07 Opening - Doors & Windows.pdf

Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
Course: Building Construction
07 Doors & Windows
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio J. PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD (Hons)
Assit. Professor / Architecture / Dar Al Uloom University / KSA
2021/MMXXI
7. Doors and Windows
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

0. Introduction
00 Introduction to the Course
01 Soils and their Investigation
02 Building Foundations
03 Structures (simplified)
04 Floors
05 Walls (façades)
06 Water & Humidity Exclusion
07 Openings: doors & windows
08 Glazing
09 Vertical Transportation Systems
10 Flooring
11 Wall Coating and Cladding
12 Ceiling
13 Roofs
Course Index
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Doors & Windows
Openings
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

A Door is a movable barrier secured in
an opening, known as the doorway,
through a building wall or partition for
the purpose of providing access to the
inside of a building or rooms of a
building. A door is held in position by
doorframes, the members of which are
located at the sides and top of the
opening or doorway. Sills may or may
not be provided at the bottom of
doorways.
A Window is defined as an opening in a
wall of a building to serve one or more
of the functions like natural light,
natural ventilation and vision.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

DOORS
INDEX
7.1.1. Definition and Functions
7.1.2. Factors to be considered
7.1.3. Dimension (free hollow)
7.1.4. Technical terms - Components
7.1.5. Types of doors:
- Location…. Outdoors and Indoors
- How many leafs … one, two or more
- Placing of components.
- Method of construction.
- Working operations.
- Construction material used.
7.1.6. Door’s constructive Details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Doors: Definition and Functions
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

DOORS
Factors to be considered
- Strength and Stability
- Durability
- Cost – Price
- Easy for the maintenance
- Appearance, and
- If it is possible, environmental friendly material
Sometimes:
- Weather resistance (dry/wet, cold/hot, UV rays, pollution, insects, etc.)
- Air-tightness & thermal comfort
- Fire resistance
- Sound proofing
- Views – Transparent panels
- Over security – Reinforced doors
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

DOORS
Dimension
- Should have enough space to take required large objects to the
room.
- Minimum Widths (free inner hollow):
- Main doors – outdoor access: 120 cm.
- Main doors – indoor access: 100 cm.
- Secondary doors – indoor: 80 cm.
- Toilet cabinet: 70 cm.
- Handicap: at least 90 cm.
- Height (minimum free inner hollow): 200 cm.
225 x 225 cm. for car’s garages
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

DOORS
Technical
terms, and
Components
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

DOORS Hinges and Lock Sets – Metal – Steel
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

