Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like columns, beams, floors and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, plank floors at least 3 inches thick, and roof structures made of heavy timber. Fire resistance comes from limiting combustible materials and using thick wood that can withstand fire for extended periods before collapsing.
This document defines roof and roofing materials. It discusses traditional Philippine roof designs like "dos aguas" and "quatro aguas". It then describes different types of roofing materials used in the Philippines like fiber, wood, slate tiles, metal, plastics, and reinforced concrete. For each material, it provides details on characteristics, common types, advantages, disadvantages and maintenance needs. The goal is to educate on roof designs and choices of roofing materials for Philippine buildings.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
This document provides information on various types of industrial timber, including veneers, plywood, fibreboards, impregnated boards, compressed boards, block boards, and laminated boards. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of each type of industrial timber. The key types discussed are used to make furniture, construction materials, and other wood products.
This document discusses electrical systems in buildings. It covers topics like electricity generation, distribution circuits, wiring systems, earthing systems, domestic supply, electrical appliances and electric installations. The key points are:
- Electricity is generated using water or fossil fuels and transmitted through transformers at high voltages to reduce losses.
- Buildings are supplied electricity through single or three phase distribution depending on the load. Wiring systems include cleat, casing, conduit and surface wiring.
- Earthing systems provide protection against faults and lightning. Two classes of protection are used.
- Electrical appliances convert electricity to light, heat and power for uses like lighting, cooking and entertainment.
- Proper planning, design
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used by construction workers to work at heights. It consists of wooden planks and metal poles. There are different types of scaffolding used depending on the building material and height. The main parts include standards, ledgers, braces, putlogs, transoms, boarding, and guard rails. Single scaffolding uses one row of standards while double scaffolding uses two rows. Cantilever scaffolding extends out from buildings. Suspended scaffolding hangs a working platform from ropes.
The document provides guidelines for designing wheelchair accessible ramps, including minimum width, edge protection, handrails, slope, and common layouts. Ramps should be at least 36 inches wide, have handrails on both sides if rising more than 6 inches or extending more than 72 inches, and have a slope no greater than 1:12, though gentler slopes of 1:16 or 1:20 are recommended. Landings are required at the top and bottom that are at least 60 inches long and as wide as the ramp.
This document defines roof and roofing materials. It discusses traditional Philippine roof designs like "dos aguas" and "quatro aguas". It then describes different types of roofing materials used in the Philippines like fiber, wood, slate tiles, metal, plastics, and reinforced concrete. For each material, it provides details on characteristics, common types, advantages, disadvantages and maintenance needs. The goal is to educate on roof designs and choices of roofing materials for Philippine buildings.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
This document provides information on various types of industrial timber, including veneers, plywood, fibreboards, impregnated boards, compressed boards, block boards, and laminated boards. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of each type of industrial timber. The key types discussed are used to make furniture, construction materials, and other wood products.
This document discusses electrical systems in buildings. It covers topics like electricity generation, distribution circuits, wiring systems, earthing systems, domestic supply, electrical appliances and electric installations. The key points are:
- Electricity is generated using water or fossil fuels and transmitted through transformers at high voltages to reduce losses.
- Buildings are supplied electricity through single or three phase distribution depending on the load. Wiring systems include cleat, casing, conduit and surface wiring.
- Earthing systems provide protection against faults and lightning. Two classes of protection are used.
- Electrical appliances convert electricity to light, heat and power for uses like lighting, cooking and entertainment.
- Proper planning, design
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used by construction workers to work at heights. It consists of wooden planks and metal poles. There are different types of scaffolding used depending on the building material and height. The main parts include standards, ledgers, braces, putlogs, transoms, boarding, and guard rails. Single scaffolding uses one row of standards while double scaffolding uses two rows. Cantilever scaffolding extends out from buildings. Suspended scaffolding hangs a working platform from ropes.
The document provides guidelines for designing wheelchair accessible ramps, including minimum width, edge protection, handrails, slope, and common layouts. Ramps should be at least 36 inches wide, have handrails on both sides if rising more than 6 inches or extending more than 72 inches, and have a slope no greater than 1:12, though gentler slopes of 1:16 or 1:20 are recommended. Landings are required at the top and bottom that are at least 60 inches long and as wide as the ramp.
