Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Building Technology PJT 1 Report
1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) ARCHITECTURE
TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 (BLD 60703)
ASSIGNMENT 1: INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING
SYSTEM
TUTOR: AR.EDWIN
CHONG YIT JIA 0331684
KELVIN SHIM KAH VUN 0331371
PAUL WONG SZE LING 0331208
ZOE LOW LI MIEN 0319444
PHAN GUANG LEI 0331858
1
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
1.INTRODUCTION ……………………………………..……....3
1.2 Strengths of the IBS System………………………………...4
1.3 Weaknesses of the IBS System…………………………….8
1.CASE STUDY…………………………………………………….11
2.1 Task & Methodology………………………………………….14
1.PRECAST CONCRETE FRAMING…………………………….15
3.1 Skeletal Frame System………………………………………16
3.2 Types of Precast Components……………………………....17
3.3 Precast beams………………………………………………...19
3.4 Precast Columns……………………………………………....20
3.5 Precast Slabs…………………………………………………..21
3.6 Precast Staircase……………………………………………....22
1.Joints………………………………………………………………...23
4.1 Column to Column……………………………………………..24
4.2 Beam to Column………………………………………………..25
4.3 Column to Base……………………………………………..….27
1.Blockwork System……………………………………………..…..29
2.Steel truss System…………………………………………..……..30
3.Sequence of Construction.…………..……………………..……..31
4.Construction Drawings……………………………………..……...36
5. Schedule of IBS Components…………………………………....42
6. Construction Process……………………………………………..51
7. Model Making Process…………………………………………...54
8.IBS Score…………………………………………………………..58
3. 1.INTRODUCTION
The five most commonly used IBS Systems in
Malaysia are:
1.Precast concrete framing, panel and box systems;
2.Steel framework systems;
3.Prefabricated timber framing systems;
4.Steel framing systems; and
5.Blockwork systems
In our project’s case, we used the Precast Concrete
Framing System to construct our building.
IBS system is a construction method which components
are manufactured in a controlled, factory environment at
site or off - site. In Malaysia’s case, the term “IBS” is used
to describe this construction method, whereas in other
countries it is also known as Pre-fabricated/Pre-fab
Construction, Modern Method of Construction (MMC) and
Off-site Construction. These manufactured components
are transported, positioned and assembled in site.
3
5. a) Providing a cleaner & safer
construction site
IBS construction sites are proven to be tidier and neatly
organised compared to the wet and dirty traditional
construction sites. The usage of IBS components can reduce
wet work at construction sites. It also reduces the site’s
wastage such as timber formworks and props on temporary
works. These common conventional constructions. are reduced
greatly as the construction of the project put greater
emphasises on IBS components. Prompting construction sites
to become neater, reducing involved risks related to health and
well-being of the site other than promoting a safer working
environment.
b) Cost reduction
IBS construction methods are cheaper than traditional
construction methods. Reducing the employment of workers
needed to construction labour in terms of wages. Due to the
usage of prefabricated materials, IBS also can reduce the
usage of scaffoldings and other temporary supports compared
to in-situ systems. This system is considered to be one of the
cheapest options when the overall cost incurred for the
construction of a building project is considered. Bringing the
phenomenon of this construction method, where it has been
made beneficial for the constructions of small shops, offices
and simple house designs. Proving this system is to be useful
when a project is constructing repetitive designs.
5
6. c) Reduced Labour
The construction sector in Malaysia is very dependent on foreign
labour from neighbouring countries such as Indonesia,
Bangladesh and Vietnam. With the implementation of the IBS
system, this dependency can be reduced for the benefit of the
local economy. By doing so, the IBS system is able to reduce the
number of workers such as concreter, carpenters, bar benders,
plasterer and many more. When the IBS components are
produced at factories using complex machineries, it minimises the
requirement of labour needed to construct the project. Replacing
the task with a group of IBS component installers which consisted
of at least 5 individuals in each project. Leading to saving
expenses in terms of labour costs.
d) High and controlled quality of end
products
The IBS system offers improvements on the quality, productivity and
efficiency of the project due to the prefabrication of components.
Reducing the poor workmanship and lack of quality control.
Providing high quality surface finishes as the joint sections are the
only parts to be grouted, eliminating the requirement of plastering.
The construction is completed in shaded and protective
environments which emphasises on critical elements such as
material curing processes for e.g. Temperature control would be
able to evade crack problems on the concrete structures.
6
7. f) Faster completion time
The IBS system reduces the project’s time period of
construction, which helps to reduce monetary losses. This is
due to the construction of prefabricated components, which
are concurrently constructing. Enabling it to proceed when the
foundations of the construction sites are under surveyed or
when the prefab components are involved in the earthwork.
