10 Flooring for Building Application.pdf

Course: Building Construction
10 Flooring for Building Construction Applications
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio J. PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD (Hons)
Assit. Professor / Architecture / Dar Al Uloom University / KSA
2022/MMXXII
Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
10. Flooring for Building Construction Applications
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

0. Introduction
00 Introduction to the Course
01 Soils and their Investigation
02 Building Foundations
03 Structures (simplified)
04 Floors
05 Walls (façades)
06 Water & Humidity Exclusion
07 Openings: doors & windows
08 Glazing
09 Vertical Transportation Systems
10 Flooring
11 Wall Coating and Cladding
12 Ceiling
13 Roofs
Course Index
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Flooring
for Building Construction Applications
(Floor covering)
9. Vertical Transportation Systems - Stairs Building Construction
INDEX
DEFINITION
REQUIREMENTS OR FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF FLOORING SYSTEM AND MATERIALS
COMPONENTS OF A FLOORING:
 Sub-base layer
 Regularization layer
 Underlayment layer
 Fixing material or Adhesives
 Joints
 Covering (or just flooring)
TYPES OF FLOORING ACCORDING TO COVERING MATERIALS:
 Continuous Floorings, without joints
 Non-continuous Floorings, with pieces & joints
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Definition – What is a flooring?
A floor in building construction is a leveled surface which can
support the objects, occupants etc. Floor covering, or just Flooring,
is a term to generically describes any finish material applied over a
floor structure to provide a walking surface.
Therefore, Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of
a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. A lot of
variety exists in flooring and there´re different types of floors due to
the fact that it is the first thing that catches your eye when you walk
into a building, as it spans across the length and breadth of the
building. It´s also the surface that goes through the most wear and
tear, and that's why choosing the right material is of utmost
importance.
Because a Flooring means the last upper component of a floor as a
finished material, above a slab (on-grade or upper floor slabs) as a
proper support, floorings are as final viewed material. Most of the
times, other intermediate components exist as fixing or
regularization layers.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Requirements or Factors Affecting Selection of Flooring System and Material
The selection of flooring material is done based on the following factors:
• Initial cost: Choose the price according to the needs of the type of use, the client's
demands, the market availability and, of course, the design.
• Durability, depending on the type of the building or room (use) and category.
• Hardness or Smoothness, according to the uses (outdoor/indoor, private/public,
pedestrian/vehicles, etc.)
• Cleanliness, according to the location out or indoor, hygienic needs (hospitals, labs, wet
rooms, etc.), etc.
• Appearance, according to design and client requirements.
• Sound insulation, according to uses to avoid impact noise on the floor (cinemas, dancing or
crowded spaces, etc.) even to avoid airborne noise (noisy spaces).
• Dempness: in outdoor or wet room floorings, for example.
• Fire resistance on floors that are emergency evacuation routes, in spaces with high risk of
fire or just in indoor spaces where rules require fire resistant floorings.
• Maintenance, as usual.
• Loads, when the flooring is for upper floors as long as flooring is supported by a structural
floor slab, as any building construction component.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of a Flooring
The anatomy of a flooring (a floor finishing) has many parts that add the requirement it needs. The
main components include the following:
• Sub-base, mostly as a floor structural (above) or on-grade slab. Therefore, this component
does not belong to a flooring, being just its support surface.
• Regularization layer, sometime to reach a specific level (leveling) and usually to smooth the
slab surface.
• Underlayment layer, usually when the flooring needs an extra feature, such as thermal
and/or acoustics insulation.
• Fixing material or adhesives
(glues), if the covering needs it.
• Joints between covering pieces,
if the covering type needs it.
• Covering, commonly referred to
the flooring. Actually, this is the
only mandatory component of a
flooring due other could be
absent according to the type of
flooring.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of a Flooring: Sub-base
The flooring sub-base will be according to the
structural and constructive system chosen.