Timber can be used as a structural material for construction. It is wood that has been processed after felling trees and before use in construction. Timber is used in housing, commercial buildings, and for interior fittings. There are two main types - alternative timbers which are remanufactured and conventional woods. Timber provides advantages like flexibility, lower costs, and sustainability compared to other materials like steel. However, it is susceptible to decay if exposed to moisture and requires additional design considerations.
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint including distemper, emulsions, enamel paint, solvent based paints. It also discusses various wood finishes including transparent coatings like varnish and shellac, penetrating finishes like linseed oil, and opaque finishes like paint. The document outlines steps for applying wood finishes including stripping away old finishes, sanding, staining, sealing, and topcoating. It provides tips on selecting appropriate paint brushes and lists major paint brands.
This is useful for civil engineering students in their subject Building construction offered by GTU. This presentation includes Timbering of trenches, Scaffolding, Shoring 7 underpinning techniques used in construction of building for temporary period of time.
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
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This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
The document discusses different types of staircases used in buildings. It describes straight stairs as the simplest form, consisting of steps leading in one direction across one or more flights. Quarter turn stairs make a 90 degree turn, saving space. Half turn stairs rise to a mid-level landing, turn 180 degrees, and continue parallel to the lower flight, allowing construction within a confined stairwell. The document provides technical details on staircase components like steps, risers, landings, and classifications to facilitate vertical movement between floors in an efficient and safe manner.
The document discusses the history and development of light wood framing construction. It describes some key advantages such as being flexible and economical to construct, as well as disadvantages like being flammable and prone to decay if exposed to moisture. It also outlines various wood framing terms and methods, including different structural systems for floors, walls, and roofs.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of aluminium composite panels (ACP). It discusses that ACP is made up of two aluminium sheets bonded to a low-density core. This creates a lightweight yet rigid sandwich structure. The core takes shear loads while the skins take tension and compression loads. ACP offers advantages like aesthetics, insulation, light weight, durability, and low maintenance. It can be installed using rivets or screws and cut using saws. ACP has properties such as heat and weather resistance, sound dampening, and comes in various colors and sizes for façade cladding and signage. Examples of its use include spaceship earth and buildings at Amity University.
Staircases are architectural elements that facilitate movement between levels in buildings. Staircases should be centrally located for shortest access and well ventilated. When planning staircases, certain principles must be followed including a minimum width of 1 meter, no more than 12 steps per flight, a pitch between 25-40 degrees, and handrails between 750-850 mm in height. Recommended tread and rise proportions are also provided for different building types. Proper stair geometry and angles are important for safe ascent and descent, with stairs angled between 26.5-45 degrees.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy, occupy less space, and are lighter and cheaper than load-bearing walls. Good partition walls are thin, provide sound and sight privacy, and are made of durable, fire resistant and insulated materials. Common materials for partition walls include brick, hollow blocks, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal and drywall. Movable and portable partition walls allow spaces to be reconfigured easily.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses masonry and provides definitions of various masonry terms. It defines masonry as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar. It then discusses different types of masonry including stone masonry, brick masonry, and composite masonry. It also defines important terms used in masonry such as headers, stretchers, courses, bonds, and various types of closers. Finally, it discusses materials used for stone masonry including granite, sandstone, limestone and marble.
This document discusses different types of doors and their components. It describes common door types like paneled doors, flush doors, louvered doors, and revolving doors. It also covers door frames made from various materials and sizes of doors used in residential and public buildings. Key door components are identified like door frames, shutters, rails, panels and different joint details.
Patch fittings are ideal for frameless glass doors and allow for technically sound and visually attractive interior and exterior openings. They come in universal, ARCOS, and EA styles and accommodate various glass thicknesses from 3/8 to 3/4 inches. Universal fittings are standard and stock, while ARCOS fittings have an arc profile and EA fittings are slim with an advanced pivot design. Patch fittings provide architects flexibility in glass door designs.
