Hist report

1. ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY [ ARC 60203]
PROJECT 2: REPORT ( GROUP & INDIVIDUAL )
STADIUM NEGARA
Source: Building Merdeka
TUTOR:
MS. SITI BALKISH ROSLAN
GROUP MEMBERS: STUDENT ID:
ZOE LOW LI MIEN 0319444
YANG JING LOO 0323066
YEW WING KEE 0323555
YONG AI YI 0321977
HOH JEAN MING 0322496

2. BAKHT JALAL KHAN 0326850
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS
2.1 Site Accessibility
2.2 Relationship of building to surroundings
2.3 Climate
3.0 ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT OF BUILDING
3.1 Concept of Stadium Negara
3.2 Entrance of Stadium Negara
3.3 Circulation of space
3.4 Organization Analysis
4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS
4.1 Metaphorical approach and expressionism
4.2 Machine Regionalism
4.3 Modernistic Features
4.4 Comparison of Stadium Negara with other buildings in the region
4.5 Architectural Style
4.6 Comparison: Stadium Negara VS Astrodome (Houston Taxes)
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Comparison: Similarities Or Differences Between Stadium Negara and Houston
Astrodome.
5.2 Similarities Between Stadium Negara and Astrodome

3. 5.3 Differences Between Stadium Negara And Astrodome
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
6.1 Roof
6.2 Comparison of roof structures
6.3 Entrances
6.4 The Arena
6.5 Columns
6.6 Windows
6.7 Seats
7.0 CONCLUSION
8.0 REFERENCES

4. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Stadium Negara known as the National stadium was the first indoor and the 2nd stadium in
Malaysia. Located at Jalan Stadium, 50150 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur -
North East Kuala Lumpur. It was constructed from 25 September 1956 to 21 August 1957, the
day after Malaya became Malaysia. However due to the persistent leaks, in 1982 it is renovated
as to replace the roof with a dome. Currently in 2016, the stadium are still being refurbish to
maintain the significant elements and bring back the glory of the stadium. PNB Merdeka
Ventures is currently the owner of Stadium Negara.
In 1949, when Britain was hosting the Thomas Cup, Malaya along with Singapore won the
international badminton tournament against the Dutch by 8-1. By winning this competition, it
enables Malaysia to host the next Thomas Cup. Since this enthusiast the Malaysia, gaining
international recognition for its specialty in Badminton, a sports venue is needed to be built to
hold this competition.
The government hired Jewkes to design and built the stadiums such as Merdeka and Negara
themselves. Negara was built not only to host the Thomas cup but to function as concert halls,
exhibitions, conventions and sporting events. Designed as to accommodate over 10,000 people.
The stadium became one of Malaysia’s monumental buildings having the largest bicycle roof
that dedicates to Merdeka.
ARCHITECT
Stanley Edward Jewkes
Born on the 9th of October, 1913. He was an American architect as well as an engineer. He
studied Architecture in the UK in Northampton Institute and London Polytechnic, associated

5. with RIBA. He was the most influential architect in Malaya during the first decade of Malaysian
Independence. He was known to build Merdeka Park, Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Negara.
2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS
YONG AI YI (0321977)
Stadium Negara is located at Jalan Stadium, Bukit Bintang, 50150 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah
Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. It is very near to Kuala Lumpur which has only 2 km of distance.
Which is very convenient for user to access and also easily to be found. Moreover, it is very
near to stadium merdeka. It is located at the south-west side of Stadium Negara. The
coordinate of Stadium is 3°8′26″N 101°42′10″E. At the side of the building there are 80 parking
spaces for visitor to park their car. This building was built on a small hill.
(image 2.1 shows the location of Stadium Negara ) Google map

6. 2.1 Site Accessibility
There are few methods to access StadiumNegara for example, by taxi ,private car, and LRT. Me
and my teammates visited Stadium Negara by taking LRT. We take from Kelana Jaya LRT
Station because it is more convenient for us to access. Then we stop at Pasar Seni which is the
nearest LRT station to Stadium Negara. After that , we have to walk to Stadium negara, which
required us to walk for approximately 18 minutes with a distance of 1.4 kilometers. The whole
journey took us one
hour and 27 minutes to
reach Stadium
Negara.
(image 2.2.1 shows 2
differents route by car)

7. (image 2.2.2 shows the route by LRT)
2.2 Relationship of building to surroundings
Other than Stadium Negara, there are another two type of stadiums which is very near to
Stadium Negara which are Stadium Merdeka, located at the south-west side and Stadium Chin
Woo which placed at the west side. There are two type of school which can be found very near
to Stadium Negara which are Sjk (c) Jalan Davidson and Victoria Institution.Sjk (c) Jalan
Davidson is located at the north side while Victoria Institution was placed at the south side of
Stadium Negara. On the north-east side,there are two condominiums built next to each other
which are Casa Residency Condominium and Sri Emas Condominium.While In the north-east
side of Stadium Negara, where Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kuala Lumpur can be found.