DOORS Hinges and Lock Sets – Metal, wood or plastic
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of doors use in Building Construction
There are different types of doors used in building works
classified based on:
- Location…. Outdoors and Indoors
- Method of construction.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Based on the arrangement of door components, the
doors are classified as following:
Battened and Ledged Doors: Battens
are vertical bonds which are having
grooves are attached together by
horizontal supports called ledges as
shown in below figure.
Battens and ledges have dimension of
100 to 200 mm. (width) and 20 to 30
mm. (thick).
Types of Doors based on Placing of Components:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Battened, Ledged and Braced Doors: To make
more rigid, braces are provided diagonally in
additional to battens and ledges as shown in
figure.
Braces are having 100-150 mm. width and 25-
30 mm. thickness are preferable.
Braces should place upwards from handing side,
then they acts as struts and take compression.
These type of doors can be used for wider
openings.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Battened, Ledged and Framed
Doors: For the simple battened
and ledged door, frame work is
provided in the form of two
verticals, known as stiles.
Stiles are generally 100 mm.
wide and as far as thickness is
concerned, the thickness of stile
should be equal to the
combined thickness of ledge
and batten. Preferably 40 mm.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Battened, Ledged, Braced
and Framed Doors: In this
type, the door made up of
battens, ledges, stiles and
braces. So, it is more rigid.
The braces are connected
diagonally between the
ledges, at about 40 mm.
from the stiles.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Doors based on Method of Construction:
Based on the method of construction, the doors are
again classified into 5 types and they are:
Framed and Panelled Door: They’re very strong and
give good appearance when compared to battened
doors. These are the widely used doors in almost all
types of buildings.
Stiles, vertical members and rails, horizontal
members are grooved along the inner edges of
frame to receive the panels.
The panels are made up of timber, wood board or
glass.
These doors may be single leaf for narrow openings
and double leaf for wider openings.
Minimum width of stile are 100 mm. and minimum
width of bottom and rails are 150 mm.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Glazed Doors are generally
provided in interior wall openings
or in hospitals, colleges etc.
The interior of room is visible
through glazed doors and light also
passes through glazed portion of
the door.
These may be fully glazed or partly
glazed and partly panelled. Glass
panels are provided for glazed
doors.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Flush Doors: In flush doors, a solid or semi-solid or core
portion is covered on both sides with plywood or face
veneer. Now a days these type of doors are widely used
because of good appearance, economic, ease of
construction and greater durability.
There are two types of Flushed doors:
- Solid Core or Laminated Core Flush Door
- Hollow core and cellular core flush door
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of doors
Solid Core or Laminated Core Flush
Door: The core part in solid core
flush door consists of core strips of
timber which are glued under high
pressure condition. Similarly in the
laminated core, battens of 25 mm.
width are glued under high pressure.
These doors consists of wooden
frame with stiles and rails for holding
the core.
Finally plywood sheets or face
veneer and cross-bands are glued
under pressure on both side of
doors.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Hollow core and cellular core flush door
In this case also stiles and rails are
provided for frame. But, a minimum of
two intermediate rails should be provided.
The inner space of door consists of equally
space battens of width 25 mm. each.
Other space is called void space which
does not exceed 40% of the area of door.
Here also face veneer and cross-bands are
glued under high pressure.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Flush Doors
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Louvered Doors:
The louvers permit natural ventilation when the door is closed and
also provide privacy in the room. They’re generally used for toilets.
Louvers are made up of timber or glass or plywood and these may be
either fixed or movable.
The door may be fully louvered are partly louvered.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Wire Gauged Doors
Wire gaged doors permits
natural ventilation and restrict
the entry of cats, rats, mice,
etc..
These doors are commonly
used in hotels, restaurants and
for cup boards containing
eatables.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Wire Gauged Doors
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

The doors are classified on the basis of working operations as:
Types of Doors based on Working Operations
Sliding Doors: In this type, with the help of runners and guide rails
the door slides to the sides. The door may have one or more sliding
shutter depending up on the opening available.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Hinged Doors:
These area the simplifier and easier technique.
It is mainly a swinging hurdle that will close the
entrance to a room or building or vehicle.
Swinging on a double hinge. it opens in either
direction as automated. Sometimes it can
swing open in both directions. Mostly, a
swinging door is made of steel, metal,
aluminum or solid MDF glass. It is especially
important to get the hand and swing correctly
as the transom is usually sloped and sealed.
Specifying an incorrect hand or swing can cause
the door to the blind. It can be reversed or a
normal swing. Nowadays, automatic swinging
doors are much in demand.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Hinged Doors:
Advantages of Swinging Doors
- People use swinging doors in laundry, saloon or
kitchen
- It is convenient
- gives a good impression.
- it's a great way to create privacy
- It saves energy than the other doors, in other
ways, it is energy efficient
- Such door swings closed by itself
Disadvantages of Swinging Doors
- If the door opens inward and there is an
accident inside, there can be a crush of people.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Bi-fold Doors (folding doors): These are nothing but a set of doors, which are hinged
together and fold into each other. The doors are generally installed on a track which
hangs from the top or the head of the opening. These doors are typically utilized for
locations such as utility room, kitchen and closets.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Accordion Doors: similar than bi-folding doors but for indoor spaces (smaller leafs), used to
save space.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