Concrete is a versatile building material made by mixing portland cement, water, aggregates like sand and gravel, and sometimes admixtures. It can be easily formed and customized for different uses. Freshly mixed concrete must be workable, meaning it can be easily transported, placed, compacted, and finished without segregating. Workability depends on factors like water content, mix design, and temperature.
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to provide access and a safe working platform for construction workers. The main types are putlog scaffolds, which use horizontal members called putlogs attached to a single row of uprights, and independent scaffolds, which have two rows of standards connected by cross members. Scaffolding can be made from tubular steel, aluminium alloy, or timber. Safety precautions include inspecting scaffolds regularly and ensuring all components are properly supported and assembled.
Adhesives are materials used to bond two surfaces together, developing strength after application. Sealants are viscous materials that change to a solid state once applied to prevent air, gas, liquid, or noise penetration through openings. While adhesives bond items strongly, sealants have lower strength but provide flexibility and fill gaps, making them suitable for sealing joints. The main difference is that sealants are more elastic than adhesives.
Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like walls, floors, and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, wood girders at least 6 inches thick, and floor/roof planks at least 2 inches thick. Interior walls are also fire-resistant. This construction type is beneficial as it is stable during early-stage fires and the large timber sizes allow it to burn longer before collapse compared to other materials like steel.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy through sight and sound barriers while being lighter in weight and cheaper than permanent walls. Various types of partition walls include brick, hollow block, clay block, concrete, glass, wooden, strawboard, plaster, metal and asbestos cement partitions. Movable partition walls can also be sliding, folding or portable screens to allow temporary room division.
Timber can be used as a structural material for construction. It is wood that has been processed after felling trees and before use in construction. Timber is used in housing, commercial buildings, and for interior fittings. There are two main types - alternative timbers which are remanufactured and conventional woods. Timber provides advantages like flexibility, lower costs, and sustainability compared to other materials like steel. However, it is susceptible to decay if exposed to moisture and requires additional design considerations.
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint including distemper, emulsions, enamel paint, solvent based paints. It also discusses various wood finishes including transparent coatings like varnish and shellac, penetrating finishes like linseed oil, and opaque finishes like paint. The document outlines steps for applying wood finishes including stripping away old finishes, sanding, staining, sealing, and topcoating. It provides tips on selecting appropriate paint brushes and lists major paint brands.
This is useful for civil engineering students in their subject Building construction offered by GTU. This presentation includes Timbering of trenches, Scaffolding, Shoring 7 underpinning techniques used in construction of building for temporary period of time.
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
plastering contractors near me
interior plastering techniques
plastering walls
how to do plastering
pool plastering companies near me
plastering walls techniques
plastering drywall
plastering ceilings
types of plaster wall construction
types of plastering techniques
types of plaster ceiling finishes
methods of plastering
different kinds of plaster
interior plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
different types of plaster walls
types of plastering techniques
types of interior plaster
plaster types and uses
different kinds of plaster
types of plaster ceiling finishes
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This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
The document discusses different types of staircases used in buildings. It describes straight stairs as the simplest form, consisting of steps leading in one direction across one or more flights. Quarter turn stairs make a 90 degree turn, saving space. Half turn stairs rise to a mid-level landing, turn 180 degrees, and continue parallel to the lower flight, allowing construction within a confined stairwell. The document provides technical details on staircase components like steps, risers, landings, and classifications to facilitate vertical movement between floors in an efficient and safe manner.
The document discusses the history and development of light wood framing construction. It describes some key advantages such as being flexible and economical to construct, as well as disadvantages like being flammable and prone to decay if exposed to moisture. It also outlines various wood framing terms and methods, including different structural systems for floors, walls, and roofs.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of aluminium composite panels (ACP). It discusses that ACP is made up of two aluminium sheets bonded to a low-density core. This creates a lightweight yet rigid sandwich structure. The core takes shear loads while the skins take tension and compression loads. ACP offers advantages like aesthetics, insulation, light weight, durability, and low maintenance. It can be installed using rivets or screws and cut using saws. ACP has properties such as heat and weather resistance, sound dampening, and comes in various colors and sizes for façade cladding and signage. Examples of its use include spaceship earth and buildings at Amity University.