8. In these buildings there are similarities and also differences between Stadium Negara and other
buildings in term of architecture style, design and other purpose.
2.2.1 Stadium Merdeka
Stadium Merdeka is a famous building where located very near to Stadium Negara. It is one of
the historical and important building in Malaysia.Declaration of independence of the Federation
of Malaya on 31 August 1957 was held at Stadium Merdeka and it is also the first modern
building of the new nation. It was built before Stadium Negara. Both of the stadium held sports
event and also concerts.Moreover, both of the building was designed by the same architect,
Stanley Jewkes. In term or architecture style both of the building having a modernist style
design.

9. (2.2.1.1 image shows Stadium Merdeka)
2.2.2 Stadium Chin Woo
Stadium Chin Woo was open in 1953.it was built by Dato Y.T. Lee. The design of this building is
Art Deco which is different from Stadium Negara.Stadium Negara is more towards Brutalism
design. The architectural style of this building is modern which is same as Stadium Negara .The
main purpose of this stadium is for sport events which completed with sport facilities. The
capacity of this building is about 2000 users and below while Stadium Negara can fit in almost
10,000 people.
(2.2.2.1 image shows Stadium Chin Woo)
2.2.3 Victoria Institution

10. Among all the building that had mentioned, Victoria Institution is the oldest building where
located near to Stadium Negara.It was founded on 14th August 1893. Victoria Institution is a is
a secondary school and it is one of the oldest schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is also one of
the historical building. The school was named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and it
was established by the British.The architecture style of Victoria Institution is different from
Stadium Negara it is more towards Moorish Influence, Neoclassical and Neo-Gothic styles. Its
significant element that can found in this building is the clock tower.
(2.2.3.1 image shows Victoria Institution)
2.2.4 SJK(c) Jalan Davidson
SJK © Jalan Davidson is a primary chinese school.It was built in 1928 which is also a historical
building in Malaysia. It was the first chinese school in this country. It survived from japanese
occupation of Malaya. In this building, it was decorated with prominent pediment while
Stadium Negara main design decoration is the dome-like roof and centralized form. Despite the
short distance from the school to Stadium Negara there are few times where this school has
organized basketball competition at the Stadium.

11. (2.2.4.1 image shows SJK © Jalan Davidson)
2.2.5 Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kuala Lumpur
It is Located on a hill opposite the defunct Pudu Prison. IPK Kuala Lumpur is the state police
headquarters for Wilayah Persekutuan KL and also Putrajaya. Comparing IPK Kuala Lumpur with
Stadium Negara, both of them are in the style of modern architecture but Stadium Negara is
more towards to Modernist Expressionist style. From the picture below,the architecture design
of IPK Kuala Lumpur is more emphasis on the lines. This building is quite near from Stadium
Negara. It is very convenient to call police to reinforce security whenever there are activities
held in Stadium Negara.
(2.2.5.1 image shows Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen Kuala Lumpur )
2.3 Climate

12. Malaysia only has two type of seasons which is wet or dry.Wet seasons is mostly happening in
November to March. Rainy day can up to 20 days in a month.While the dry seasons mostly
happening in May to September. The driest month will be in the month of June.
(Graph above shows the average rainfall of Kuala Lumpur)
The changes of season will cause the rate of temperature. Mostly the temperature in Malaysia
remains constant at 28-32 degree celsius every year.
(Graph above shows the average temperature of Kuala Lumpur)

13. 2.3.1 Climate Response
Different building has different way to cope with malaysian whether. As mentioned earlier,
Stadium Negara was built on a small hill which makes the building higher than other building
which means Stadium Negara will exposed more to sunlight. In order to solve this problem, the
architect decided to create more opening to the building. Other than that, the form of the
building allows more sunlight and wind to penetrate into the building.
(image 2.3.1.1 shows the sunpath) Google map
The picture below shows the opening which improve the ventilation of the building which let
the hot air flows out through the opening and also let cool breeze flows in. Other than that, the
dome structure was added later on due to the rainy and hot weather of Malaysia so that users
are protected from rain dropping down and direct sunlight shines into the building. Moreover,
when there are hot air trapped in the building it will rise up and concentrate in the middle and
flows out from the tip of the
roof.

