Architectural Environmental Control part 3.pdf

Architectural Environmental Control
Part 3/3
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD. (Hons)
Assit. Prof. Department of Architecture, CADD, Dar al Uloom University, KSA
●
2022-MMXXII
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Index – Content
Introduction: What sustainability means?: The Green Architecture
Environmental Certification for Buildings
Sustainable Sites
Sustainable Transport
Water Saving
Energy and Atmosphere
Matarials & Sustainable Resources
Indoor Air Quality
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Lecture Class no. 14
Materials & Resources
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4. Materials and Resources
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• The construction and operation of buildings are among the largest
consumers of materials and waste generators
• Building constructions produces 40% of our total solid waste
Where does urban waste come from?
- Household or domestic
- Commercial
- Health cares and Hospitals
- Building construction – the biggest (40%).
- Industry - Factories
4. Materials and Resources (MR)
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What materials are used, where they come from, how they are made, and how they are
disposed of are instrumental in determining how green a project is. Using more green
materials, including renewable materials, recycled materials, and natural materials, is good
for the building occupants and the environment. LEED shifts the focus a bit, providing
credits for using materials that have published Life Cycle Assessments and Environmental
Product Declarations.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) looks at the
environmental impacts of a building
material over the entire life of the
material, from extraction to
disposal. LCA attempts to quantify these
impacts for the purpose of comparing
materials or buildings.
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4. Materials & Resources
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What LCA is measured?
LCA is a scientific study of the environmental inputs and outputs to a building material,
product, or a whole building throughout its life. Several environmental effects are
studied in each assessment, including:
• Use of fossil fuels
• Use of non-renewable resources
• Water use
• Global warming potential
• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Ground level ozone (smog) creation
• Effect on water bodies and organisms
• Acidification and acid deposition
• Toxic releases to air, water and land
Some of these effects cannot be exactly quantified for a specific unit of material, so
estimates are used. The importance of LCA is not necessarily in the quantification of
specific environmental effects, but in the comparison of products and assemblies.
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Environmental Product Declarations
(EPDs) are the present and future of
green building. They allow
stakeholders to accurately assess the
environmental impacts of the
materials and equipment that go into
their buildings. EPDs are often called
the equivalent of nutrition labels for
the built industry.
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Storage and Collection of Recyclables
Requirements: Provide an easily-accessible dedicated area or areas
for the collection and storage of materials for recycling for the entire
building. Materials must include, at a minimum: organic matter,
paper and corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics and metals.
4. Materials and Resources
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Designate an area for recyclable collection and storage that
is appropriately sized and located in a convenient area.
Identify local waste handlers and buyers for:
Dry Wastes:
1. Glass
2. Plastics
3. Metals
4. Papers (office papers and newspapers)
5. Corrugated cardboards
Organic waste – WET
Others: as batteries, mercury-containing lamps,
and electronic waste.
Steps:
A. Instruct building occupants on recycling procedures.
B. Different waste storage. Separation as sources.
C. Design rooms for waste storage with easy access from outside.
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https://www.zerowastedesign.org/02-building-design/a-residential-building-context/
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Building Reuse
(for reforms, restores and rehabilitations of existing buildings).
To extend the lifecycle of existing building stock, conserve resources, retain cultural resources, reduce waste and reduce environmental
impacts of new buildings as they relate to materials manufacturing and transport.
“Maintain Existing Walls, Floors and Roof & Maintain Interior Non-structural Elements”
What to do?:
- Maintain the existing building structure (including structural floor & roof decking) and envelope (the exterior skin and
framing, excluding window assemblies and non-structural roofing material). The minimum percentage building reuse
could be 60% at least.
- Use existing interior nonstructural elements (e.g., interior walls, doors, floor coverings and ceiling systems) in at least
60% (by area) of the completed building.
Hazardous materials that are remediated as a part of the project should be excluded from the calculation.
How to do it: Consider reusing existing, previously-occupied building structures, envelopes and elements. Remove
elements that pose a contamination risk to building occupants and upgrade components that would improve energy and
water efficiency such as windows, mechanical systems and plumbing fixtures.