The doors are classified on the basis of working operations as:
Revolving Doors: These doors are only provided in public buildings like museums,
banks, libraries etc., because of constant visitors (traffic control). It is used to
control heating and air conditioning in a building, too. It is always open and
always closed, too.
Read more: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Revolving-
Door.html#ixzz5fynaHuZg
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Revolving Doors:
It consists mullion at its centre to
which four radiating shutters are
attached.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Doors based on
Working Operations
Double swinging Doors:
Now, the shutter is
attached to frame by
double action spring
which helps the shutter
to move inwards as well
as outwards.
It is useful when there is
a dense pedestrian
traffic, or it must be
quick.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Pivot Doors: This door turns on 2 metal rotates on the top and bottom of the door.
It’s a really stylish and simple-looking kind of door and it has no deals with. Its
minimalist style and structure make it best for modern-day and modern houses.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Collapsible Steel Doors: These are generally used for workshops, sheds, warehouses
etc. It acts like a steel curtain which will opened or closed by horizontal pull or push.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Rolling Steel Shutter Doors: These are commonly used for warehouses, garages,
shops etc.. These are very strong and offer proper safety to the property. The
door consists frame, drum and a shutter of thin steel plate inter locked together.
A horizontal shaft is provided in the drum which helps to open or close the
shutter.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Rolling Steel Shutter Doors
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Roller Doors, also called sectional overhead doors are generally utilized for garages
and storage facilities however they be an extremely trendy addition to a living-
room for instance. You can utilize a roller door to separate the interior home from
the deck or garden.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Types of Doors based on Materials:
Frames:
- Metal: steel, aluminum and iron
- Plastic: PVC
- Wood/Timber (classic)
- Fiber-glass plastic reinforced
- Concrete (sometimes)
- Stone (sometimes)
- Composite
Shutter:
- Metal: steel, aluminum and iron
- Plastic: PVC
- Wood/Timber
- Glass
- Composite
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

All of them could be glazed (glass panels):
- Wooden, or Timber Doors (these are already exposed in the first classification).
- Plastic (PVC)
- Metal (Steel or aluminum): Sheet, corrugated, hollow, etc.
- Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
- Combined or Composite: Wood + Al, PVC + Al, etc.
Finally, there are glass doors, where all elements, except the frame, are made with a
resistance glass (limited, templated, reinforced, etc.).
Frames could be made with concrete or stone.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Timber or Wooden Doors:
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