14. (image 2.3.1.2 shows the openings of the building)
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING
HOH
JEAN
MING
(032249
6)
3.1 Concept of Stadium Negara
Stadium negara is located at the city of Kuala Lumpur. Stadium Negara is known as an indoor
stadium that could accommodate up to 10,000 people. This structure is used for multiple
purposes such as sports, indoor concerts and gathering etc. This structure was designed based
on the concept of a concentric circle with the impression of an earthen bowl with geometric
elements forming the exterior of the structure.

15. Figure 3.1.1 Plan of Stadium Negara Figure 3.1.2, 3.1.3 Exterior of Stadium Negara
Based on the floor plan, the structure is based on a radial form which centralised the arena
surrounding by up to 10,000 seats. The radial form of the structure is practical as it achieved
the intention of creating a visual balance where all users could have a clear vision of the arena
by increasing the height of the seating from high to low.
The exterior of Stadium Negara has a combination of geometric elements to create an
interesting visual experience for the user.
And also the intention of achieving a modern
architectural style by using various
geometric elements such as triangles and
rectangles.
3. 2 Entrance of Stadium Negara

16. Diagram 3.2.1
- Main Entrance
- Backstage Entrance
- Arena Entrance
There are mainly 3 types of entrances for stadium Negara and one located at the south is the
main entrance whereas the one located at the north is located at the north side where has
more sense of privacy. There are 3 entrances into the arena from 3 different directions to
provide better circulation in the stadium. The main entrance is used for audiences to enter the
arena for concerts or sports events. Whereas the 3 arena entrances are open to allow a better
flow of circulation to avoid any difficulties to enter or exit the stadium. The backstage entrance
is usually used for VIP and staff, the backstage entrance provide a more convenient access to
the stadium and also provide a better sense of privacy.

17. 3.3 Circulation of space
Diagram 3.3.1
The structure is constructed in a circular method where the circulation of space is centralized
from each entrances leading toward the center, which is the field or stage. Depending on the
events, the seats that are located closer to the center has more advantage as it has better view
and also user can experience natural sunlight from the roof. The entrance on the south is
mainly for public use whereas the entrance on the north side will lead them to the stage/field
therefore it is a private section. Various entrances to the stadium and the circulation of the
space has the advantage of having a better flow of
circulation.
3.4 Organization Analysis
Balance and Symmetry

18. Diagram 3.4.1
Balance and symmetry are found in the structure as it is designed in a circular method and each
sides of the structure are the same size, leading toward the center point of the structure. The
design intention is to allow users to have a better view from different sides of the structure.
Repetition

19. Diagram 3.4.2
Repetition of circles could also be found in the structure, leading towards to center point. From
the outside which is the structure itself to the middle row seat, and to the front row seat and
lastly to the field or stage. The hierarchy of the structure gives better advantage to the user to
have a better view from higher ground all the way towards the lower ground.
4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS
ZOE LOW LI MIEN (0319444)
The stadium has a Modernistic Expressionist style. Jewkes adopted it in order to represent
Malaysia as a new nation through their sportsmanship. Back before Independence, when the
Thomas Cup was held in Britain in 1949, Malaya known as Malaysian back then won the
international competition. While winning this event, it has enabled the country to host the next
Thomas Cup. This enthusiast the Malaysians, which they decided to construct an arena to held
this event as an opportunity to boost their developing country. Malaysia intended to break
away from the British colony, which this specific sports building was constructed to become a
national symbol of decolonisation.
In order to express their independence, it uses strong symbolism and boldness to create an
image for Malaysia. By symbolism it uses a bicycle wheel to present it as a sports arena. The

20. arena creates the national identity due to Malaysia’s specialty on badminton. It was
transforming the building as a grand in scale as to represent it as a monument.
4.1 Metaphorical approach and expressionism
Diagram4.1.1 Bicycle Wheel transformed asan abstractivedesign which its outlineswere used forthe
plan
Image4.1.2 PerspectiveDrawing of StadiumNegara showing thebicyclewheel design
[Source;Building Merdeka]
Jewkes takes the bicycle wheel as a symbol for the stadium’s design. Creating a circular design
for the stadium for ventilation purposes as to oscillate wind like a bicycle wheel moving and
rotating. It was used to define the building as a sports arena, making it bold as to signify