Therefore, commonly it could be the following:
- Wood/Timber board or plank sub-flooring in
timber framed systems.
- Concrete slab sub-flooring (most commonly in
KSA) in concrete & steel framed systems.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of a Flooring: Regularization layer
The regularization layers are intermediate layers to level the floors that only have to support
normal loads (building loads, for example) of use and whose sole purpose is to reach a
delivery level of the laying surface for coverings, to receive pipes under the covering or/and to
obtain a surface with slope for water run-off. They are directly supported on the sub-base or
underlayment, with or without a waterproofing barrier between them.
There´re plenty of material suitable to make a regularization layer. Most commonly are:
• Traditional sand or cement-based
mortar layer.
• If this layer is too thick, it is suitable to
use a lightweight concrete (LWC), even
to perform little slopes for water run-
off (terraces, balconies or roofs, for
example).
LWC is a mixture made with
lightweight coarse aggregates such as
expanded shale, clay or slate, which
give it its characteristic low density,
therefore, a low weight.
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/lightweight-concrete/1670/
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of a Flooring: Underlayment layer
Underlayment (depending on flooring´s type).
This´s a layer installed between covering and
regularization (or directly over the sub-base). This
layer is available in different materials according
requirements. Materials could be acoustics,
waterproofing, fire or thermal insulation as sponge
or crumb rubber, rigid foam, felt, plastic, etc., even
wood boards (plywood, OSB, MDF, cork, etc.) or
cement-based boards. All of them with different
thickness, adding advantages to the flooring.
Underlayment in many cases helps to rectify sub-
floor imperfections. Therefore, using this layer, we
could remove the regularization one if this last one
is not for leveling.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

There´s a specific acoustics underlayment
called Acoustic Concrete Screeded Floor
System. It consists in a rigid acoustic isolation
below a 5 cm. minimum thickness concrete
slab (including a tin steel mesh). The meetings
between the concrete slab and walls must be
filled with the acoustics isolation (see drawing)
to avoid side/lateral sound transmission.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of a Flooring: Fixing material or Adhesive
Fixing materials or Adhesives/Glues (usually used). According to the
covering type and material, and type of support component could be
present or absent.
There´re different types as the following:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

• Traditional cement/sand mixture mortars.
• New generation tile adhesive is a special
type of glue used to fix tiles all around a
building. Tile adhesive is a ready-made
mixture made from cement, polymers
such as epoxy and selected aggregate
particles with some additives added in it
to improve its property for laying tiles.
Others are made with resins.
• Elastic adhesives (silicone,
vinyl, polyurethane, self-
adhesive polyethylene,
etc.) for wood & timber
floorings.
Types of Fixing/Adhesives
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

• Some types of covering, as
linoleum or plastics, are self-
adhesive.
• Sometimes pieces are just
placed as is (just laying),
without any fixing/gluing
material. Due to the assembly
system (laminate wood
flooring), or because of the
great weight of the piece (big
and heavy concrete or stone
tiles), they do not need any
fixing material.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

• Sometimes pieces are just placed as is (just laying), without any fixing/gluing material.
Due to the assembly system (laminate wood flooring), or because of the great weight of
the piece (big and heavy concrete or stone tiles), they do not need any fixing material.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

• Sometimes pieces are just placed as is (just laying), without any fixing/gluing material. Due
to the assembly system (laminate wood flooring), or because of the great weight of the
piece (big and heavy concrete or stone tiles), they do not need any fixing material.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of a Flooring: Regularization layer
The regularization layers are intermediate layers to level the floors that only have
to support normal loads (building loads, for example) of use and whose sole
purpose is to reach a delivery level of the laying surface for coverings, to receive
pipes under the covering or/and to obtain a surface with slope for water run-off.
They are directly supported on the sub-base or underlayment, with or without a
waterproofing barrier between them.
There´re plenty of material suitable to make a regularization layer:
• Traditional sand or cement-based mortar
layer.