PVC Door (Polyvinyl Chloride Doors):
PVC door is light in weight and easy to use. They come in variety of designs and
colours and look beautiful. These doors do not corrode and do not need much
maintenance. But it is not scratch proof.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Aluminum Doors:
Similar than steel, but with better behavior against environmental impacts, corrosion,
weight and maintenance. Less resistant to fire than the steel.
You can finished it with any appearance.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Steel doors are used in interior as well as exterior application.
These doors have a steel single or double face. Double face steel
doors have a hollow, that could be filled with a core insolation
material, such as foam (polystyrene or polyurethane).
They are strong as compared to other doors.
There’re 5 types (solid or glazed):
- Mild steel sheet doors
- Corrugated steel sheet doors
- Hollow steel doors
- Steel covered wood-board doors
- Wood covered steel doors
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Steel doors
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Mild Steel Sheet Doors
(single steel sheet)
The door frame is made up of
angle or T-sections.
Shutter is made up of frame of
angle of iron even steel, having 2
verticals at least 3 horizontal.
Mild steel plates are welded to
the shutter frame.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Corrugated Steel Sheet Doors
(Single steel sheet)
These are same as mild steel
sheet doors, but in place of
mild steel sheet, a corrugated
steel sheet is welded.
Rails and Stiles could be made
with different materials, such
as timber (wood).
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Hollow Metal Doors
Hollow steel sections are used to make these doors. The rails and stiles
etc., are strengthened by welding small T or I sections inside.
The core could be filled with a light weight material.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Steel Covered board-wooden Doors
This type of door is a composite
construction of hollow metal door
and wood door. Actually, it is a
panel-wooden door with a steel
sheet as finished.
The door is encased in tight fitting
sheet metal, having tightly folded
joints to exclude air so that the core
of the door does not ignite. So, it
acts as fire proof. Steel sheet
Wooden board
(Plywood, for example)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Wood Covered Steel Doors
This type of door is a composite construction of hollow wooden door
and steel door. But now, it is a steel sheet door with a wooden board
as finished.
The meaning of this door is to b strong or resistant, but with wooden
appearance.
It could be a fire resistant door or a Security one (reinforced).
Actually, it’s a hollow steel doors with a wooden board as finished
material.
Therefore, the external appearance is as a wooden door.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Wood Covered Steel Doors
Security
Fire
Resistant
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Composite or Combined Doors
(These doors do not include glazed):
It's not made from a single substance.
Instead, it is made using a
combination of material like PVC,
wood, steel or aluminum, muffled
foam, etc.
The finality is ornamental. Maybe,
the designer wanted different
materials according to the indoor or
outdoor views, for example.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Glass Door:
Except the frame (made with any material, as steel, wood, etc.), the material used is always
glass (rails, stiles and panels).
The disadvantage of them is that they are easily broken. Therefore, glass should be
reinforced, template or laminated.
They have not good performance in acoustic, airtightness or thermal insolation.
These are used when you need light or views, or for spaces to look bigger.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Metal doors – Glazed hinged door – one leaf Door’s constructive details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Metal doors – Glazed hinged door – two leafs Door’s constructive details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Metal doors – Glazed Sliding Door Door’s constructive details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Wood doors – Glazed hinged door – one leaf Door’s constructive details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Wood doors – Glazed hinged door – two leafs Door’s constructive details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Wood doors – Glazed Sliding Door 7.1.6. Door’s constructive details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

WINDOWS
INDEX
7.2.1. Definition and Functions
7.2.2. Functions – Design Criteria
7.2.3. Dimension (standards)
7.2.4. Technical terms - Components
7.2.5. Types of windows:
- Location…. Outdoors and sometimes Indoors
7.2.6. Window’s constructive Details
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

WINDOWS
Functions of Windows – Design Criteria
The main functions of windows in buildings
are the following:
1. Protection from the weather
(mechanical stress, permeability,/air
leakage, resistance to heavy
rains/winds, etc.).
2. Daylight to save lighting energy,
providing human and visual comfort
(views).
3. Natural Ventilation
4. Take advantage of solar energy (cold
climatology)
5. Sound insulation
6. Thermal insulation
7. Security
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