21. Malaysia’s specialty in sports like Badminton. This makes the stadium very significant especially
as making the country to be more dominant due to this building.
Image4.1.3 Muralsdesigned by Yee Chin Ming [top] and Phoon Poh Hong [bottom] (Source:Building
Merdeka)
Besides using a symbol of a bicycle wheel, in a cultural aspect, to portray the Malaysia the
architect implements murals in the stadium. It uses the theme of a Malay folklore to represent
the Malay culture. The murals are designed this way consisting of colourful human figures of a
Malay band and a group of ronggeng girls. Displaying the bright and cheerfulness of the
country in a form of a celebration showing the Malaysian people as kind and opened.
4.2 Machine Regionalism
Like Le Corbusier, the architect goes for a machine approach. Although modernism can be
applicable in the west but for Malaysia’s hot and humid climate is different as it affects the
modernist principles. Rather than to simply design it due to climate as fact, Jewkes focuses on
providing ventilation for the building to address the warm climate. Using newer construction
methods and materials to make natural ventilation using the wind to cool down the interior so
does the usage of light.

22. Triangular Egg Crate Recessed Windows
Image4.2.1 TriangularEgg Crate Recessed Windowsabove[left,photographed] and
Image4.2.2 Interiorof thebuilding [Right,Source:Building Merdeka]
The windows are designed geometrically to make use of light from the sun to brighten up the
interior.
Repetitive Vertical Louvres
Image4.2.3 Southern sideof the building [Source;Building Merdeka]
They are repeatedly constructed to provide shade for the building as to cool the interior down.
Concave Roof

23. Image4.2.4 A flatconcaveroof
Suspended in order to discharge the rain water when poured.
4.3 Modernistic Features
Modernistic aspect of this stadium focuses more onto the new materiality implemented upon
the building.
Reinforced Concrete Ring;
Image4.3.1 Construction of StadiumNegara [left,Source:Building Merdeka] and
Image4.3.2 The ConcreteRing [Right]
Reinforced Concrete Ring is constructed to enable air ventilation to flow through around the
spaces internally.

24. Horizontal Array of Windows
Image4.3.3 Source; Building Merdeka
The design focuses more on the elevation and horizontal aspects of the building. Beautifying it
as well as providing ventilation.
4.4 COMPARISON OF STADIUM NEGARA WITH OTHER BUILDINGS IN THE REGION
BAKHT JALAL KHAN (0326850)
4.5 Architectural Style
Following the independence of Malaysia in 1957, the nation has struggled in finding its own
identity, in it’s strive towards becoming an advanced nation.
For long, the region has been subject to foreign rule of various identities. The latest of which
being the British rule, that lasted for over a century. Unrest in this region and other reasons
also encouraged immigration, people of many different religion and cultures ended up living
together.

25. As a result, after the independence, the nation had no real identity. However being an Islamic
state and under Muslim rule, the need to accommodate the various other cultures was realized
in order to obtain unity.
Malaysian leaders of the past choose a modernist approach for the future. Mahathir, the ex.
prime minister of Malaysia wanted the people of Malaysia to move out of the fields and into
office jobs. In other words, it was decided that Malaysia was to become a modern nation but
with roots from Islam.
This theology can be seen in the architecture of the national iconic buildings and is also visible
in the design for the National stadium Negara.
- An example being the PETRONAS twin towers:
- Another being the KLIA :
- Wisma Lee tower:

26. Compared to other buildings in the region built with the same theology, there are many striking
similarities.
Alike other building, influences from Le Corbusier’s Brutalist architecture are used in different
parts of the design. These characteristics include the use of natural ventilation, which in the
case of stadium Negara is achieved by louvers and open spaces in the top components of the
building. “Egg crate” windows serve the same purpose in the lower walls. Furthermore, the idea
of exposed concrete construction is also adopted as can be seen with the seating on the
terrace.
The architects adopted the International style of building design with the use of visible steel
frames which support laminated glass panels. Such can be seen in many newly constructed
mega structures all around the country.
Finally, a trait common amongst the many designs, is the use of Islamic shapes and patterns on
the exterior of the buildings. In the case of Stadium Negara, the architect has made use of the
Islamic Star, repetitive circles and even murals depicting cultures of Malaysia.