Staircases are architectural elements that facilitate movement between levels in buildings. Staircases should be centrally located for shortest access and well ventilated. When planning staircases, certain principles must be followed including a minimum width of 1 meter, no more than 12 steps per flight, a pitch between 25-40 degrees, and handrails between 750-850 mm in height. Recommended tread and rise proportions are also provided for different building types. Proper stair geometry and angles are important for safe ascent and descent, with stairs angled between 26.5-45 degrees.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy, occupy less space, and are lighter and cheaper than load-bearing walls. Good partition walls are thin, provide sound and sight privacy, and are made of durable, fire resistant and insulated materials. Common materials for partition walls include brick, hollow blocks, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal and drywall. Movable and portable partition walls allow spaces to be reconfigured easily.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses masonry and provides definitions of various masonry terms. It defines masonry as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar. It then discusses different types of masonry including stone masonry, brick masonry, and composite masonry. It also defines important terms used in masonry such as headers, stretchers, courses, bonds, and various types of closers. Finally, it discusses materials used for stone masonry including granite, sandstone, limestone and marble.
This document discusses different types of doors and their components. It describes common door types like paneled doors, flush doors, louvered doors, and revolving doors. It also covers door frames made from various materials and sizes of doors used in residential and public buildings. Key door components are identified like door frames, shutters, rails, panels and different joint details.
Patch fittings are ideal for frameless glass doors and allow for technically sound and visually attractive interior and exterior openings. They come in universal, ARCOS, and EA styles and accommodate various glass thicknesses from 3/8 to 3/4 inches. Universal fittings are standard and stock, while ARCOS fittings have an arc profile and EA fittings are slim with an advanced pivot design. Patch fittings provide architects flexibility in glass door designs.
Concrete is a versatile building material made by mixing portland cement, water, aggregates like sand and gravel, and sometimes admixtures. It can be easily formed and customized for different uses. Freshly mixed concrete must be workable, meaning it can be easily transported, placed, compacted, and finished without segregating. Workability depends on factors like water content, mix design, and temperature.
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to provide access and a safe working platform for construction workers. The main types are putlog scaffolds, which use horizontal members called putlogs attached to a single row of uprights, and independent scaffolds, which have two rows of standards connected by cross members. Scaffolding can be made from tubular steel, aluminium alloy, or timber. Safety precautions include inspecting scaffolds regularly and ensuring all components are properly supported and assembled.
Adhesives are materials used to bond two surfaces together, developing strength after application. Sealants are viscous materials that change to a solid state once applied to prevent air, gas, liquid, or noise penetration through openings. While adhesives bond items strongly, sealants have lower strength but provide flexibility and fill gaps, making them suitable for sealing joints. The main difference is that sealants are more elastic than adhesives.
Type IV or heavy timber construction uses large dimensional lumber for structural elements like walls, floors, and roofs to provide fire resistance. It was commonly used in the late 19th/early 20th century for industrial and commercial buildings. Key features include wood columns no less than 8 inches thick, wood girders at least 6 inches thick, and floor/roof planks at least 2 inches thick. Interior walls are also fire-resistant. This construction type is beneficial as it is stable during early-stage fires and the large timber sizes allow it to burn longer before collapse compared to other materials like steel.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy through sight and sound barriers while being lighter in weight and cheaper than permanent walls. Various types of partition walls include brick, hollow block, clay block, concrete, glass, wooden, strawboard, plaster, metal and asbestos cement partitions. Movable partition walls can also be sliding, folding or portable screens to allow temporary room division.
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
steel lintel beam details
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
steel lintels masonry
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steel lintel size chart
lintel of a house
lintel construction
block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
The document discusses different types of partition walls used to divide interior spaces in buildings. It defines partition walls and lists their requirements, such as being thin, providing privacy and sound insulation, and being durable and fire resistant. The main types described are brick, hollow block, wood, glass, and metal stud partitions. Brick partitions are fire resistant while wooden partitions are not as strong but lighter. The document provides details on materials and construction methods for different partition wall types.
The document discusses different types of partition walls used to divide interior spaces. It defines partition walls and lists their requirements. The main types described include brick, hollow block, clay block, concrete, glass, wooden, strawboard, plaster slab, asbestos cement, metal and portable partitions. Details are provided on the construction and materials used for each type. Advantages of partitions walls are that they divide space into rooms while being lighter and less expensive than load-bearing walls.
Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptxAdarshChatra
A roof provides structural covering to protect a building from weather. The main functions of a roof are to provide protection from weather, enclose space, and protect interior from moisture and heat loss. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or curved. Common roof types include simple slab, lean-to, couple close, collar beam, double purlin, and framed trussed roofs using king post or queen post designs. Roof design considers span, materials, loads, wind pressure, and weather resistance.
This document discusses different types of partition walls, including brick partition walls. There are three main types of brick partition walls: plain brick, reinforced brick, and brick nogging. Plain brick walls are half brick thick laid in stretcher bond and plastered on both sides. Reinforced brick walls include iron or steel reinforcement every third or fourth course to increase strength. Brick nogging walls have a timber framework with half bricks fitted between. The document provides details on the construction process and advantages and disadvantages of each type of brick partition wall. It also briefly discusses other wall finishes and materials like wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, and tile cladding.
unit 5 - building finishes - roof and roofing material.pptxSalmankhanPathan19
This document discusses different types of roofs and roofing materials. It defines a roof as a covering that protects a building from rain, sun, wind and other elements. Roof type depends on climate and available materials, and should be strong, durable, waterproof and provide insulation. Pitched roofs are suitable for heavy rainfall areas while flat roofs work for dry, hot regions. Various terms related to pitched roofs like span, rise, pitch, eaves and ridge are explained. Common materials include thatch, wood, tiles, slates, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron sheets and newer options like fiber sheets. Advantages and disadvantages of flat roofs are also outlined.
Walls can be classified in several ways including by their load bearing ability, material used, and intended use. Load bearing walls support structural loads like floors and roofs while non-load bearing walls only support themselves. Materials used include brick, stone, concrete, wood and more. Walls are also classified by their intended use such as partition walls which divide interior space into rooms. Proper wall selection depends on factors like aesthetics, enclosure needs, acoustics, and thermal performance.
This document provides information about timber as a vernacular construction material. It discusses the properties, advantages, and disadvantages of timber. It describes various uses of timber in construction including roofing, floors, framing, staircases, walls, doors, and windows. The document also examines the kath-khuni architecture of the Himalayan vernacular, including its materials, construction techniques, and aesthetic elements like carving. Examples of some of the oldest wooden buildings and structures from around the world are also mentioned.
This document discusses different types of roofs and roof elements. It provides details on:
- Qualities a roof should have like weather resistance, durability, insulation, and requiring minimal maintenance.
- Roof elements like pitch, coverings, verges, ridges, eaves, dormers, and valleys.
- Different types of pitched roofs using timber or steel trusses, as well as roofs with dormers or flat roofs.
This document discusses different types of floors used in buildings. It describes basement floors, ground floors, and subfloors. The main types discussed are timber floors, composite floors, and concrete floors. Timber floors can be single joist, double joist, or framed floors and depend on the span and loads. Composite floors combine materials like steel and concrete or two layers of flagstones. Concrete floors include reinforced concrete slabs, which are widely used today.
This document discusses timber flooring. It begins by defining timber flooring as flooring made of wood. It then discusses the history of timber flooring from the Baroque Era to modern trends. It describes different types of timber flooring like strip, wood block, parquet and plank flooring. It also discusses joists, construction details, joinery details, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of timber flooring. In the end, it provides sketches illustrating different timber floor constructions and common joint types used in timber flooring.
This document discusses timber frame and upper floor construction. It describes typical uses for timber framing such as residential, commercial, and agricultural buildings. Key terms of timber frame systems like posts, girders, beams, and rafters are defined. Limitations of timber framing include size constraints of wood members and susceptibility to rot, warping, and insects over time. Balloon and platform framing techniques are compared, with platform framing now being more common. Advantages of platform framing include using smaller wood pieces and creating a natural fire barrier between floors. Functions and construction of upper floors are outlined, including using joists, decking, and soundproofing measures like floating floors. Concrete upper floor construction can utilize
Timber floors can be either suspended or solid. Suspended floors use joists to support floor boards and can be single, double, or triple floors depending on the number of joist sets used. Double and triple floors use additional large joists called binders or girders to provide intermediate support over large spans. Proper joints, supports, insulation, ventilation and protection are required for timber floors.