• If this layer is too thick, it is suitable to use a
lightweight concrete (LWC) even to perform
little slopes for water run-off (terraces,
balconies or roofs, for example). LWC is
a mixture made with lightweight coarse
aggregates such as shale, clay, or slate,
which give it its characteristic low density,
therefore, a low weight.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Components of a Flooring:
Regularization layer LWC Aggregates:
Diatomite,
pumice,
vermiculite,
and perlite
Just sand
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

• Improve tile adhesion, which has, in addition to
the support provided by the fixing or adhesive,
the lateral support provided by the joint.
• The joint prevents the passage of water
towards the support, which means that it
contributes to the waterproofing of the
support. However, if the flooring is designed as
permeable (exterior), the joints would be the
drainage path to the sub-base layers also
pervious.
Components of a Flooring: Joints
Joints: Only for the most of non-continuous floorings, as stone, tiles or bricks,
but not always. Its functions are the flowing:
• Joints reduce the tensions that are produced by the differential movements
between the support and the covering: the movements of contraction or
expansion are very different, for example, between a ceramic covering and a
cement-based support. The joint, in this case, will serve to compensate for these
differences.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Material used are commonly the following:
• Sand, small/medium size gravel or
earth/soil joints for outdoor surfaces,
where joints are designed as a water
drainage/infiltration path.
• Traditional cement-based mortar joints.
• New epoxi mortar joints.
Components of a Flooring: Joints
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Coverings (always). It is the
finishing and last layer. Flooring
covering also popularly known as
the finish floor or just flooring. This
is the visible upper finished layer of
a flooring system surface. It may
include materials like concrete,
ceramic, Wood, etc. these
materials can be installed
differently depending on the needs
and requirements of the space.
This is the layer users see daily,
walk on, and place furniture on
among other items. It is the
ultimate layer that covers the other
structural layers of flooring. It’s the
upper surface of a floor system
structure.
Components of a Flooring: Covering
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Regularization and
fixing layers together is
the most commonly
system in building
construction for the
most flooring types.
Sometimes, it is added a
underlayment layer to
give any characteristic,
such as acoustic or
thermal isolation. In this
case, the regularization
layer could be avoid as
long as leveling is not
necessary (next slide).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Now, without the regularization
layer, the presence of a fixing layer
will depend on the type of
covering, if it needs it or not. For
example, most of laminate wood
planks/tiles do not need a fixing
material or adhesive. They are just
placed and fitted between them.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Floor Covering (Flooring)
There´re various types of flooring materials used in
building construction and their selection depends on
applications, aesthetics and choice of user.
Floorings can be classified depending on various factors. Following are the different
types of flooring materials generally used in building construction works:
• Depending on the location: indoor and outdoor floorings
• According to rusticity or hardiness: hard, resilient and soft.
• According to materials used.
• According to the structural support system:
• Solid ground floor
• Suspended timber floor
• Suspended concrete floor
• Ribbed floor
• Depending on the continuity in its appearance or whatever the
finished surface (with or without joints). In this case, floorings can be continuous or
non-continuous (discontinuous, meaning with small pieces jointed).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Floor Covering (Flooring)
Let´s go to define floorings in two main groups
depending on the continuity of the covering and,
next, in each group according to materials.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types: Continuous
Continuous floorings have a continue surface without any joint. They´re commonly
for outdoor surfaces because are very resistant and cheap (as bigger flooring
surface the cheaper), but they´re also suitable for indoor spaces.
Now, regularization, fixing and covering layers are the same layer.
This last surface layer is often treated, polished, etc., as finished.
There´re different types as the following:
Aggregate, Concrete, Cement and Synthetic floorings
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types: Continuous
Macadam, gravel, sand, mud, murram, etc.,
usually compacted (without any binder) or
asphalt (with binder) only suitable for outdoor
floorings, called flexible pavements. They
need different compacted arid sub-base layers
above the soil and below the flooring
depending on the type of traffic and loads.