27. Although Stadium Negara shares many similarities with other buildings in the region, it is a
stadium and thus falls in a different category. The building has a horizontal elevation. It is
circular in design with a dome atop its walls. Unlike the commercial buildings which rise
vertically and are generally shaped like cubes or cuboids.
Comparing Stadium Negara with other stadiums in Malaysia, with those built near that time,
the stadium Merdaka. The main difference lies in the shape of the design as Stadium Negara is
circular while the other is an oval.
- Stadium
Merdeka: -
Stadium
Negara:
However other modern circular stadiums have also been constructed later that are hard to
distinguish in terms of design properties.
4.6 Comparison: Stadium Negara VS Astrodome (Houston Taxes)
The Astrodome, located in Houston Taxes, USA, was the world’s first domed stadium that was
built in the early 1960’s. Initially known as “Harrison County Domed Stadium”, it was later
changed to “The Astrodome” once it started to home the Major League baseball team, The
Houston Astros.

28. Perhaps the best reason to compare Stadium Negara with this building is the fact that they
serve the same theology. Yes both buildings lay in the opposite ends of the world, but both
were designed as a symbol of the future. Both these buildings were an intent, as the step away
from the past.
Expanding on the similarities, both buildings share the same circular design and to a great
extend, the same construction technique.
Steel unites are interlocked in the desired shape to form space frames. These space frames
support the structure of the stadium.
However there are some differences between the characteristics of the two buildings.
Firstly, in comparison with Stadium Negara, The Astrodome housed baseball games and light
was a major requirement for the maintenance of the game pitch. Thus the Astrodome featured
a glass paneled roof. This allowed sunlight to penetrate the building. These panels could also be
used as windows, allowing a pathway for air, taking care of ventilation.
- Roof of the Astrodome:
In the case of Stadium Negara, the stadium covered a hard
turf. There was no need for heavy glass panel roofing to
serve the game pitch, and thus other, simpler means of
sunlight exposure were used.
The roof linings are paneled with light weight PVC. The clerestory on the lower circumference
of the building allows sufficient light inside.

29. - Roof of Stadium Negara:
The use of clerestory also helps Stadium Negara in that it provides a mode of natural ventilation
and a cool interior. Unlike the case with the Astrodome, which used massive air conditioners to
do the same job.
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIAL ANALYSIS
YEW WING KEE (0323555)
Stadium negara was built on 1960 and opened on 19 April 1962 and was renovated on 1982. It
cost RM34 million to built stadium negara. It was built by the architect Stanley Edward Jewkes
and by the contractor Mr M.D Canavan, Encik Koon Yew Yin and Encik S. Makendra. Stadium

30. negara was opened by the third Yang Di Pertuan Agong. The late Tuanku Syed Putra, of Perlis,
making stadium negara the first indoor stadium in Malaysia.
The most attracting feature of Stadium Negara is the dome shaped rooftop. It is covered with
corrugated plastic sheeting over the ceiling that made of the hardboard. The whole roof was
very light, this is to solved the aerodynamic movement.
However, the outer layer of the rooftop and the inner of roof were supported by tensile steel
wires and steel wires. The outer wire and inner wire are actually connected which provided
rigidity to the two wire level and illuminated
the central arena with a clerestory section.
The rooftop of stadium negara is the circular
suspended roof. The material used to built
the rooftop is corrugated plastic which is
used to covered the surface of the roof, and
the ceiling is built by hardboard, and using
pvc to reduced maintenance cost, the
material used on the roof help to reduce the
weight of the rooftop.
The main promenade was roofed with a light
reinforced concrete folded shell which was
hinged to the center building and supported
by the columns placed at the exterior wall.

31. In 1985, a dome roof was designed and added on the building. This is to protect visitor from
rainy weather or water leakage caused by the flat roof design. Mr. Stanley Edward have
designed the space with minimal interior support and with sound proof to avoid disturbance to
the other citizen.
The clerestory near the perimeter of the stadium allowed air to flow in and provide citizen that
are in the stadium a refreshing and comfortable place to watched sports games indoor.

