00 & 01 Intro and Soils & Their Investigation.pdf

Building Construction
Dr. Ignacio Javier PALMA CARAZO
0. Introduction
Course: Building Construction
00 Introduction
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio J. PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD (Hons)
Assit. Professor / Architecture / Dar Al Uloom University / KSA
2021/MMXXI
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0. Introduction
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0. Introduction
What are the basic components, or parts, of a building?
Soil & Structural Components
The Envelope or the Enclosure
(Shell, Skin, etc.)
Interior Components
(Core, Filling, etc.)
Facilities/Installations
(other course)
Others
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0. Introduction
00 Introduction to the Course
01 Soils and their Investigation
02 Building Foundations
03 Structures (simplified)
04 Floors
05 Walls (façades)
06 Water & Humidity Exclusion
07 Openings: doors & windows
08 Glazing
09 Vertical Transportation Systems
10 Flooring
11 Wall Coating and Cladding
12 Ceiling
13 Roofs
Course Index
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0. Introduction
Bibliography 1/4 (General)
AIA (2007), Architectural Graphic Standards (11th Edition): American Institute of Architects (AIA). John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0471700913.
ALLEN, E. (2008), Exercises in Building Construction (5th Edition): John Wiley & Son, Inc.
ISBN-13: 978-0470381007.
ALLEN, Edward and IANO, Joseph (2014), Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods (6th
Edition): John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-1118138915.
ARORA, S. P. & BINDRA, S. P. (2010), Text-Book of Building Construction: Dhanpat Rai Publications.
ISBN-13: 978-8189928803.
BENNETT, David (2007), Architectural In-situ Concrete (1st Edition): RIBA Publishing. ISBN-13: 978-1859462591.
BROWN, Russell (2015), Architectural Material & Detail Structure: Glass: Design Media Publishing (UK) Ltd.
ISBN-13: 978-1910596326.
BÜHLER, Bernard (2016), Architectural Material & Detail Structure: Wood: Design Media Publishing (UK) Ltd.
ISBN-13: 978-1910596173.
CHING, Francis D. K. (2008), Building Construction Illustrated (4th Edition): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBN-13: 978-047008781.
CHING, Francis D. K. and MULVILLE, Mark (2017), European Building Construction Illustrated (4th Edition):
Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-1119953173.
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0. Introduction
CHUDLEY, Roy and GREENO, Roger (2014), Building Construction Handbook: Routledge (Taylor & Francis
Group). ISBN-13: 978-0415836388.
DEPLAZES, A. (2008), Constructing Architecture: Materials, Processes, Structures (2nd Edition): Birkhäuser
Architecture. ISBN-13: 978-3764386313. http://www.sze.hu/~eptansz/Deplazes_Constructing_Architecture.pdf
FARRELLY, Lorraine (2008), Basics Architecture 02: Construction & Materiality: AVA Publishing.
ISBN-13: 978-2940373833.
FARRELLY, Lorraine and CROWSON, Nicola (2015), Representational Techniques for Architecture (2nd Edition):
Fairchild Books. ISBN-13: 978-1472527851.
FERRANDO, Josep (2016), Architectural Material & Detail Structure: Concrete: Design Media Publishing (UK)
Ltd. ISBN-13: 978-1910596524.
FISCHER, Robert E. (1980), Engineering for Architecture: McGraw-Hill. ISBN-13: 978-0070023536
GAO, Arthur (2013), Building Skins and Details: Design Media Publishing (UK) Ltd. nISBN-13: 978-9881506931.
GERBER, Eckhard (2016), Architectural Material & Detail Structure: Advanced Materials: Design Media
Publishing (UK) Ltd. ISBN-13: 978-1910596371.
GUINOT, Sergio and MARTÍNEZ ALONSO, Claudia (2015), 1000 Details in Architecture: Booq Publishing.
ISBN-13: 978-8494263941.
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0. Introduction
HARRIS, Cyril M. (1975), Dictionary of Architecture and Construction: McGraw-Hill Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0070267565
https://civilenglineering.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/dictionary-of-civil-engineering.pdf
KIBERT, Charles J. (2016), Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBN-13: 978-1119055174.
LONG, Charles (1998), The Stone-builder's Primer: A Step-By-Step Guide for Owner-Builders: Firefly Books.
ISBN-13: 978-1552092989.
MARSHALL, Duncan; WORTHING, Derek and HEATH, Roger (2006), The Construction of Houses: Estates Gazette.
ISBN-13: 978-0728204867.
MERRIT, Frederick S. and RICKETTS, Jonathan T. (2000), Building Design and Construction Handbook (6th Edition):
McGraw-Hill Company. ISBN-13: 978-0070419995.
https://www.uop.edu.jo/download/research/members/[Architecture_Ebook]_Building_Design_and_Construction
_Handbook.pdf
MEHTA, Madan; SCARBOROUGH, Walter and ARMPRIEST, Diane (2008), Building Construction: Principles,
Materials, and Systems (1st Edition): Pearson. ISBN-13: 978-0130494214.