Consider reusing existing building structures, envelopes and interior nonstructural elements. Remove elements that pose
a contamination risk to building occupants, and upgrade components that would improve energy and water efficiency
such as windows, mechanical systems and plumbing fixtures.
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Regional Materials
To increase demand for building materials and products that are extracted and manufactured within the
region, thereby supporting the use of indigenous resources and reducing the environmental impacts
resulting from transportation.
What to do?: Use building materials or products that have been extracted, harvested or
recovered, as well as manufactured, within 800 km. of the project site for a minimum of 20%,
based on cost, of the total materials value. If only a fraction of a product or material is extracted,
harvested, or recovered and manufactured locally, then only that percentage (by weight) can
contribute to the regional value.
MEP components and specialty items such as elevators and equipment must not be included in
this calculation. Include only materials permanently installed in the project.
How to do it: Establish a project goal for locally sourced materials, and identify materials and
material suppliers that can achieve this goal. During construction, ensure that the specified local
materials are installed, and quantify the total percentage of local materials installed. Consider a
range of environmental, economic and performance attributes when selecting products and
materials.
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Regional Materials
Radius = 800 Km. from the site
building construction
It depends how the material was
transported (airplane, boat,
truck, train, etc.) to the site.
Therefore, that radius could be
increased or decreased.
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Rapidly Renewable Materials
Use rapidly renewable building materials and products for 5% of the TOTAL COST VALUE of all
building materials and products used in the project (based on cost).
Rapidly renewable building materials and products are made from plants that are typically
harvested within a 10-year or shorter cycle.
Consider materials such as bamboo, cotton insulation, agrifiber, linoleum, wheat-board,
straw-board, cork, etc. During construction, ensure that the specified renewable materials
are installed. As animal materials, there is only the wool.
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Straw-bale Construction
Rapidly Renewable Materials
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FSC Logo
Certified Wood
To encourage environmentally responsible forest management.
Requirements: Use a minimum of 50% (based on cost) of wood-based
materials and products that are certified in accordance with the Forest
Stewardship Council’s (FSC) principles and criteria, for wood building
components.
These components include at a minimum, structural framing and
general dimensional framing, flooring, sub-flooring, wood doors and
finishes.
Include only materials permanently installed in the project and
furniture too.
Potential Technologies & Strategies: Establish a project goal for FSC-
certified wood products and identify suppliers that can achieve this
goal. During construction, ensure that the FSC-certified wood products
are installed and quantify the total percentage of FSC certified wood
products installed.
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Certified Wood
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Lecture Class no. 15
Indoor Environmental Quality
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5. Indoor Environmental Quality
Ventilation
VOCs
Lighting Controls
Thermal comfort
controls
Monitoring of
CO₂
Natural light
Views
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Main Environmental Impacts
from Buildings
• Indoor air is 2 to 5 times more
polluted than outdoor air
• We spend 90% of our time indoors
• Many materials release toxins
called VOCs (Volatile Organic
Compounds)
• Asthma is the most common
chronic childhood disease.
• The construction and operation of
buildings are among the largest
consumers of materials and waste
generators
• Building constructions produces
40% of our solid waste
Volatile Organic Compounds, VOC
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The Indoor Environmental Quality category rewards
decisions made by project teams about indoor air quality
and thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort. Green buildings
with good indoor environmental quality protect the health
and comfort of building occupants. High-quality indoor
environments also enhance productivity, decrease
absenteeism, improve the building’s value, and reduce
liability for building designers and owners. This category
addresses the myriad design strategies and environmental
factors—air quality, lighting quality, control over one’s
surroundings—that influence the way people learn, work,
and live.
Volatile Organic Compounds, VOC
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ET S) Control
Why?: To prevent or minimize exposure of building occupants, indoor surfaces and
ventilation air distribution systems to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
What to do?
CASE 1. All Projects
OPTION 1: Prohibit smoking in the building. Prohibit on-property smoking within 8 meters of entries, outdoor air intakes and
operable windows. Provide signage to allow smoking in designated areas, prohibit smoking in designated areas or prohibit
smoking on the entire property.