32. The seats in stadium negara is concrete made and is unplastered, and there are some narrow
slit on concrete terrace.( in red circle) these slit allowed air to passed through eery seats in the
stadium.
Different type of floor
tiles have used in the
stadium. Most of the
tiles is square shaped
pattern.
Dome roof structure using space framed structure. The dome rooftop of stadium negara is
saucer dome roof. Saucer dome roof is also named as segmental dome, or calottes. Saucer
dome is a dome that are less than half a circle. This is because to reduced the portion of dome

33. in tension. Saucer dome are strong but it also will increased radial thrust. Many of the other
building have used this type of dome rooftop.
Masonry saucer dome is entirely with compression. They can be built much more thinner than
other dome roof. And compared of stability, saucer dome have not much differences than the
other dome roof. The proportion of the roof top have reduced and it has increased horizontal
thrust on abutments. The decreasing weight and number of material constructing the rooftop
can be more economical compared to the others.
5.1 Comparison: Similarities Or Differences Between Stadium Negara and Houston
Astrodome.

34. Astrodome is a multipurpose hall with a dome shaped rooftop and is the first and biggest
stadium in the world which located in Houston, Texas. Astrodome begin construction on
January 3,1962 and opened on April 1965. It has been renovated on the year of 1981 to 1989.
And it was closed on 2008. This construction had cost 35 million dollar. Architect who involved
in this construction is Hermon Lloyd and W.B. Morgan Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson
Praeger. This construction is also helped by Walter P Moore who is the structural engineer.
Astrodome is known as the biggest indoor stadium made by man. Astrodome intention is to
solve the climate problem in Texas , which is always hot or warm weather in Texas. Before the
astrodome was built. Citizen need to watch sports games under very hot and humidity weather
and mosquitoes biting which made interruption to citizen that wanted to enjoy the games. And
if rained, the games have no choice but to paused it. Astrodome was built as a protection for
the citizen to watch sports games without interruption. But unfortunately, Astrodome had
closed down in 2008.

35. 5.2 Similarities Between Stadium Negara and Astrodome
5.3 Differences Between Stadium Negara And Astrodome

36. 6.0
ARC
HITE
CTU
RAL
ELE
MENTS/COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
YANG JING LOO (0323066)
Stadium Negara was the first indoor stadium in Malaysia, designed by architect Sir Stanley
Edward Jewkes. Located in North East Kuala Lumpur. It had been refurbished for several times
especially the roof, to restore, preserve and conserve the significant elements and structures of
the building. The architect used various architectural elements and components to enhance the
user experience on every spaces. By visiting the stadium and further analysis, we able to
understand the whole function of the spaces with its elements.
6.1 Roof
The roof of Stadium Negara was constructed with reinforced concrete ring to support the steel
bicycle wheel roof in the 1962. Compare to Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Chin Woo, Stadium
Negara's roof look aesthetically grand and it is considered the most popular "bicycle steel roof"
in Southeast Asia. Due to leakage problem, the roof was replaced by a new imposing dome roof

37. which gives the stadium a new expression. Besides that it also benefits the interior where it
provides sufficient shading.
Image 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 Structure of dome roof
Image 6.1.3 Tubular columns

38. Diag
ram
6.1.4
Disp
ersio
n of transverse loads
Transferring weights of ceiling towards walls to the ground. The main material used was with a
light reinforced concrete and hinged to building. The tubular columns placed around the
stadium are used to support the weight of the stadium and transfer the load to the ground
which prevents building to collapse. Material used were steel column which are durable and
sustainable for outdoor usage.
6.2 Comparison of roof structures
Astrodome’s roof constructed using sheet glass creating a huge glass dome roof with the
purpose of skylights and sheltering from interior. As the use of transparency glass are an
advantage for the space inside; the ground was fully covered with grass which is essential for
plants to absorb
natural light. The space
were used for
baseball and
any outdoor
activities.

39. Image 6.2.1 Astrodome roof structure
Stadium Negara’s roof was constructed with sheets of PVC covered over the dome for non-
costly maintenance and lightweight structure. As for the light penetration was through the
clerestory,
which the the highest
windows
located below
the roof.
Image 6.2.2 Stadium Negara roof structures
6.3 Entrances

40. Sliding doors and overhead windows on the North West entrance of building are made of
tempered glass. It allows greater penetration of sunlight to transmit into the entrance hall.
Lighted space usually giving user a
sense of welcoming and
harmonize atmosphere.
Image 6.3.1 Front entrances
Tempered glass are also known as safety glass where it is durable on chemical resistance, bullet
resistance and so on. In short the advantage of placing tempered glass on entrance is for safety
purposes. Overhead windows above the doors are for air ventilation and rain resistance. It is
adjustable.