MEHTA, Madan L.; SCARBOROUGH, Walter and ARMPRIEST, Diane (2012), Building Construction: Principles,
Materials, & Systems (2nd Edition): Pearson. ISBN-13: 978-0132148696.
NABHI, A. (2014), Practical Handbook on Building Construction: Nabhi Publications. ISBN-13: 978-8172748173.
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0. Introduction
NEUFERT, Ernst (2019), Neufert Architects' Data (5th Edition): John Wiley & Son, Ltd.-Blackwell.
ISBN-13: 978-1119284352. https://www.academia.edu/21246356/Ernst_Neufert_ARCHITECTS_DATA
ORTON, Andrew (2016), The Way We Build Now: Form, Scale and Technique (1st Edition): Taylor &
Francis Group. ISBN-13: 978-1138175228.
PÉREZ-BLANCO, Fernando (2015), Architectural Material & Detail Structure: Metal: Design Media
RAMSEY, Charles G.; SLEEPER, Harold R. and HEDGES, Keith E. (2008), Architectural Graphic Standards:
Student Edition (11th Edition): John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0470085462.
https://media.oiipdf.com/pdf/7fb4bada-7a62-4ba0-86f4-6789feedcb7b.pdf
RILEY, Mike and COTGRAVE, Alison (2004), Construction Technology 2: Industrial and Commercial
Building: Part. 2: Basingstoke & Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN-13: 978-0333804827
TUCKER, Lisa M. (2014), Sustainable Building Systems and Construction for Designers (2nd
Edition): Fairchild Books. ISBN-13: 978-1628920932.
VAN MERRIENBOER, Nils (2016), Architectural Material & Detail Structure: Masonry: Design Media
YEE, Rendow (2003), Architectural Drawing: A Visual Compendium of Types and Methods (2nd Edition):
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0471055402.
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Course: Building Construction
01 Soils and Their Invetigation
Instructor: Dr. Ignacio J. PALMA CARAZO, Arch. PhD (Hons)
Assit. Professor / Architecture / Dar Al Uloom University / KSA
2021/MMXXI
1. Soils and their investigation
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Soils and their Investigation - Index:
Introduction
Types of soils
Soil Investigation for Construction
Introduction
Planning and Investigation – The Process
Desk Studies
Site Reconnaissance
Detail Examination of Test and Program/Detailed Exploration
Bearing Capacity of Soils
Bibliography (Soils and their Investigation)
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Introduction:
The material supporting a building may be classified into two categories:
- Rock: It is a natural aggregate of cemented minerals. There are three class
according to their mode of formation:
- Igneous rocks
- Sedimentary rocks
- Metamorphic rocks
Rocks are suitable for foundations, becouse they are resistent to hight loads
and heat.
- Soil: It is a natural aggregate of mineral grains which can be separated easily by
mechanical means such as agitation in water.
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Types of Soils:
Soils could be classified in 5 types: gravels, sands, silks, clays and loams:
- Gravel: Cohesionless aggregates of angular, rounded or semi-rounded fragments of rocks
or minerals. They are particles of coarser material resulting from rock desintegration.
To be classified as gravel, more than the 50% of the particles sizes (diameter) must be
from 2 to 80 mm. Greater than 80 mm. are called pebbles.
They could be natural, or artificial (made breaking rocks, in stone quarries).
After rocks, compacted gravels are the second best foundation surface for buildings. It is
very resistent to water, heat/cold, frost, etc.
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Types of soils:
- Sands: Cohesionless aggregates of rounded, sub-rounded, angular, sub-angular
or flat fragments of rocks or minerals, but now with sizes between 0.060 and
2.00 mm.
- Very coarse sand: 1 to 2 mm.
- Coarse sand: 0.50 to 2 mm.
- Medium sand: 0.25 to 0.5 mm.
- Fine sand: 0.10 to 0.25 mm.
- Very fine sand: 0.050 to 0.10 mm.
Compacted sands are a good foundation surface for buildings. They are
resistent to water, heat/cold, frost, etc. When sands area not well compacted,
settlements of account of the loading often occur.
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Types of soils - Sand:
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Types of Soils:
- Silt: This is a fine grained soil with little or no plasticity. The particles are usually
equidimensional in size (0.002 to 0.050 mm.). Silty particles have a smooth texture
and are relatively impervious (water-proof).
According to water, silks could swell or shrink quite.
Silty soils may contain some organic matters. These soils could be impervious if they
are so wet, and could be damage by water, heat/cold, frost, etc.
Good for farms. But take care for building foundations. According to the type of
building, the settlements on account of the loading may start to be significant.