Aggregate flooring
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Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
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Concrete floorings (with binder), not very suitable for upper floors due to its
weight. In on-grade slabs, the own slab is part of the flooring itself. An intermediate
steel mesh is recommended, at least for outdoor floorings or in parking areas.
There´re 3 main types: Rough concrete; Polished concrete; and Stamped concrete
Rough or polished concrete, with a minimum thickness of 5 cm. for indoor and
8-10 cm. for outdoor. The surface could be rough or polished (shiny and
flattened), always with expansion joints every 4.5 m².
Types: Continuous
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Javier PALM
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CARAZO
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Concrete floorings
Types: Continuous
Stamped concrete, often called textured or imprinted concrete, finished replicating
any discontinue material, like stones (slate and flagstone), tiles, bricks and even
wood. It´s made on a regular concrete slab (5 cm. for indoor, and 8-10 cm. for
outdoor) with an upper layer of colored cement (0.1 to 1 cm.) where, through a mold
stamped, it can imitate the finished mentioned. Finally, the surface is protected with
a resine.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Cement floorings
Types: Continuous
Cement floorings (with binder): there are 3 main types.
• Micro-cement: It is bilayer slab made with a mix of cements, resins and polymers
with a mesh in the middle. Thickness between 1 and 3 mm. without any join.
• Polished cement: It is an evolution
of the micro-cement flooring but
polished, more resistant and
without an intermediate mesh. If
we add small piece of marble, it is
called micro-terrazzo.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Cement floorings
Types: Continuous
Cement floorings (with binder): there are 3 main types.
• Self-leveling cement floorings with finished. These are made with a liquid mortar-
additives layer as sub-base. The cement can be the finishing or can be finished with
a continue material layer as textile carpet, vinylic, rubber, cork, etc. The thickness
of the cement layer is 0.5 to 3 cm. maximum without joints.
Some of the finishing can be any continuous carpet & rug type (smooth, texture,
twist and shag), cork rolls, linoleum rolls, rubber rolls, etc (see next slide). They
could be fixed with adhesive or being self-adhesive.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Cement floorings
Types: Continuous
Cement floorings: Self-leveling cement floorings with finished
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Javier PALM
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CARAZO
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Types: Continuous Synthetic Continuous floorings:
Synthetic continuous floorings: They´re usually bicomponent, that is,
they´re composed of two materials that, when mixed, harden by chemical
reaction in a short period of time and usually have a long duration, being
resistant to external chemical and environmental agents. Some of the
types of continuous synthetic flooring most used are epoxy resins,
polyurethane resins or both mixed applied as a paint.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types: Continuous Advantages of Continuous Floorings
• Years ago, continuous floorings were used only in the industrial and commercial
area. However, today it is possible for any building, even housing, both indoor
and outdoor. Currently, continuous floorings are very versatile.
• The resistance and durability offered by continuous flooring is surprising.
• Installation can be done on another surface without problems, even to replace
an old one just covering it.
• Continuous flooring offers the possibility of obtaining an original floor, with
exclusive colors, designs and finishes for any spaces.
• An advantage that stands out in this type of flooring is that they´re waterproof
and non-slip, that is, they offer safety if there are children or adults with
reduced mobility.
• As it is a continuous surface, there´re no joints, expansions or separations,
that is, they provide visual amplitude in confined spaces.
• Installation is simple and fast.
• Continuous flooring does not require expensive maintenance, they resist
contact with chemicals, although it is not necessary because these floors do
not accumulate dirt or microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types: Non-continuous or Discontinuous
Discontinuous floorings are made with pre-made small components as tiles,
planks, slab or just pieces, require a regularization material, a fixing system
(bonding material, commonly mortar, adhesive or similar, or just placed
without anyone) and a treatment of the joints (sometimes just butt
together).