OR
OPTION 2: Prohibit smoking in the building except in designated smoking areas. Prohibit on-property smoking within 8 meters
of entries, outdoor air intakes and operable windows.
Provide signage to allow smoking in designated areas, prohibit smoking in designated areas or prohibit smoking on the entire
property.
Provide designated smoking rooms designed to contain, capture and remove ETS from the building. At a minimum, the smoking
room must be directly exhausted to the outdoors, away from air intakes and building entry paths, with no recirculation of ETS-
containing air to nonsmoking areas and enclosed with impermeable deck-to-deck partitions. Operate exhaust sufficient to create
a negative pressure differential with the surrounding spaces of at least an average of 5 Pascals (Pa) and a minimum of 1 Pa when
the doors to the smoking rooms are closed.
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control
Requirements
CASE 2. Residential and Hospitality Projects Only:
Prohibit smoking in all common areas of the building.
Locate any exterior designated smoking areas, including balconies where smoking is permitted, at least 8 meters
from entries, outdoor air intakes and operable windows opening to common areas.
Prohibit on-property smoking within 8 meters of entries, outdoor air intakes and operable windows.
Provide signage to allow smoking in designated areas, prohibit smoking in designated areas or prohibit smoking on
the entire property.
Weather-strip all exterior doors and operable windows in the residential units to minimize leakage from outdoors.
Minimize uncontrolled pathways for ETS transfer between individual residential units by sealing penetrations in
walls, ceilings and floors in the residential units and by sealing vertical chases adjacent to the units. Weather-strip all
doors in the residential units leading to common hallways to minimize air leakage into the Hallway.
Potential Technologies & Strategies: Prohibit smoking in commercial buildings or effectively control the
ventilation air in smoking rooms. For residential buildings, prohibit smoking in common areas and design building
envelope and systems to minimize ETS transfer among dwelling units.
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control
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Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
To provide capacity for ventilation system monitoring to help promote occupant comfort and well-being.
What to do?: Install permanent monitoring systems to ensure that ventilation systems maintain design minimum requirements.
Configure all monitoring equipment to generate an alarm when airflow values or carbon dioxide (CO2) levels vary by
10% or more from the design values via either a building automation system alarm to the building operator or a visual or audible
alert to the building occupants
AND
CASE 1. Mechanically Ventilated Spaces: Monitor CO2 concentrations within all densely occupied spaces (those with a design
occupant density of 25 people or more per 330 m²). CO2 monitors must be between 1 and 3 metros above the floor.
Provide a direct outdoor airflow measurement device capable of measuring the minimum outdoor air intake flow with an
accuracy of plus or minus 15% of the design minimum outdoor air rate, as defined by International Standard, or local, for
mechanical ventilation systems where 20% or more of the design supply airflow serves non-densely occupied spaces.
CASE 2. Naturally Ventilated Spaces: Monitor CO2 concentrations within all naturally ventilated spaces. CO2 monitors must be
between 1 and 3 metros above the floor.
How to do it: Install CO2 and airflow measurement equipment and feed the information to the heating, ventilating and air
conditioning (HVAC) system and/or building automation system (BAS) to trigger corrective action, if applicable.
If such automatic controls are not feasible with the building systems, use the measurement equipment to trigger alarms that
inform building operators or occupants of a possible deficiency in outdoor air delivery.
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Increased Ventilation
To provide additional outdoor air ventilation to improve indoor air quality and promote occupant comfort, well-being and
productivity.
General and Mandatory Requirements: Meet the minimum requirements of ASHRAE/EN Standard about
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, if there´s not suitable local standards.
CASE 1. Mechanically Ventilated Spaces: Mechanical ventilation systems must be designed using the
ventilation rate procedure or the applicable local code, whichever is more stringent.
CASE 2. Naturally Ventilated Spaces: Naturally ventilated buildings must comply ASHRAE/EN Standard, if
there´s not suitable local standards.