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Clays: They are an aggregate of microscopic or sub-miscroscopic particles
that come from the chemical descomposition and disintegration of rock
constituyents. Is is plastic according to the water content. Particles have
sizes less than 0.002 mm. with a smooth and flaky apparence.
They are very impervious (water-proof), then, they need a long time for
water to enter inside. After this, they also need time to dry. That is the
reason why clay soils are very bad for building foundations. The
settlements or swelling could be a big problem depending on the presence
of water or dryness.
Types of Soils:
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Types of Soils:
- Loams: They are soils composed by sand, silt and a
smaller amount of clay, normally following a
composition of 40% (sand), 40% (silt) and 20%
(clay).
Loam soils contain more organic matter than sands
(or gravels), are less impervious than silt and clay
soils. These soils are the best for plants (fertile
lands).
It is dark in color and soft, dry and crumbly to the
touch.
Loam is great for supporting foundations because
of its evenly balanced properties, especially how it
maintains water at a balanced rate.
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Types of Soils: Summary
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Types of Soils:
Texture Triangle
25% Clay
60% Silt
15% Sand
This is a Silt Loam Soil (USDA)
or Silty Clay Loam Soil (WA):
- 60% Silt
- 15% Sand
- 25% Clay
WA
USDA
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Soil Investigation:
The object of soil investigation is
to get the following information:
- The nature, thickness and
variation of soil strata (layers) at
the place
- Physical properties of the soil
strata (layers), and
- The seasonal variations in
ground water-table, and its
effect on the soil strata met with
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Soil Investigation:
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Soil Investigation:
Planning and Investigation:
- In the early stages of an investigation,the
information available is often inadequate to allow
a detailed plan to be made
- The Investigation must therefore proceed in 3
stages:
1.Desk Study
2.Site Reconnaissance
3.Detail Examination of Tests Programs
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Soil Investigation:
How is the Process (methodology):
• Desk Study
• Site Reconnaissance/Walk over survey
• Preliminary Report, or Feasibility Study
• Preliminary Ground Investigation
• Planning of Main Preliminary Report
• Main Ground Investigation
• Laboratory Testing
• Final Report
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Soil Investigation:
Desk Studies
• It’s important to collect all available information about
the site before starting work.
• A Desk Study in the collation and review of information
already available about a site, and is carried out at an
early stage of sire appraisal to inform and guide the
remainder of the site investigation.
• Collect as much material as possible about the site, such
as the following:
• Maps (geological, ordinance survey, topography, rainfall,
flooding, etc.)
• Bird-view pictures or photographs
• Books and journals about geological features
• Mining records & reports of previous site investigation
• Library, news-paper, adjacent buildings information, etc.
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Soil Investigation:
Site Recoinaissance/Walk over Survey
• The initial (first) document search should be
followed by a walk-over survey of the site
and its surroundings.
• This stage should be a methodical
examination of the site, based on defined
classes of information, which complements
the desk study and typically provides
valuable information about a lot of matters.
These matters could be the following:
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Soil Investigation:
• Topography: slope instability, spoil heaps or signs of ground
subsidence resulting from mining, etc.
• Geology: exposures of soils and rocks which can be examined and
samples
• Surface water and ground water (water-table level): signs of
flooding; springs; water logging, etc.
• Vegetation: signs of vegetation die-back or restricted vegetation as a
result of contamination of the ground; presence or invasive species;
trees which may cause shrinkage and swelling of clay soils, etc.
• Ecology: indicators of protected species, newts, badgers, bats,
nesting birds, etc.
• Contamination: pollution indicators
• Structures: settlement of existing structures; indicators of
archaeological value, etc.
• Accessibility and Services: information such as access for site
equipment and location of buried or overhead services.
• Local knowledges: anecdotal information on past uses of the site, or
past problems in the area.
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Soil Investigation:
The main objectives of the Detailed Soil
Test/Investigation are as follows:
a. To determine in detail the geological structure
of the site, including the thickness, sequence
and extent of the strata (different soil layers)
b. To determine the ground water conditions
(water-table levels)
c. To obtain disturbed and un-disturbed samples
for identification and laboratory testing, and
d. To carry out tests to determine the mechanical
properties of the soil on-site.
DETAIL EXAMINATION OF TESTS AND
PROGRAMS/DETAILED EXPLORATION
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Soil Investigation:
Ground investigation
There´re two principal methods to investigate the ground
conditions: Trial Pits, and Boreholes.
Trial Pits (open test pits): A rectangular pit is a excavated (hole) in
the site and sample of soils collected at different levels.
Trial pits ate shallow excavations going down no more tan 6 meter
(normaly 3 meters). One pit each 15 x 15 meters.
They could be dug by hand or with a mechanical excavator. Only
suitable in dry áreas.
