It will be useful for industry experts and students.

2. Introduction to 5G
 5G is the fifth-generation technology standard for
cellular networks, which cellular phone companies
began deploying worldwide in 2019,
 The successor to 4G technology that provides
connectivity to most current mobile phones.
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3. Why 5G?
5G Wireless: 5th generation wireless
technology
Complete wireless communication with
almost no limitations
Can be called REAL wireless world
Has incredible transmission speed
Concept is only theory not real
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4. What does it offer?
Worldwide cellular phones
Extraordinary data capabilities
High connectivity
More power & features in hand held
phones
Large phone memory, more dialing speed,
more clarity in audio & video
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5. Evolution
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6. 1G to 5G Evaluation
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7. Evaluation
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8. Features of 5G
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9. Advantages of 5G
Data BW of 1 Gbps or higher
Globally accessible
 Dynamic information access
Available at low cost
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11. Applications of 5G
Wearable devices with AI (Artificial
Intelligence) capabilities
Pervasive (Global) networks
Media independent handover
Radio resource management
VoIP (Voice over IP) enabled devices
With 6th sense technology
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13. Ad Hoc Networks
 No existing fixed infrastructure
 Mobile Ad hoc Networks, Bluetooth, Vehicular Ad hoc
Networks, V2X
 Mobile nodes can move freely – topology changes
dynamically
 Nodes can join and leave the network dynamically
 Each node can work as a router as well as a host
 Limited resources such as battery power, processing
capacity and memory power
 Security challenges
 QoS in terms of latency, reliability and throughput – varies
based on the applications

14. UAVs
 Unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) or drones can fly
autonomously or can be
operated remotely
without human personnel
 Limited capability for
single UAV systems
 Ad hoc networks between
multiple UAVs - FANETs
 Multi-UAV systems can
communicate, collaborate

15. UAV Links
 UAV-UAV link
 UAV-satellite link
 UAV-cellular link
 UAV-BS link

16. Applications
 Surveillance, Detection
and Monitoring
 Good delivery,
construction
 Target detection
 Tracking and
monitoring in disaster
situations
 Emergency situations

17. Types of UAVs
 UAV size, weight, range,
endurance, altitude,
application, flying
mechanism, ownership,
airspace class, level of
control (autonomy),
and type of engine

18. Characteristics of FANETs
 Node density – Average
number of UAVs per unit
volume – less than in MANETs
and VANETs
 Node mobility – varies from
30 to 460 km/h
 Changing network topology –
star topology (Ground control
station), mesh topology
(dynamic routing)

19. UAV Communication Topologies

20. Radio Link
Antennas: important elements of any radio link
Antenna
Transmitter
Antenna
Receiver
Radio wave

21. Data in
Modulator IF filter Mixer Band pass filter Power amplifier
Antenna
Local oscillator
Antenna
Data out
Mixe
r
Local
oscillator
IF filter IF
amplifier
Demodulato
r
Band pass
filter
Low noise
amplifier
Transmitter
Receiver

22. Important requirements of an
antenna
i. It should 'accept' maximum input power
(In transmission mode )
Return Loss / VSWR
ii. It should radiate power in space with ‘proper
shape’
Radiation pattern
iii. It should radiate power efficiently
Gain

23. i. It should accept maximum input power
(In transmission mode )
(Pin - Preflctd)
Pin
Preflctd
A
B
Pradiatd

24. (Pin - Preflctd)
Pin
Preflctd
A
B
Pradiatd
Measurement of Return loss or
VSWR
Return loss (dB) = 10*Log(10) = 10 dB
If Preflctd = Pin/10
Return loss (dB) = 10*Log(Pin/Preflctd)
Return loss (dB) = -20*Log(Vreflctd/ Vin)
Return loss (dB) = -20*Log(VSWR-1/
VSWR+1)
For 10 dB Return loss; VSWR = 1.93

25. RADIATION PATTERN
 An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern
is defined as “a mathematical function or a
graphical representation of the radiation
properties of the antenna as a function of space
coordinates.
 In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in
the far-field region and is represented as a function of
the directional coordinates.
 Radiation properties include power flux density,
radiation intensity, field strength, directivity phase or
polarization.”
ii. It should radiate power in space with proper ‘shape’

26. FIELD REGIONS
Figure 1.11: Field regions of an antenna.

27. FIELD REGIONS
Typical changes of antenna amplitude pattern shape from
reactive near field toward the far field.

28. RADIATION PATTERN
Typical directional radiation pattern

29. Types of Radiation patterns
1. Omnidirectional Dipole, Monopole etc.
2. Bi-directional Slot, Spiral etc.
3. Directional Horn, Reflector Antenna etc.
Converting omni & bi-directional to directional Radiation

30. iii. It should radiate power efficiently
Antenna Gain is usually defined w.r.to isotropic radiator

31. Antenna Gain and signal coverage relation

32. FR1 : Sub 6GHz
Bandwidth : 100MHz around 3.5GHz
Antenna element : Dual slant 45 polarised
Beam forming : MIMO and Massive MIMO
FR2 : mmWave
Bandwidth : 400MHz around 26/28 GHz
Beam forming : Fully integrated tiled Phased
array Analog/Digital/Hybrid
Antenna element : Linear/Dual polarised

33. Types of Antennas commonly used for 5G Fr1
1. Wideband patch antennas / suspended plate antennas
2. Magneto Electric Dipole Antennas
2. Wideband printed/suspended plate Dipole Antennas
‘Filtenna’ concept for out of band rejection

34. 5G Fr1 Antennas – Design Challenges
1. Selection of Antenna Type
2. Material selection for printed antennas
3. Element coupling reduction
4. Port-to-port isolation improvement
5. Feed line routing for Array antenna (RRH)
6. Thermal Management

35. Types of Antennas for mm Wave Communications
(5G Fr2)
1. Printed array antennas / Phased Array antennas
2. Lens antennas
3. Rotman Lens antenna configuration

36. The 28 GHz antenna array configuration
for 5G cellular mobile terminals
Cellular Standard 4G 5G
Antenna Type Sub wavelength
antennas
Phased array
Radiation pattern Near Omni-
directional
Directional fan
beam
Polarisation Single and
Constant
Muliple and
reconfigurable
5G cellular mobile terminals
comparison with the 4G standard.

37. 5G System

38. Antenna radiation Pattern measurement – Far Field Techniques
CATR – Near Field to Far Field conversion through Hardware

39. Antenna Measurement – Near Field
Techniques
CATR – Near Field to Far Field conversion through Hardware
NF Measurement – Near Field to Far Field conversion through software