Joint
Tile
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Types: Non-continuous or Discontinuous
This allows a great variety of materials and formats to exist for
discontinuous floorings. Plenty of them, as a continuous format, are
available for self-leveling continuous floorings.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Discontinuous Floorings
Natural Stone flooring
Cobblestones, Setts and Cube Stones flooring
Rounded Pebble-stone flooring
Flagstone flooring
Marble tile flooring
Bricks flooring
Ceramic tile flooring
Traditional Ceramic (Terracotta) tile flooring
New Ceramic tile flooring
Porcelain tile flooring
Standard Porcelain tile flooring
Porcelain Stoneware tile flooring
Cement-based tiles
Hydraulic (cement) tile flooring
Terrazzo tile flooring
Wooden & Timber flooring
Solid Hardwood flooring
Engineered Wood Flooring
Laminate or Composite Wood Flooring
Cork tile flooring
Synthetic flooring
Plastic tile & plank flooring
Linoleum tile & plank flooring
Rubber tile & plank flooring
Glazing framed flooring
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Natural Stone
The main types of stone we carry for tile include Travertine, Granite, Marble, Onyx, Quartzite,
Sandstone, and Limestone all of which for outdoor & indoor uses. However, for outdoor spaces
commonly we use local stones, cheaper than stones imported or transported stones from far
away.
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Natural Stone
Cobblestones, Setts (Belgian blocks) and Cube Stones.
It´s a natural material based on cobble-sized stones, and is commonly used for pavement
roads, streets, and outdoor building open spaces.
Cobblestones are typically either set in sand, fine gravel, soil or similar material, or are bound
together with mortar.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Natural Stone
Cobblestones, Setts (Belgian blocks) and Cube Stones.
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Natural Stone
Rounded Pebble-stone flooring
It is a natural material based on pebble stones in different sizes and colors, and is
commonly used for outdoor and indoor building spaces.
At least, they´re sett in a sand or concrete slab (5 cm.) above a compacted soil, and
bounded together with mortar. Some old examples have not any joining material.
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Natural Stone
Flagstones
It´s a generic flat stone, sometimes cut in regular rectangular or square
shape used for paving and flooring. Most of the times, flagstones are a
form of sandstones (limestone, granite, slate, basalt, shale, etc. too)
with several types of colors.
It is suitable for outdoor spaces, but also for indoor spaces, with
thickness between2 cm. and above 8 cm. depending on the location,
loads and type of stone.
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Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Natural Stone
Marble is a type stone for indoor flooring.
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Bricks
Bricks (clay, concrete, mud, etc.)
They´re constructed out of many individual bricks laid like tiles, either with or without mortar
or grouting. Bricks could be made with mud, clay, concrete, terracotta or other
Ignacio
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CARAZO
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Types of Discontinuous Floorings Ceramic Tiles
In the ancient world, ceramics were simply materials made from clay, such as pottery. A
traditional example would be earthenware pottery (terracotta), which is the result of baking
or “firing” clay in a kiln at low temperatures — a cool 870ºC (maximum), compared to more
than 1,250 ºC for porcelain tiles.
In the modern world, technological advancements have expanded the term’s definition.
Today, materials called “advanced ceramics” are used to make everything from medical
implants to refrigerator magnets and, indeed, tiles for building construction.
The ceramic tiles themselves are generally made from a mixture of water, sand, and clay (red,
brown or white). According to patterns applied during the fired, they can have different
aspects and finished. Spaces between the tiles, known as “grout” (joints) are filled with a
separate mixture of water, sand, and “cement” or epoxy.
There are 2 different main types of ceramic tiles to choose:
- Traditional (terracotta), and
- Current ceramic tiles:
- Unglazed, and
- Glazed
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Terracotta: One of the oldest clay
ceramic tiles is terracotta.
Terracotta translates from Italian as
"baked earth," and as a category of
ceramic tile, it refers to tiles
created from a particularly porous
and easily shaped clay with a high
iron content that gives the tiles
their characteristic reddish/brown
color.