Please contact at anisha13naidu@gmail.com for the ppt and I will send it to you.
Presentation on Timber flooring, faults, methods of repair, products and case study.
Building materials and construcation Technology (Lintels and Arches)Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches) Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Timber framing uses traditional wooden joinery techniques like mortise and tenon joints to connect beams and frames. Timber frame structures can last over 2,000 years. Trusses use triangles of timber to allow large roof spans with small timbers. Laminated wood makes it possible to fabricate long curved timbers for arches, domes, and vaults. Heavy timber construction can be combined with light framing. Basic timber joints include butt, halving, housing, notched, cogged, and checked joints which are chosen based on performance, economy, and practicality.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
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Type iv building construction
1. Type IV
Building
Construction
By:
Manuel S.
Steven E.
Bryan W.
2. Type IV Building Construction
• Some times is called “mill construction” because
it was the type of construction used at the turn of
the century.
– Was used on New England mills to house heavy
equipment.
• These structures are manly used in
manufacturing centers, churches, and/or schools.
• Buildings have masonry walls like type III
buildings but the interior wood consists of large
timbers.
• The floor and roof are plank board
3. • In a heavy-timber building a wood column
cannot be less than eight inches thick in any
dimension and a wood girder cannot be less
than six inches thick.
• One difference between
a heavy timber building
and ordinary construction
is that a heavy-timber
building does not have
plaster walls and ceilings
covering the interior
wood framework.
4. • In heavy timber type of construction fire
resistance is attained by putting limitations of
minimum sizes on the wood structural
members and on minimum thickness and
composition of wood floors and roofs; by
avoiding of concealed spaces under floors and
roofs; by use of approved
fastenings, construction details, and
adhesives; and providing the required degree
of fire resistance in exterior and interior walls.
5. • Interior load-bearing walls will be of noncombustible
materials similar to the exterior walls and play a critical
role both in fire separation
• Typically, the walls are 24 to 36 inches thick at ground
level
• Heavy-Timber or Type IV buildings will have four
bearing exterior walls made from noncombustible
materials.
17. • Use of unprotected
steel
– Unprotected steel can
fail early and trap
firefighters
• You must always
recognize the
size, use and age
of the building.
18. • Always respect the COLLAPSE ZONES.
– If the fire is suspected of collapsing then a
collapse zone must be established.
19. • Beams
– Penetrated for conduit and pipes.
– Long bolts and nuts are used.
– Metal can create a path for heat to reach the interior.
– Watch for spliced timber with overlapping joints and
metal connectors.
20. • This type of construction does not collapse during the early stages
of a fire when interior firefighting is taking place. However, after
several hours, its floors will collapse and the free-standing walls will
fall into the street and on to the roofs of lower buildings nearby.
• Conflagration breeder
– Structure that presents severe exposure problem that are capable of
starting a large, multiple building fires
• Characteristics of a conflagration breeder are radiant heat and fire
brands, large collapse zones, and fire spread.
• Expect the fight of your life
21. • Heavy timber is benefited by extended time of burning
and the lack of voids spaces.
• Heavy timbers perform well and do not fail early in a
fire, and is considered “slow burning”
– “slow burning” means “collapse resistant”
– Statement is only true when a fire department can
maintain an interior offensive operation.
22. When it was used
Developed since that time, the building method was
brought to North America in the 17th century by
European settlers.
Started in the 18th century, in the US, on the east
coast, and still stand to this day
The first completely self-supporting timber frame
structure is believed to have been constructed during
the 10th century.
The advancement of technology and design
improvements helped to revive North American heavy
timber framing in the 1970s.
In Europe, there is timber framed buildings
constructed over 500 years ago that are still standing
today.
23. Why is Type IV used?
• Positive aspect of these
buildings is that they are built
for strength, with heavy-
timber supports for the floor
and roof structure, providing a
strong and stable building in
the early stages of a fire.