This method is simple and fast, and there is not disturbance of the
natural soil.
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Soil Investigation:
Ground investigation
There´re two principal methods to investigate the ground conditions: Trial Pits, and Boreholes.
Boreholes (Borings): They´re several types of boreholes. The most commonly are:
- Thin walled tube samping
- Wash borings
- Auger borings
- Light percussion drilling, and
- Drilling machines.
Light percussive and Drilling machines are the most commonly. Each method could be suitable
according to the type of soil and its condition.
Now, the Deep of perforation is 6 meters at least, or when the soil is wet.
The greater the number of boreholes the more certain
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1. The depth of bed
rock, if any.
2. Character of soil
(gravel, sand, clay,
etc.).
3. Presence of boulders
(stones) or other
obstructions, if any.
4. Elevation of the
ground water-table.
The preliminary and the detailed investigation must know
the following features about the soil:
Bearing Capacity of Soils:
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Next step is to determinate the type of foundation to be used (next class)
according to the building and soil characteristics. Then, we need to
know:
1. The Building Loads (according to the building design, materials, typology,
occupancy, etc., even climatology).
2. The Bearing Capacity of the Soil.
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Determination of Bearing Capacity of a Soil.
There´re a lot of methods to estimate the Bearing Capacity of a Soil:
- Local experience in the construction site, suitable for small buildings.
For bigger building have a great caution (not recommendable).
- Bearing capacity by calculation, knowing some soil´s features, using a
big Factor of Safety (2.5).
- Classification of the soil and using a value from local Standard
Building Codes according to the type of soil and building size.
- Field methods, suitable for multi-storeyed and important buildings: Plate
Load Test (SPT), Vane Shear Test; Dynamic Cone Penetration Test, etc.
- Laboratory test, suitable for multi-storeyed and important buildings when
Field Test methods are not feasibles.
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Bearing Capacity of Soils: Plate Load Test
Further information: https://www.civilknowledges.com/plate-load-test/
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Bearing Capacity of Soils :
What to do if the soil has not enough Bearing Capacity?
Methods to Improve the Bearing Capacity of a Soil:
1. If the soil is wet or humid, drain it. The bearing capacity of a soil decreases
when the water content increases.
2. In general, by compacting the soil. There´re several methods to compact a
soil (see next slides):
- With manual systems: hand rammers, vibratory rollers, etc.
- Vibration with compactors or heavy vibratory rollers (mechanical systems).
3. When those methods are not enough, by packing gravel into the
foundation trench and ramming it with similar compact technologies.
4. Finally, if others are not enough, increase the depth of the building
foundation looking for better soil.
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Hand Rammers Vibratory Rollers
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Hydraulic Compactors Heavy Vibratory Rollers
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Packing and ramming a gravel bed above the low bearing capacity soil
1. Trenchs 2. Compact the soil 3. Bring gravel
4. Extend the gravel 5. Pack & Compact 6. Start with the
foundation
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Bibliography (Soils and their investigation)
AHLVIN, R. G.; SMOOTS, V. A. & FLETCHER, G. A. (1998), Construction Guide for Soils and Foundations, (2nd Ed.),
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken (NJ), USA. ISBN: 9780471804864
MCNALLY, G. (1998), Soil and Rock Construction Materials, CRC Press., Boca Raton (FL), USA.
ISBN: 9780419214205
MULTIQUIP (2011), Soil Compaction Handbook, Multiquip, Inc., Carson (CA), USA.
http://www.multiquip.com/multiquip/pdfs/Soil_Compaction_Handbook_low_res_0212_DataId_59525_Version_
1.pdf
SCHOROEDER, W. L.; DICKENSON, S. E.; & WARRINGTON, D. C. (2017), Soils in Construction, (5th Edition),
Waveland Press, Inc., Long Grove (IL), USA. ISBN: 9781478634553
STATE OF FLORIDA (2009), Soils and Foundations Handbook, State Materials Office, Department of
Transportation, State of Florida, Gainesville (FL), USA.
http://www.ce.memphis.edu/7137/PDFs/Seismic%20Manual/Florida/Soil%20and%20Foundation%20Handbook
%202009.pdf
THE CONSTRUCTOR (2018), Soil Investigation and Types of Foundations Based on Soil Properties, The
Constructor Civil Engineering Home, USA.
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundations/soil-investigation-foundation-types/26/
THE CONSTRUCTOR (2018), Types of Soil Tests for Building Construction, The Constructor Civil Engineering
Home, USA. https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-soil-tests-construction/12679/
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‫ﺷﻛﺭﺍ‬
Gracias
Thanks
Danke
Obrigado
Merci
謝謝
Благодарю вас
eskerrik asko
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00 & 01 Intro and Soils & Their Investigation.pdf

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00 & 01 Intro and Soils & Their Investigation.pdf