41. Diagram 6.3.2 Light penetrates in space and Diagram 6.3.3 hierarchy of space
The corridor between entrance hall and the arena had lower ceiling compare to the other
spaces as it is designed for visitors to have a sense of curiosity passing through a space to the
other. Two different spaces are connected along with the narrow hallway to indicate as a sign
of transferring to the other spaces. Showing the hierarchy or the focal point of space. In the
diagram, shows the narrow hallway to the central core of the building which is the arena.
6.4 The Arena
The windows known as clerestory are designed and functioned similar as the entrance hall.
Installed on surroundings to improve the air ventilation in the Arena as the area of space is
greater. As well as preventing the space from air pollution, these opening can be adjusted

42. according to each situations. Besides that, it also give user experience to view exterior activities
from the indoor. Light able to penetrates into the building during sunrise and sunset which
allow user to experience the ambience according to the temperature.
Image 6.4.1 Clerestory
surround the arena
Boxes in red highlighted the figure of clerestory surrounding the arena. Locate above the seats
and below the ceilings. Suitable placement for the circulation of wind, light and temperature.
6.5 Columns
Solid timber columns supporting the roof, ceilings and beams surrounding the arena. These
columns act as structural support and also for aesthetic purpose. The design was in rectangular
prism rather than typical cylinder columns as it was created along with the building massing. As
well as prevent the restriction of light penetration and air ventilation to the space, increase the
sense of secure, being protected indoor.

43. Image 6.5.1 Interior column
Image 6.5.2 Exterior
column
INTERIOR COLUMN
Cylindrical column were located after the entrance hall where the circular element above the
column has hidden lighting
in it creates a different
atmospheric experience
when entering the Arena;
space of importance.
Besides that the rectangular
column were located beside
the staircase, act as a ceiling
supporter where it gives user a guidance to enter from a space to another. Creating a hierarchy
in space.

44. Diagram 6.5.3 Cylindrical column Diagram6.5.4 Rectangular column
6.6 Windows
International style modernist designed windows with visual emphasis on horizontal and vertical
lines, as well as the arrangement of forms. Inspired by Islamic geometrical patterns and motifs
applied in Stadium Negara architectural style. Openings are covered with glass in private areas
while in public areas does not covered completely. Windows arranged in angled form, benifit
spaces with greater ventilation and light penetration. The triangular angled opening (egg crate)
in image 6.6.2 are basically for the allowance of air ventilation and below it are rectangular
windows which is facing towards the garden view rather than the busy streets beside the
building; have a limitation towards the views.
Image 6.6.1 Windows in grid form Image 6.6.2 Angled windows

45. Image 6.6.3 Entrance Hall clerestory
Image 6.6.4 Clerestory in Arena
Diagram
6.6.5 Types of openings used in Stadium Negara

46. 6.7 Seats
Seating is divided into upper and lower areas.
Seats made from concrete are located on the
upper tier. There are small openings on the
vertical surfaces of the seats which allow
sufficient air ventilation. Seats are inspired by
the form of staircase, allow back resting when
user sit on one of the surfaces.
Image 6.7.1 Upper tier seats
Towards the stage, seats consist layered concrete overlapped with wooden floor tiles as
finishing. These seats able to get better views of the center core rather than from the upper tier
as it costs more and allow comfort seating. Layering of seats able to provide users to experience
different scenes from different perspectives.
Image 6.7.2 Seating
arrangements

47. 7.0 CONCLUSION
Overall, the design of Stadium Negara focuses on a vernacular and a contextual approach. What
makes this building significant in the history of Malaysian Architecture is that it’s known to
address the humid climate using newer materials during its independence period to construct a
cantilevered concrete ring. An innovative construction method that makes the building
appealing to represent Malaysia in a field of sports symbolically and culturally. Making the one
of the known stadiums for its large interior, full usage of natural ventilation such as light and
wind. A bold expressive building.