• One advantage of this method
of construction was that very
little of the structure was
enclosed to create voids.
• Heavy timber construction is
known to be extremely stable
under fire conditions due to
the size of the load bearing
members with large columns
and roof support trusses
24. • The heavy timber building was a multistory
building, designed and originally used for storage and
industrial purposes.
• The thickness of heavy timber is built for
strength, which makes it able to burn for longer
periods of time
• Large diameter wood components hold longer than
steel .
• Used in building moderate-priced
factories, warehouses, business blocks, and dwelling
houses because of its simplicity, strength, and the
rapidity with which it may be erected, and also because
of its adaptability to very fine architecture if the
designer uses judgment and skill.
25. How is it
used?
Roof Framing
— Wood-frame or glued-laminated arches for roof
construction, which spring from the floor line or from grade
and do not support floor loads, members not less than 6”
nominal in width and have less than 8“nominal in depth for
the lower half of the height and not less than 6“ nominal in
depth for the upper half. Framed or glued laminated arches for
roof construction that spring from the top of walls or wall
abutments, framed timber trusses and other roof
framing, which do not support floor loads, shall have members
not less than 4” nominal in width and not less than 6” nominal
in depth. Spaced members shall be permitted to be composed
of two or more pieces not less than 3“ nominal in thickness
where blocked solidly throughout their intervening spaces or
where spaces are tightly closed by a continuous wood cover
plate of not less than 2” nominal in thickness secured to the
underside of the members. Splice plates shall be not less than
3” nominal in thickness. Where protected by approved
automatic sprinklers under the roof deck, framing members
shall be not less than 3” nominal in width.
26. Floor Framing
— Wood beams and girders shall be of
sawn or glued-laminated timber and
shall be not less than 6” nominal in
width and not less than 10” nominal in
depth. Framed sawn or glued-laminated
timber arches, which spring from the
floor line and support floor loads, shall
be not less than 8” nominal in any
dimension. Framed timber trusses
supporting floor loads shall have
members of not less than 8” nominal in
any dimension.
27. • Floors
– Floors shall be without concealed spaces. Wood floors
shall be of sawn or glued-laminated planks, splined or
tongue-and-groove, of not less than 3” nominal in
thickness covered with 1” nominal dimension tongue-
and-groove flooring, laid crosswise or diagonally, or 0.5”
particleboard or planks not less than 4” nominal in width
set on edge close together and well spiked and covered
with 1” nominal dimension flooring or 15/32” wood
structural panel or 0.5” particleboard. The lumber shall
be laid so that no continuous line of joints will occur
except at points of support. Floors shall not extend closer
than 0.5” walls. Such 0.5” space shall be covered by a
molding fastened to the wall and so arranged that it will
not obstruct the swelling or shrinkage movements of the
floor. Corbeling of masonry walls under the floor shall be
permitted to be used in place of molding.
• Roofs
– Roofs shall be without concealed spaces and wood roof
decks shall be sawn or glued laminated, splined or
tongue-and-groove plank, not less than 2” thick, 1⅛”
thick wood structural panel (exterior glue), or of planks
not less than 3” nominal in width, set on edge close
together and laid as required for floors. Other types of
decking shall be permitted to be used if providing
equivalent fire resistance and structural properties.
• Columns
– Wood columns shall be sawn or glued laminated and
shall not be less than 8” nominal in any dimension where
supporting floor loads and not less than 6 inches (152
mm) nominal in width and not less than 8” nominal in
depth where supporting roof and ceiling loads only.
Columns shall be continuous or superimposed and
connected in an approved manner.
• Partitions(Walls)
– Partitions shall be of solid wood construction formed by
not less than two layers of 1” matched boards or
laminated construction 4” thick, or of 1-hour fire-
resistance-rated construction.
• Exterior structural members
– A horizontal separation of 20’ or more is provided, wood
columns and arches conforming to heavy timber sizes
shall be permitted to be used externally
28. • Lintels or arches to
transfer loads over
openings made from
materials of substantial
strength.
29. • Exterior wall construction are
usually
noncombustible, commonly
brick, block, or stone
• Common walls between
buildings and floor supports
seldom are used in heavy-
timber construction