Specific Requirements:
CASE 1. Mechanically Ventilated Spaces: Increase breathing zone outdoor air ventilation rates to all
occupied spaces by at least 30% above the minimum rates required by ASHRAE/EN Standard, or local.
CASE 2. Naturally Ventilated Spaces: Design natural ventilation systems for occupied spaces to meet the
recommendations in the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), or similar, in
Nondomestic Buildings.
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Low-Emitting Materials
To reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants.
Adhesives and Sealants - Paints and Coatings - Flooring Systems - Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products
What to do?
All adhesives and sealants used on the interior of the building (i.e., inside of the weatherproofing system and applied on-site) must comply
with a quality standard requirements with international prestige.
Aerosol Adhesives must comply with a quality standard requirements with international prestige.
Paints and coatings used on the interior of the building (i.e., inside of the weatherproofing system and applied onsite) must comply with the
following criteria as applicable to the project scope:
- Architectural paints and coatings applied to interior walls and ceilings must not exceed the volatile organic compound (VOC) content limits
established in a quality standard requirements with international prestige.
- Anti-corrosive and anti-rust paints applied to interior ferrous metal substrates must not exceed the VOC content limit of 250 g/L
- Clear wood finishes, floor coatings, stains, primers, and shellacs applied to interior elements must not exceed the VOC content limits
All flooring elements installed in the building interior must meet the testing and product requirements of a quality standard requirements
with international prestige for the Testing of Volatile Organic Emissions.
How to do it: Specify low-VOC materials in construction documents. Ensure that VOC limits are clearly stated in each section of the
specifications where adhesives and sealants are addressed. Common products to evaluate include general construction adhesives, flooring
adhesives, fire-stopping sealants, caulking, duct sealants, plumbing adhesives and cove base adhesives. Review product cut sheets, material
safety data (MSD) sheets, signed attestations or other official literature from the manufacturer clearly identifying the VOC contents or
compliance with referenced standards.
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Indoor Air Quality
Human Being Thermal Comfort
To provide a high level of thermal comfort system control by individual occupants or groups in multi-occupant spaces
(e.g., classrooms or conference areas) and promote their productivity, comfort and well-being.
To provide a comfortable thermal environment that promotes occupant productivity and well-being.
To provide for the assessment of building occupant thermal comfort over time.
What to do?: Provide individual comfort controls for 50% (minimum) of the building occupants to enable
adjustments to meet individual needs and preferences. Provide comfort system controls for all shared multi-
occupant spaces to enable adjustments that meet group needs and preferences.
Operable windows may be used in lieu of controls for occupants. The areas of operable window must meet the
requirements of ASHRAE/EN about Natural Ventilation, if there´s not a local standard.
Conditions for thermal comfort are described in ASHRAE/EN, or local, Standard and include the primary factors
of air temperature, radiant temperature, air speed and humidity.
Design heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and the building envelope to meet the
requirements of ASHRAE/EN, or local, Standard about Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy.
Provide a permanent monitoring system to ensure that building performance meets the desired comfort
criteria.
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Bibliography 1 TEXTBOOKS AND SIMILAR
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN (GENERAL):
ALSHENAIFI, M. A. (2015), High Performance Homes in Saudi Arabia (Revised Passivhaus Principles for Hot and Arid Climates), Master
Thesis to the Faculty of Philadelphia University, USA.
http://www.philau.edu/sustainability/inc/documents/theses/MohammadAlshenaifiFinalThesis.pdf
ANDERSON, W. (2009), Homes for a Changing Climate Adapting Our Homes and Communities to Cope with the Climate of the 21st
Century, Green Books - UIT Cambridge Ltd., Cambridge, UK, ISBN:
978-190032247-8
BORGES, S.; EHMANN, S. & KLANTEN, R. (2014), Building Better. Sustainable Architecture for Family Homes, Gestalten Books, Berlin, GER,
SBN-13: 978-389955512-7
BOVILL, C. (2014), Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design, Routledge, Oxford, UK, ISBN: 978-131793226-0.