Terracotta is fired at a relatively low
temperature, and its surface
remains quite porous unless it´s
glazed.
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Current ceramic tiles are
waterproof, which makes them a
natural fit for any bathroom or
shower stall. Since they are non-
absorbent and easy to clean, tiles
are also popular in kitchens, where
you might find them in eye-
catching backsplash arrangements.
When properly treated and
maintained, ceramic tile is also
tough enough for outdoor use,
with applications for patios, decks,
lanais, and other enclosures or
courtyards.
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Types of Discontinuous Floorings Porcelain Tiles
Porcelain tiles: Very similar than ceramics.
However, porcelain tiles are made using very
specific clay, with finely-ground sand and feldspar
added to the mixture. The tiles are fired at a
higher temperature than ceramic, this helps to
make porcelain tiles super hardwearing.
Ceramic vs Porcelain:
Porcelain tiles are available in different types:
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Types of Discontinuous Floorings: Porcelain Tiles
According to the finishing or surface look:
− Unglazed, also called as matte
− Glazed, or gloss
− Polished and semi-polished
− Marble tile, polished too looking like a natural marble.
− Textured
According to digitally printed on the finished face:
− Without digitally printed
− With digitally printed
According to the press process used to make them:
− Standard colored body. The colored finished is added
− Full body. The full piece is colored
− Multiple loading, as a sandwich with two pressed process.
− Twin pressed, only one layer made using two pressed process.
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Types of Discontinuous Floorings Porcelain Tiles
Porcelain stoneware is a very compacted and resistant material without any
glues or resins to compact tiles. To make the material even and compact, it is
mechanically so pressed and vitrified at high temperatures.
Its composition does not differ from that of vitreous China (used in manufacturing
sanitaryware and crockery). This is the reason of its elegance.
Therefore, it´s a completely impervious material and with high mechanical features
such as chemical- and frost-resistance, impact strength and scratch hardness.
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Types of Discontinuous Floorings Cement-based Tiles
Hydraulic tiles are tiles produced entirely by hand
with cement-based raw materials. It is a
hydraulically pressed under high-pressure tile,
with one or more layers as a sandwich. They´re
usually called Spanish Tiles insofar they were
invented over there.
Cement-based tiles: There´re two main types: Hydraulic and Terrazzo
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Types of Discontinuous Floorings Cement-based Tiles
Cement-based tiles: There´re two main types: Hydraulic and Terrazzo
Terrazzo is a flooring material
traditionally made by exposing
marble chips on the surface of
concrete and then polishing until
smooth.
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Types of Discontinuous Floorings Wooden & Timber Flooring
There´re 3 main types of
Wooden & Timber Flooring:
1. Solid Hardwood
2. Engineering Wood, and
3. Laminate/Composite Wood
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Javier PALM
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Solid hardwood plank flooring is literally constructed of a solid plank of lumber that is
milled to a uniform thickness and width.
Each solid hardwood board is made from a single piece of wood, typically 18-20 mm. thick. It
is usually fitted using tongue-and-groove. All types of wood have a hardness score, which
indicates how easily they can be damaged, dented or worn by everyday wear and tear. Solid
wood flooring can be sanded back to restore the finish – the number of times you can do this
is determined by how deep the tongue is set from the top of the board.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Engineered Wood Flooring:
Each engineered wood floor-board
consists of three or four layers of
wood, glued together to create a
plank around 14 mm. thick. It has a
real-wood veneer of around 4 mm.
thick on top, which means it can be
sanded back and treated to restore
the original finish if it becomes
scuffed, worn or damaged. It's
sometimes available with a 'click-
and-lock' installation, which doesn't
require any adhesive. Tongue-and-
groove versions will need to be
glued into place.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
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Laminate or Composite Wood Flooring is a compressed fiber-board plank, covered with a
photographic image of wood with a protective overlay.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Cork tiles
A cork tile is a product made from the bark of the Cork Oak
tree (it´s a Mediterranean tree), a material which is ground,
processed into sheets and baked in a kiln to produce tiles
that serve as flooring for buildings.