WINDOWS Dimensions – Standards
Actually, any dimension is possible and available according to
requirements (functions and design criteria) and types (see next
slides). How ever, there´re standard dimensions as the following
(approximately/for example):
Double-Hung Standard Sizes: W x H = (60 to 120 cm.) x (90 to 180 cm.)
Picture Standard Sizes: W x H = (60 to 245 cm.) x (30 to 245 cm.)
Sliding Standard Sizes: W x H = (90 to 215 cm.) x (60 to 150 cm.)
Casement Standard Sizes: W x H = (35 to 90 cm.) x (65 to 195 cm.)
Awning Standard Sizes: W x H = (60 to 210 cm.) x (50 to 230cm.)
Ignacio
Javier PALM
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CARAZO
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Parts of a Window and Window Frame
Interior Casing: The finished trim or holdings around the
window frames. They help prevent cold air from
entering as well as add a finishing touch and enhance
the overall look of the window.
Head: The horizontal part of the window frame.
Muntin: A bar or strip of wood or metal between
adjacent panes of glass that create a grid or latticework
appearance.
Sash Lock: The locking mechanism attached to a single-
hung or double-hung window.
Upper Sash (Upper Panel): The upper part of the fixed
or movable framework holding the pane of a window.
Side Jamb: The vertical parts that form the sides of a
window frame.
Stile: Vertical members of the window frame.
Window Pane: A plate of glass within a window frame.
Lower Sash (Lower Panel): The lower part of the fixed or
movable framework holding the pane of a window.
Channel: A groove around windows.
Exterior Sill: The external horizontal bottom part of the
frame that protects from water intrusion and can be
used as a decorative element.
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Javier PALM
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Apron: The decorative raised section below the window sill.
Stool: The bottom horizontal shelf of the window attached
to the window sill where the sash descends and where
plants may be placed.
Bottom Rail: The lowest horizontal part of the window
frame that connects its vertical parts.
Top Rail: The top horizontal part of the window frame.
Head Jamb: The vertical side on the very top of a window
frame where the window sash sits on.
Air Latch: Makes it possible to keep the window open
regardless of the position you set it.
Aluminum Bracket: Brackets made of aluminum and part of
a window bracket system that offsets the window from the
wall by a few inches.
Glass Sealant: A silicone-based product that can take on the
form of a liquid, gel or foam and applied to glass surfaces as
a protective coating and to preserve its clean and dry
exterior.
Hollow Glass: Window panes made of hollow glass.
Pane: A sheet of glass in a window.
Spacer: An insulating glass unit typically made of aluminum
that’s sealed between two glass layers and keep glass panes
apart.
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Javier PALM
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Meeting Rail: The horizontal rail of a sash that
meets the rail of the other sash when the window
is closed.
Pulley: A simple machine with a wheel and a rope
or chain used to lift heavy objects.
Sloped Sill: The exterior part of the window sill that
is designed to be sloped downward to enable water
to run off.
Drain Hole: A short channel where fluids can flow.
Lift Rail: A handle used to open and close a window
that goes all the way across the sash.
Lower Sash: The lower part of the fixed or movable
framework holding the pane of a window.
Glass Sealant: A silicone-based product that can
take on the form of a liquid, gel or foam and applied
to glass surfaces as a protective coating and to
preserve its clean and dry exterior.
Bottom Rail: The lowest horizontal part of the
window frame that connects its vertical parts.
Frame: The framework that makes up the window’s
perimeter and supports the entire window system.
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

Working operations
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Working operations: Casement
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Working operations: Horizontal Slider
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Working operations: Horizontal Slider/Single and Double Hang
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Working operations: Awning
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Working operations: Hopper
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Working operations: Turn and Tilt
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Construction material used for Frame Windows
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Window’s constructive details
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Bibliography (Opening: doors & windows)
BALLAST, D. K. (2009), Door and Window Details, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1118260227.
CHING, F. D. K. & MULVILLE, M. (2014), Doors & Windows, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1118786178.
CPWD (2006) Manual on Doors and Window Details for Residential Buildings. Vol. 1, Central Public Works
Department, Government of India, New Delhi, IND. https://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/manualdw.pdf
CREMRS, J. (2016), Building Openings Construction Manual: Volume 1: Standards, Materials,
Renovations, Detail. ISBN 978-3955532987.
KRIPPNER, R. & MUSSO, F. (2007), Basics: Facade Apertures, Birkhauser. ISBN 978-3764384661.
RIBA (2007), Architectural Details – Windows, Verlagshaus Braun & RIBA Books (Royal Institute of British
Architects). ISBN 978-3938780374.
THE CONSTRUCTOR (2018), 16 Types of Windows use in Buildings, The Constructor Civil Engineering Home
Website. https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-windows/12776/
WFM (2019), Types of Doors & Windows used in Building Construction, WFM Construction Industry
Marketplace Website. https://www.wfm.co.in/post/types-of-doors-and-windows/
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

‫ﺷﻛﺭﺍ‬
Gracias
Thanks
Danke
Obrigado
Merci
謝謝
Благодарю вас
eskerrik asko
Ignacio
Javier PALM
A
CARAZO
ARC/CADD/DAU/KSA

07 Opening - Doors & Windows.pdf

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07 Opening - Doors & Windows.pdf