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BRADBURY, D. (2011), New Natural Home: Designs for Sustainable Living, Thames & Hudson Publishers (T&H), London, UK, ISBN: 978-
050051561-7
CONRAN, T. (2012), Eco House Book, Conran Octopus Ltd. (Octopus Publishing Group), London, UK, ISBN: 978-184091602-7
COOK, M. & GARRETT, D. (2014), Green Home Building: Money-Saving Strategies for An Affordable, Helathy, High-Performance Home,
New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island (BC), CAN, ISBN: 978- 155092573-9.
DREXLER, H. & EL KHOULI, S. (2012), Sustainable by Design: Methods for Holistic Housing, Basics, Strategies, Projects, Birkhäuser, Basel,
SWI. ISBN: 978-303460768-1.
FRIEDMAN, A. (2015), Sustainable: Houses with Small Footprint, Random House (Penguin Random House LLC.), London, UK,
ISBN: 978-084784372-5.
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Bibliography 2
FRUMKIN, H. (2016), Environmental Health: From Global to Local, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Josey- Bass, A Wiley Brand, San Francisco (CA),
USA, ISBN: 978-111898476-5.
HANINGTON, B. (2017), Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Design, Thumbnail & Routledge, Oxford, UK, ISBN: 978-113891017-1
IYENGAR, K. (2015), Sustainable Architectural Design: An Overview, Routledge, Oxford, UK, ISBN: 978-131763627-4.
JOHNSTON, D. & GIBSON, S. (2008), Green from the Ground Up: Sustainable, Healthy, and Energy- Efficient Home Construction (Builder’s
Guide Series), The Taunton Press Inc., New Town (CT), USA, ISBN: 978-156158973-9.
LERUM, V. (2015), Sustainable Building Design: Learning from Nineteenth Century Innovations, Routledge, Oxford, UK,
ISBN: 9781317566441.
MACDONALD, D.: SUZUKI, E. & MEHTA, G. (2016), Eco Living Japan: Sustainable Ideas for Living Green, Tuttle Publishing, North Clarendon
(VT), USA, ISBN: 9784805312834.
OLGYAY, Victor (2015) Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism, New Edition, Princeton University Press,
ISBN: 978-0691169736.
WINES, J. (2000), Green Architecture (Architecture & Design), Taschen Books, Cologne, GER, ISBN: 978-382286303-9
WINCHIP, S. M. (2011), Sustainable Design for Interior Environments, Fairchild Publications, London, UK, ISBN: 978-160901081-2
ZAMORA MOLA, F. (2014), 150 Best Sustainable House Ideas, Harper Design & Happer-Collins Publishers, New York City (NY), USA,
ISBN: 978-006231549-6
ZEIGER, M. (2011), Micro Green: Tiny Houses in Nature, Rizzoli International Publications, New York City (NY), USA. ISBN: 978-084783583-6.
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Bibliography 3 SUSTAINABLE SITES:
CALKINS, M. (2011), The Sustainable Sites Handbook: A Complete Guide to the Principles, Strategies, and Best Practices for Sustainable
Landscapes, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken (NJ), USA. ISBN: 978-047064355-6.
SCHWARTS, M. & WAUGH, E. (2011), Recycling Spaces: Curating Urban Evolution, ORO Editions, Novato (CA), USA, ISBN: 978-193593503-2.
WATER EFFICIENT & SAVING:
ALLEN, L. (2017), The Water-Wise Home: How to Conserve, Capture, and Reuse Water in your Home and Landscape, Storey Press, North
Adams (MA), USA, ISBN: 978-161212169-7.
WOELFLE-ERSKINE, C. & UNCAPHER, A. (2012), Creating Rain Gardens: Capturing the Rain for Your Own Water-Efficient Garden, Timber
Press, Portland (OR), USA, ISBN: 978-160469397-3.
http://www.mostbooks.download/creating-rain-gardens-capturing-the-rain-for-you.html
ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING:
BENYA, J. R.; LEBAN, D. J. & WARREN, W. L. (2011), Lighting Retrofit and Relighting: A Guide to Energy Efficient Lighting, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New Jersey (NY), USA, ISBN: 978-047056841-5.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AND ATMOSPHERE:
ALRASHED, F. & ASIF, M. (2012). “Challenges Facing the Application of Zero-Energy Homes in Saudi Arabia: Construction Industry and User
Perspective”, In: ZEMCH 2012 International Conference, Glasgow, GBR.