Quercus suber
(Cork Oak)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
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Types of Discontinuous Floorings Synthetic Tiles
Until now, the raw material used for tile manufacturing has had a natural origin. Now,
synthetic materials are made from chemicals or artificial substances rather than
from natural ones. The most important synthetic tiles & planks are those made with
plastic, rubber and linoleum. The most of them are self-adhesive or don-t need a
fixing material insofar are just placed.
Rubber Tiles
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Javier PALM
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Rubber Tiles
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Javier PALM
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Linoleum tiles & planks (resilient flooring) know as Lino flooring
It´s a floor covering made
from materials such as
solidified linseed oil
(linoxyn), pine rosin, ground
cork dust, wood flour, and
mineral fillers such as
calcium carbonate, most
commonly on a burlap or
canvas backing; pigments
are often added to the
materials. Therefore, it
could be manufactured from
renewable. Linoleum comes
in a wide variety of colors,
patterns and designs. It's
recyclable and
biodegradable, and it can be
repaired if damaged.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Plastic: polypropylene and PVC (vinyl) tiles & planks
They are made in individual pieces to produce various patterns and designs while
plastic sheet is installed as a solid piece.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Plastic tiles & planks
Synthetic Tiles
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Javier PALM
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Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Discontinuous Floorings Glass Flooring
Glass Flooring – Structural Glass Floor – Glassing frame – Glass framed
They are made with transparent laminated glass when it is useful to view something from
above or below; whereas translucent glass is used when there is no need to view through.
In either case, toughened glass is usually chosen, for its durability and resistance to
breakage, commonly a triple laminated glass with different thickness.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Glass Flooring
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Javier PALM
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Bibliography 1/3
ALI, Manolia A. (2015), “Floor and Walls Finishes”, In: Advances Building Materials Course: Al-Mustansiriya University
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/5/5_2019_04_10!11_02_32_AM.pdf
BOLLINGER, Don (1990), Hardwood Floors: Laying, Sanding, and Finishing: Taunton Press. ISBN-13: 978-0942391626.
BRICOFLOR (2020), Laying Self-adhesive Vinyl Floors on Tiles: Bricoflor Ltd.
https://www.bricoflor.co.uk/blog/laying-self-adhesive-vinyl-floors-on-tiles-tips-tricks/
CORNELIUS (2018), Different Types of Flooring in Construction: Engineering Basic.
https://engineeringbasic.com/different-types-of-flooring-in-construction/#8_TIMBER_FLOORING
COUNTERTOPSPECIALIST (2020), What Is Natural Stone Flooring?, Types, Pros & Cons, Cleaning, Costs: Countertopspeciality.com
https://www.countertopspecialty.com/what-is-natural-stone-flooring.html
DHULE, Jitesh (2017), Flooring: Slideshare. https://es.slideshare.net/JiteshDhule/flooring-79932914
ELOTTOL, Raed M. A. (2018), Ceramic Tiles: Ceramic Tile Forum. Advameg, Inc.
http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/relottol/files/Lecture-No.-12.-Ceramic-Tiles.pdf
FLEMING, Peter (1997), Builder's Guide to Floors: McGraw-Hill: ISBN-13: 978-0070218987.
GARDNER, Frank (2000), Practical Guide to Paving: Murdoch Books UK. ISBN-13: 978-1853918803.
GREENBERG, Samuel (2020), Types of Flooring Made Simple: The Complete 2021 Flooring Stores,
Inc. https://www.flooringstores.com/blog/types-of-flooring/
ISOLGAMMA (2021), Rubber Flooring: Isolgomma SRL.
https://www.isolgomma.com/downloads/Cataloghi/EN/Isolgomma-Cat-Flooring-EN.pdf
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
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Bibliography 2/3
JEFFREIS, Dennis (2004), The Flooring Handbook: the complete guide to choosing and installing floors: Firefly
Books. ISBN-13: 978-1552977538.
