load
both through side friction as well
as end bearing. Such piles are
more common, specially when the
end bearing piles pass through
granular soils.
QP < QS + QU
Where QP is the ultimate load capacity of pile foundation
QS is the load carried by the friction pile or pile group
QU is the load carried by the end bearing pile or pile group.
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Pilots according to loads transmission
Types of Foundations 58: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
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75. End Bearing Pilots Side Friction Pilots
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Pilots according to loads transmission
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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76. End Bearing Pilots Side Friction Pilots
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Types of Pilots according to loads transmission
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA
77. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Details
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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78. Meeting between piles and the cap
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Details
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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79. Cap detail
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Details
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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80. Pile detail
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Details
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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81. Full detail
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Building Foundations
Details
Types of Foundations: Deep Foundations: Piles or Pilots
Source: CYPE Ingenieros S.A.
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82. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
2. Foundations
Bibliography (Building Foundations)
BROWN, R. W. (2001), Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook (2nd Edition), The McGraw-Hill Co, Inc., New
York City (NY), USA. ISBN: 9780071351393
https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/practical-foundation-engineering-handbook-second-edition
DAY, R. W. (2010), Foundation Engineering Handbook (2nd Edition), McGraw-Hill and ASCE Press, Reston (VA),
USA. ISBN: 9780071740098
DEKORNE, C. & HEALEY, T. (2007), The Essential Guide to Foundations (Home Building & Remodeling Basics),
Hanley Wood Books, Washington D. C., USA. ISBN: 9781931131506
FHWA-NHI (2016), Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations (Publication No. FHWA-NHI-16-009),
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Highway Institute (NHI),
Washington, D.C., USA. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/gec12/nhi16009_v1.pdf
FRENCH, S. E. (1999), Design of Shallow Foundations, ASCE Press, Reston (VA), USA. ISBN: 9780784403716
GUNARATME, M. (2013), The Foundation Engineering Handbook (2nd Edition), CRC Press, CRC Press., Boca
Raton (FL), USA. ISBN: 9781439892770
HAQUE, M. E. (2014), Lecture Note COSC 421 (Structural Systems II): Types of Foundations, Department of
Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station (TX), USA.
http://people.tamu.edu/~mhaque/cosc421/FOUNDATION.pdf
TOMLINSON, M. J. & BOORMAN, R. (2001), Foundation Design and Construction (7th Edition), Addison-Wesley
Longman Ltd., Toronto (ON), CAN. ISBN: 9780130311801
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