MACLAY, B. (2014), The New Net Zero: Leading-edge Design and Construction of Homes and Buildings for a Renewable Energy Future,
Chelsea Green Publishing, White River Junction (VT), USA, ISBN: 978-160358448-7.
REEDER. L. (2016), Net Zero Energy Buildings: Case Studies and Lessons Learned, Routledge, Oxford, UK, ISBN: 978-131728998-2.
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Bibliography 4
ENVIRONMENTAL AND EFFICIENT DESIGN CERTIFICATIONS:
BRE (2011), Passivhaus Primer: Introduction & Designer's Guide & Certification Criteria, PassivHaus Institut & UK
Building Research Establishment (BRE) Ltd. http://www.passivhaus.org.uk/podpage.jsp?id=72
BREAM (2017), BREAM Manual 2016, bream & UK Building Research Establishment (BRE) Ltd.
http://www.breeam.com/filelibrary/BREEAM%20UK%20NC%202014%20Resources/SD5076_DRAFT_BREEAM_UK_New_
Construction_2014_Technical_Manual_ISSUE_0.1.pdf
COTTREL, M. (2011), Guidebook to the LEED Certification Process: For LEED for New Construction, LEED for Core and
Shell, and LEED for Commercial Interiors, LEED and John Wiley & Sons Inc. Hoboken (NJ), USA, ISBN: 978-0-470-524183.
MONTOYA, M. (2011), Green Building Fundamentals: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Applying Fundamental
Sustainable Construction Practices and the LEED Green Building Rating System (2nd edition), Prentice Hall (Pearson
PLC.), London, UK, ISBN: 978-013511108-6.
USGBC (2007), LEED v.4 for Building Design and Construction, US Green Building Council.
http://greenguard.org/uploads/images/LEEDv4forBuildingDesignandConstructionBallotVersion.pdf
GOTTSCHE, J. (2015), The Passivhaus Concept for the Arabian Peninsula – An energetic-economical evaluation
considering the thermal comfort, Qatar Green Building Conference 2015, Doha, QTR.
http://www.qscience.com/doi/pdf/10.5339/qproc.2015.qgbc.38
COTTERELL, J. & DADEBY, A. (2012), Passivhaus Handbook, Green Books - UIT Cambridge Ltd., Cambridge, UK,
ISBN: 978-085784019-6
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Bibliography 5 CONSTRUCTIVE SYSTEMS, MATERIALS AND RESOURCES:
MCINTYRE, L. & SNODGRASS, E. C. (2010), The Green Roof Manual: A Professional Guide to Design, Installation, and
Maintenance, Timber Press, Portland (OR), USA, ISBN: 9781604692570.
https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=tJE6AwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Edmund+C.+Snodgrass%
22&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiaweKXpbbWAhWTzRoKHV4BBcQ6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
SPIEGEL, R. & MEADOWS, D. (2010), Green Building Materials: A Guide to Product Selection and Specification, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City (NY), USA, ISBN: 978-047053804--3
SYED, A. (2012), Advanced Building Technologies for Sustainability, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken (NJ), USA,
ISBN: 978-0470546031.
ALLWOOD, J. & CULLEN, J. M. (2012), Sustainable Materials - With Both Eyes Open (Without the Hot Air), UIT
Cambridge Ltd.; Cambridge, UK. ISBN: 978-1906860073.
INDOOR ENVIRONMENT QUALITY:
MARONI, M.; SEIFERT, B. & LINDVALL, T. (1995), Indoor Air Quality: A Comprehensive Reference Book (Air Quality
Monographs, Vol. 3), Elsevier, UK. ISBN: 978-0444816429.