48. 8.0 REFERENCES
Site Context Analysis
1.Stadium Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Stadium-Negara/110746238976781
2.Olimpik, M. (1970). Reliving the past with Merdeka Stadium. Retrieved November 27, 2016,
from http://thesportsmuseum.blogspot.my/2009/09/reliving-past-with-merdeka-stadium.html
3.Stadium Negara, Kuala Lumpur. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from
http://www.asianarchitecture.info/Building/193/Stadium-Negara.php
4.Victoria Institution(n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from http://smkvictoria.edu.my/
5.UNESCO Office in Bangkok: Stadium Merdeka. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from
http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/heritage/wh/heritageawards/previous/2008/award-
winners/2008ex2/
6.Chin Woo(n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from
http://www.chinwoo.org.my/cn/home.php
7.Planet, L. (n.d.). Chin Woo Stadium - Lonely Planet. Retrieved November 27, 2016, from
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/kuala-lumpur/activities/water-sports/chin-woo-
stadium
8. S.J.K.(C) Jalan Davidson. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from
http://www1.davidson.edu.my/
9.Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur Monthly Climate Average, Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved November
27, 2016, from https://www.worldweatheronline.com/kuala-lumpur-weather-averages/kuala-
lumpur/my.aspx

49. Architectural layout of building
1. Stadium Negara, Kuala Lumpur. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from
http://www.asianarchitecture.info/Building/193/Stadium-Negara.php
2. Olimpik, M. (1970). Reliving the past with Merdeka Stadium. Retrieved November 27, 2016,
from http://thesportsmuseum.blogspot.my/2009/09/reliving-past-with-merdeka-stadium.html
3. (2016). Retrieved 28 November 2016, from Astrodome - history, photos and more of the
Houston Astros former ballpark. (2016). Ballparks of Baseball - Your Guide to Major League
Baseball Stadiums. Retrieved 28 November 2016, from
http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/astrodome/
Architecture style analysis
1. Modernism – Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2016 from
https://www.architecture.com/Explore/ArchitecturalStyles/Modernism.aspx
2. Chen, V.F. (1998). The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Architecture. Archipelago Press.
3. Lai, C.K. (2007). Building Merdeka Independence Architecture Kuala Lumpur, 1957-1966.
Petronas
4. Konemann. (1996). The Story of Architecture From Antiquity to the Present. Imago Publishing
Ltd., Thame
5. Mohamad, T.M.R. (2005) Malaysian Architecture Crisis Within. Utusan Publications &
Distributors.
6. Khan, H.U. (2001). International Style Modernist Architecture from 1925 to 1965. Taschen.
7. Chan Chee Yoong. (1987). Post Merdeka Architecture Malaysia 1957-1987. PAM
Comparison of buildings
1. Stadium Negara, Retrieved 25 November 2016, From
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Negara
2. Documentation of Stadium Negara, Retrieved 25 November 2016, From
http://www.slideshare.net/kyenmin/documentation-of-stadium-negara

50. 3. Stadium Negara Trip, Retrieved 12th November 2016, From
https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/Attraction_Review-g298570-d10250624-Reviews-
Stadium_Negara-Kuala_Lumpur_Wilayah_Persekutuan.html
4. Stadium Negara, Malaysia Convention and Exhibition Bureau, Retrieved 12th November 2016
From http://venue.myceb.com.my/venue/stadium-negara
5. How to get to Stadium Negara, Retrieved 12th November 2016, From
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxn9F9NF4Os
6. Megastructures Twin Towers, Retrieved 01 November 2016, From
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UP4KJrpZHAU&t=1874s
7. Astrodome, Retrieved 12th November 2016, From
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrodome
8. Astrodome, Retrieved 12th November 2016, From
http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/astrodome/
Building construction, structure & materials analysis
1.Stadium Negara (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia): Top Tips Before You Go - TripAdvisor. (2016).
Tripadvisor.com.my. Retrieved 28 November 2016, from
https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/Attraction_Review-g298570-d10250624-Reviews-
Stadium_Negara-Kuala_Lumpur_Wilayah_Persekutuan.html
2. Astrodome - history, photos and more of the Houston Astros former ballpark. (2016).
Ballparks of Baseball - Your Guide to Major League Baseball Stadiums. Retrieved 28 November
2016, from http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/astrodome/
3. Astrodome - history, photos and more of the Houston Astros former ballpark. (2016).
Ballparks of Baseball - Your Guide to Major League Baseball Stadiums. Retrieved 28 November
2016, from http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/astrodome/
Architectural elements/component analysis
1. Stadium Negara | Venue Directory. (2016). Venue.myceb.com.my. Retrieved 28 November
2016, from http://venue.myceb.com.my/venue/stadium-negara#verticalTab6

51. 2. Stadium Negara | Wikiwand. (2016). Wikiwand. Retrieved 29 November 2016, from
http://www.wikiwand.com/ms/Stadium_Negara