LEWITIN, Joseph; BREWE, Johnathan and ESTEP, Emily (2020), Self-Adhesive Vinyl Floor Tiles Review: Pros &
Cons: The Spruce – Dotdash. https://www.thespruce.com/self-adhesive-vinyl-tiles-1314720
MAHAJA, Bhushan (2021), PVC Vinyl Flooring: Civiconcepts. https://civiconcepts.com/blog/pvc-flooring
MAHAJA, Bhushan (2021), What Is Resilient Flooring and Its Types: Civiconcepts.
https://civiconcepts.com/blog/resilient-flooring
ORENTAS, Geraldine and ALLEN, Samantha (2021), The Pros and Cons of Stone Flooring: Forbes Advisor.
https://www.forbes.com/advisor/home-improvement/pros-cons-of-stone-flooring/
ORTHO & JOHNSTON, Larry (2002), All About Floors and Flooring: Ortho. ISBN-13: 978-0897214469.
PETERS, Rick (2000), Flooring Basics: Sterling. ISBN-13: 978-0806958972.
CRIMMEL, Sukita R. and THOMSON, James (2014), Earthen Floors: A Modern Approach to an Ancient Practice:
New Society Publishers. ISBN-13: 978-0865717633.
REHAB (1999), The REHAB Guide: Partitions, Ceilings, Floors and Stairs: U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research. Steven Winter Associates, Inc.
Building Systems Consultants Norwalk, CT. https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/part.pdf
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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Bibliography 3/3
SAUTYA, Malay (2021), 18 Different Types of Flooring Used in Buildings: Civil Engineering.
https://civilnoteppt.com/18-types-of-flooring/
SEDACOR (2021), The New Concept of Cork Flooring: Divina Corkoleum, Sociedade Exportadora de Artigos de Cortiça, Lda. (SEDACOR).
http://www.divinacorkoleum.com/wp-content/themes/corkoleum/downloads/DivinaCorkoleum_Catalog_EN.pdf
SINGH, Praditi (2015), Timber flooring: Slideshare.
https://es.slideshare.net/dontgiveafiddlestick/timber-flooring-47421893
SPECTRACF (2016), The Beginner’s Guide to Flooring Products: Spectra Contract Flooring.
https://www.spectracf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/product-guide-v3.pdf
SRIDAR, Amal (2016), Wooden flooring: Slideshare.
https://es.slideshare.net/Amalsridar/wooden-flooring-67554391
STRATOSPHERE (2021), 11 Different Types of Flooring Explained (Definitive Guide): Home Stratosphere.
https://www.homestratosphere.com/flooring-types/
THE CONSTRUCTOR (2009, Types of Flooring Materials and Their Applications in Building Construction: The Constructor Building Ideas.
https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-flooring-materials-uses-building/16992/
WILHIDE, Elizabeth and BOURNE, Henry (2005), Flooring: The Essential Source Book for Planning, Selecting, and Restoring Floors: Ryland
Peters & Small. ISBN-13: 978-1841729985.
https://read-download-
books.com/v6/preview/?pid=6&offer_id=26&ref_id=7cf4205bfd851ec85e3627909a738ba0_d6f94b5a_c28f910b&sub1=64d0klfu&keyword=flo
oring%20the%20essential%20source%20book%20for%20planning%20selecting%20and%20restoring
YAETES, Sandy (2020), Stone Flooring & Paving Users Guide: Bellstone & Slate Pty Ltd.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56220c75e4b06d615c91775b/t/578ade62ebbd1a6a910277e4/1468718693170/Stone_Flooring_and_P
aving_Users_Guide.pdf
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

‫ﺷﻛﺭﺍ‬
Gracias
Thanks
Danke
Obrigado
Merci
謝謝
Благодарю вас
eskerrik asko
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

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