EPA (2017), Care for Your Air: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality, US Environmental Protection Agency US EPA.
https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/care-your-air-guide-indoor-air-quality
WHO (2009), WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), New York
City (NY), USA. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/128169/e94535.pdf
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Bibliography 6 INTERNET SOURCES
RAINFALL & RUN-OFF: SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS): A Guide for Developers, UK Environmental Agency, Bristol, UK.
http://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/12399/suds_a5_booklet_final_080408.pdf
Handbook on Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems, European Union (UE).
http://drainforlife.eu/attachments/article/64/DFL%20SUDS%20Handbook%20final.pdf
Sustainable Drainage Systems, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), UK.
https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/SuDS_report_final_tcm9-338064.pdf
THE HEAT ISLAND EFFECT, AND REDUCING STRATEGIES
Guidelines to Selecting Cool Roofs, US Department of Energy. https://heatisland.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/coolroofguide_0.pdf
A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements, Global Cool Cities Alliance.
https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Full.pdf
Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies Cool Roofs, US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-06/documents/coolroofscompendium.pdf
Everything You Need to Know About Cool Roofing, Cool Roof Rating Council, USA.
http://designandbuildwithmetal.com/docs/defaultsource/TechnicalArticles/irepanel_everythingyouneedtoknowaboutcoolroofingforweb.pdf?s
fvrsn=0
Green Roofs: Restoring Urban. Landscapes One Roof at a Time, WSU. LID Workshop, 2010, by B. Taylor.
https://www.eiseverywhere.com/file_uploads/ed04e0c035bcf9b9acd5d648e3fde965_Greenroof_Design_and_Construction-BT.pdf
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Bibliography 7
THE HEAT ISLAND EFFECT, AND REDUCING STRATEGIES (CONTINUE)
A Guide to Green Roofs, Walls and Facades in Melbourne and Victoria, Australia, 2014, Department of
Environment and Primary Industry, State of Victoria, AUS.
http://www.growinggreenguide.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/growing_green_guide_ebook_130214
.pdf
Hot Cities, Cool Surfaces, David Fink & Climate Resolve 2014, US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
09/documents/4_hot_citycool_surfaces_david_fink_climate_resolve_los_angeles_ca.pdf
A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements, Global Cool Cities Alliance (GCCA).
https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Full.pdf
Reducing Urban Heat Island: Compendium of Strategies, US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-06/documents/basicscompendium.pdf
ENERGY SAVING & EFFICIENCY
Implementing Energy Efficiency in Buildings: A compendium of experience from across the world,
International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Buildings (ICEEB 2015), New Delhi, IND.
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/ICEEB%202015_Compendium.pdf
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Bibliography 8 GREEN VEHICLES
Model Year 2021 EPA Green Vehicles Guide, US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), USA.
https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/EPAGreenGuide/pdf/all_alpha_21.pdf
Model Year 2021 Vehicles Fuel Economy Guide, US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA).
https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/pdfs/guides/FEG2021.pdf
Worldwide Emissions Standards: Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles, Delphi Automotive LLP. (Innovation for a Real
World, 2019/2020).
https://www.delphi.com/sites/default/files/2019-05/2019-2020%20Passenger%20Car%20&%20Light-
Duty%20Vehicles.pdf
INDOOR ENVIRONMENT QUALITY
What is Light Pollution? http://www.darkskiesawareness.org/files/LP%20cards_v17-04-09.pdf
Glossary of Volatile Organic Compounds. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/clusters/fallon/glossary-voc.pdf
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the Air. http://www.earthscienceindia.info/popular%20archival/pdf-74.pdf
Thermal Comfort. http://www.labeee.ufsc.br/antigo/arquivos/publicacoes/Thermal_Booklet.pdf
Indoor Environment Quality and Health.
http://www.tut.fi/cs/groups/public_news/@l102/@web/@p/documents/liit/x251743.pdf
Indoor Environment Quality Building design for a sustainable future, City of Wittlesea.
https://www.whittlesea.vic.gov.au/media/1809/sdapp-indoor-environment-qualityaccessible-pdf.
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‫ﺷﻛﺭﺍ‬
Gracias
Thanks
Danke
Grazie
Merci
謝謝
Благодарю вас
eskerrik asko
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