06 Humidity and Water Exclusion (waterproofing) in building construction

1. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Course: Building Construction
06 Water & Humidity Exclusion
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio J. PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD (Hons)
Assit. Professor / Architecture / Dar Al Uloom University / KSA
2021/MMXXI
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

2. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
0. Introduction
00 Introduction to the Course
01 Soils and their Investigation
02 Building Foundations
03 Structures (simplified)
04 Floors
05 Walls (façades)
06 Water & Humidity Exclusion
07 Openings: doors & windows
08 Glazing
09 Vertical Transportation Systems
10 Flooring
11 Wall Coating and Cladding
12 Ceiling
13 Roofs
Building Construction
Course Index
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

3. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
INDEX:
Introduction
Water & Humidity in Middle East
Ways to Avoid the Humidity
Where to Protect Against Water & Humidity
Components of a Water & Humidity Exclusion Barrier
Examples according to the Location
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

4. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Introduction:
Waterproofing in buildings is the formation of an impervious (water-proof) barrier over
surfaces of foundations, roofs, walls and other structural members of building to prevent
water penetrations through these surfaces. The building surfaces are made water-resistant
and sometimes waterproof.
Waterproofing in buildings and structures are generally required for basement of structure,
walls, bathrooms and kitchen, balconies, decks, terrace or roofs, green roofs, water tanks and
swimming pools etc.
In areas that experience high annual rainfall and occasional flooding events, water proofing is
a must. It is important for basements and foundations to be waterproof especially in areas
where the ground water-table is high. In the case of high water table, water in the soil is likely
to exert hydrostatic pressure on the basement floor and walls. This can force the water
through the cracks, which can result in structural damages along with moisture-related
problems such as mold, mildew and decay.
During monsoons (seasonal rainfalls), we all would have come across water seepages in the
ceilings and walls or dampness in the aftermath of flooding. This is due to poor waterproofing.
By waterproofing your house, you can safeguard your building from damage as well as the
things inside your house from humidity and water exposure.
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

5. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Middle East, North Africa and South Europe Average Annual Rainfalls
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Soil Moisture/Humidity
Soil moisture
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

6. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Water exclusion: 3 ways to avoid the humidity
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

7. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
THE WATER & HUMIDITY EXCLUSION COULD BE:
1. UNDERGROUND – IN CONTACT WITH THE SOIL – ON-GRADE
- FOUNDATION
- RETAINING WALL – UNDERGROUND WALL
- ON-GRADE SLAB
2. NEXT TO THE SOIL
- FACADES, AT LEAST IN THEIR MEETING WITH THE ON-GRADE SLAB OR
RETAINING WALLS.
AND THE MEETING BETWEEN THEM, TO GUARANTEE A WATERPROOF CONTINUE
BARRIER.
3. EXPOSED SURFACES TO RAINFALL OR RUNOFF
- ROOFS, TERRACES AND BALCONIES
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

8. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
BASIC PARTS OF A WATER & HUMIDITY EXCLUSION BARRIER:
- A SUPPORT WATERPROOF MATERIAL, BETWEEN THE WATERPROOF BARRIER AND THE PROTECTED CONSTRUCTIVE
ELEMENT (FOOTING, SLAB, WALL, ETC.)
- THE WATERPROOF BARRIER
- A WATERPROOF PROTECTION BARRIER, AGAINST CHEMICAL ATTACKS, ROOTS, PUNCHING, TEAR, ETC. IT MUST BE
LOCATED BEFORE THE WATERPROOF BARRIER. ACTUALLY, IT IS NOT AN IMPERVIOUS/IMPERMEABLE BARRIER, ONLY A
RESISTANT ONE BUT FILTERING
- FINALLY, A DRAIN LAYER, TO AVOID THE ARRIVAL OF WATER TO THE CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENT
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

9. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
SUPPORT MATERIAL:
THE SUPPORT WATERPROOF MATERIAL, BETWEEN THE WATERPROOF BARRIER AND
THE PROTECTED CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENT (FOOTING, SLAB, WALL, ETC.). IS
CONTINUOUS COATING THAT ENSURES THAT THE SURFACE WHERE THE
WATERPROOF BARRIER WILL BE ADHERED IS TOTALLY SMOOTH, AND NOT ROUGH,
PREVENTING IT FROM BREAKING THROUGH PUNCHING.
THE MOST COMMON MATERIAL USED IS A CEMENTITIOUS MORTAR, SOMETIMES
RESISTANT TO THE WATER (CALLED HYDROPHOBIC MORTAR). HOWEVER, THEY ARE
SEVERAL MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR THIS DEPENDING ON THE MATERIAL OF THE
PROTECTED CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENT.
IF THE PROTECTED CONSTRUCTIVE MATERIAL HAS A SMOOTH FINISHED SURFACE,
THE SUPPORT MATERIAL COULD BE NOT NECESSARY.
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

10. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
THE WATERPROOF MATERIAL COULD BE (APPLICATION LIQUID OR SOLID):
SYNTHETIC – ARTIFICIAL MATERIALS:
- BITUMINOUS METHODS (MEMBRANES AND COATINGS):
- OXIDIZED BITUMEN MEMBRANES, SUCH AS ASPHALT WITH FIBERGLASS OR ALUMINUM – 15 YEARS
- ELASTOMER BITUMEN MEMBRANES – 15 YEARS
- PMB (POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN) MEMBRANES – 15 YEARS
- BITUMEN PAINTS – 10 YEARS (ONLY FOR VERTICAL ELEMENTS)
- NANO-TECHNOLOGICAL WATERPROOF BARRIERS – 15 YEARS
- POLYMER (GEOSYNTHETIC), POLYURETHANE, ACRYLIC AND EPOXY RESINS – 5 TO 50 YEARS
- BREATHABLE FIBERED PLASTIC FILM (HDPE, PVC, ETC.) – THE MOST DURABLE
NATURAL MATERIALS (LATEX):
- EPDM (ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DIENE MONOMER RUBBER) – 5 YEARS
- CHLORINATED RUBBER – 5 YEARS
INORGANIC MATERIALS:
- STONY MATERIALS: WATERPROOF STONES, SUCH AS BLACKBOARD OR GRANITE STONES
- CERAMIC
- CEMENTITIOUS METHODS: WATERPROOF CEMENTS AND ASBESTOS-FIBER CEMENTS
- SILICONES
- METALS (STEEL, COPPER, ZINC, ETC.)
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

11. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
THE PROTECTION LAYER (FILTER LAYER)
THE FILTER LAYER IS A MATERIAL THAT LETS WATER AND AIR PASS THROUGH BUT RETAINS THE
SOLIDS. THEREFORE IT IS A FILTER THAT PREVENTS SOLIDS FROM DAMAGING THE WATERPROOFING
BARRIER. THEREFORE, IT IS A PERMEABLE FABRIC (GRILL OR MESH) THAT PROTECT THE
WATERPROOF BARRIER.
THE MOST COMMON MATERIALS USED ARE THAT CALLED GEO-TEXTILES.
GEO-TEXTILE FABRICS COME IN THREE BASIC FORMS: WOVEN (RESEMBLING MAIL BAG SACKING),
NEEDLE PUNCHED (RESEMBLING FELT), OR HEAT BONDED (RESEMBLING IRONED FELT).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

12. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
THE DRAINAGE LAYER
THE DRAINAGE LAYER DECREASE THE WATER THAT
CAN AFFECT THE WATERPROOF BARRIER.
COMMONLY, IT IS A GRADUATED GRAVEL OR SAND
TRENCH IN THE FRONT OF THE WATERPROOF
BARRIER, ENCOURAGING THE WATER TO
INFILTRATE DOWN.
THE TRENCH MUST HAVE DIFFERENT GRADUATED
LAYERS, WITH DIFFERENT GRAVEL/SAND DIAMETER
IN THE LOWER LAYER YOU CAN PLACE A DRAINAGE
PIPE, SURROUNDED BY COARSE GRAVEL, AND
FINALLY ANOTHER GEOTEXTILE, TO PREVENT
SOLIDS FROM ENTERING THE PIPE, AND THE
COARSE GRAVEL IS MIXED WITH THE UPPER
LAYERS.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

13. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
THE DRAINAGE LAYER
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

14. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
THE DRAINAGE LAYER
THE DRAINAGE LAYER COULD BE A NODULAR POLYETHYLENE SHEET. EVEN SOMETIMES, IN RAINING AREAS, WE
CAN INSTALL A GRAVEL TRENCH WITH A NODULAR SHEET BOTH.
SOMETIMES, WE CAN USE BOTH: THE DRAINAGE TRENCH AND A NODULAR SHEET
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

15. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Water exclusion:
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

16. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Not very humid areas – Without hydrostatic pressure
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
STRIP FOOTING WITH ON-GRADE SLAB AND LOAD BEARING WALL
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

17. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
RC-RETAINING WALL (BASEMENT) WITH ONE-WAY SLAB,
AND DRAINAGE TRENCH/BED WITH AGGREGATES (GRAVEL
OR COARSE SAND)
Not very humid areas – Without hydrostatic pressure
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

18. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
RC-RETAINING WALL (BASEMENT) WITH ONE-WAY
SLAB, AND DRAINAGE LAYER WITH A NODULAR
POLYETHYLENE SHEET.
Not very humid areas – Without hydrostatic pressure
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

19. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
INTERIOR STRIP FOOTING WITH ON-GRADE SLAB
Not very humid areas – Without hydrostatic pressure
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

20. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Bibliography (Water & Humidity exclusion)
BEALL, C. (1998), Thermal and Moisture Protection Manual : For Architects, Engineers, and Contractors,
McGraw-Hill, New York City (NY), USA. ISBN: 978-0070051553.
BOYD, J. M. & SCHEFFLER, M. J. (1999), Water Problems in Building Exterior Walls: Evaluation, Prevention, and
Repair (STP Series), ASTM International. ISBN: 978-0803126077.
DIASEN (2017), Waterproofing Systems (DOC 1223501), DIASEN, s.r.l, Sasoferrato (AN), ITA.
http://www.italchamind.eu/public/document/40ebd608-6190-4884-ad6c-cf21934f8d81.pdf
EPA (2013), Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance (EPA 402-F-13053),
US Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf
KUBAL, M. T. (1992), Waterproofing the Building Envelope (1st Edition), McGraw-Hill Professional.
ISBN: 978-0070358591.
KUBAL, M. T. (2008), Construction Waterproofing Handbook (2nd Edition), McGraw-Hill Education.
ISBN: 978-0071489737.
UBC (2017), Waterproofing Systems, Understanding Building Construction (UBC) Website.
http://www.understandconstruction.com/waterproofing-systems.html
WACKER (2016), Waterproofing Solutions for Sustainable Buildings, Wacker Chemie AG, München, GER.
https://www.wacker.com/cms/media/publications/downloads/7402_EN.pdf
6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA

21. Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
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6. Water & Humidity exclusion
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU
/K
SA