The installations of IBS components will occur on the sites
only after this process. This phenomenon helps to reduce the
risks of project delays and unnecessary expenditures. The
production of IBS elements are not affected by weather
conditions. Instead, the use of large panel structures would be
able to accelerate structural-related tasks such as painting,
electrical wiring and plumbing.
g) Not affected by adverse weather
conditions
The datelines of the IBS projects will not be affected due to the
faster rates of completion. This prevents the construction
operations from being affected as the fabrications of the IBS
components are conducted at factories under controlled
environments.
7
9. a) High capital costs
The weakness of the the IBS system are the high Initial capital
costs within this project. This is due to taking account of all the
costs of the construction works in the factories. Such as the
casting of beds and the acquisition of supported machineries
which leads to high expenses. Besides this, in some case, the IBS
system can also require a large demand of export labour.
Therefore, resulting the project to face extra costs required to train
the unskilled or semi-skilled labour.
b) Problem of joints between components
Malaysia has an equatorial climate which experiences heavy
rainfall. This climatical aspect issues the problem of leakages
which the building has to face when it is constructed using IBS
applications. When this leakage occurs, other complications may
have to follow, leading the project to have issues of dampness,
corrosion and many more issues.
9
10. c)Sophisticated plants and skilled operators
In the IBS system, extensive usage of sophisticated plants and
machineries are involved which are needed to be maintained by
skilled operators. If any damages to the plants or on the machines
occur, it will result a significant impact upon the production of IBS
components.
d) Site accessibility
Site facility and accessibility is one of the most important factors in
the implementation of the IBS. The IBS system requires adequate
access to transport all the components of the plants up to the
construction sites. It is possible for complications to arise at the
construction sites. One example is the delay of the installation of
the components due to transportation woes, which results in
construction delay. Prompting the installation task to perform at a
later date.
10
e) Rigid Sizing
The main disadvantage of using the IBS System is that the
components are prefabricated in Fixed modular sizes. In term of
coordination, when there are mistakes involving sizing or
components occur, it leads to a wastage of costs and
prefabrication.
11. 2. CASE STUDY
Seri Jati Apartment, Setia Alam
A 10 storey, 6 blocks apartment consisting of 948 Units.
Seri Jati uses the Precast System for IBS. Known for its high
IBS score due to their application of a reusable system formwork
onto the Precast Structural Frames along with in-situ concrete
floor.
Precast Components such as:
- Precast Loadbearing & non-loadbearing walls
- Staircases & Landing Slabs
- Lift Core Walls
- Bathroom Slabs
- Air-Con Ledges
11
13. IBS Score Advantages:
1.Project has high degree of repetitions for both horizontal
and vertical plain.
2.Architectural and Structural designs with precast
intention to capitalise on precast advantages.
3.High economy of scale with >900 units apartment with a
single unit layout.
4.Construction logistic is fully considered at planning stage
E.g. wall layout, work sequencing,crane’s capacity and
movement.
IBS Score Disadvantages:
1.Brickwork/plastering in stand alone amenities building, box-
out for M&E services/risers and kitchen/yardwalls.
2.Non-compliance in Modular Coordination for structural
elements and architectural design input.
13
14. 2.1) TASK AND METHODOLOGY
THE APPLICATION OF IBS SYSTEM:
i) Design an apartment unit which do not exceed more than
100 meter square.
ii) The apartment consist of a living hall, a dining area, three
bedrooms and two toilets.
iii) The design should apply mainly Ibs system components
and construction method such as precast wall, blockwork
hollow core slab, precast staircase, toilet pod, prefabricated
timber roof truss, etc , appropriate sizes.
COMPONENTS APPLICATION:
Our apartment consist of these three main systems:
i) Precast concrete framing
- Precast beams
- Precast columns
- Precast slabs
- Precast staircase
ii) Blockwork system
iii) steel truss system
14
15. The precast concrete framing system consists of precast slab, beam and column components which are fabricated
and manufactured off-site. This systematic fabrication process is carried out to produce similar components
repeatedly. The components are casted in reusable mould which is then cured under controlled environment,
transported to site and placed at the required position.
The components of precast concrete framing and its technical details are compiled and presented as a catalogue.
The contalogue contains basic information of precast concrete components such as section properties, capacities
and detailing. We are required to use the catalogue as our design guidelines to apply proper sizes of precast
concrete components
3) PRECAST CONCRETE FRAMING
15
16. The skeletal frame system is a structural
system, which consists of precast
concrete beams, columns and slabs as
shown in the figure. Non-load bearing
walls also can be incorporated in the
frame.
3.1) SKELETAL FRAME SYSTEM
16
19. The selection of beams are not determined by the
function and utilities of a building. However a flat
and wide rectangular precast concrete beam is
commonly used to support a long span hollow core
slab because it provides enough bearing seating for
the slab. While inverted T-beams and edge beams
are used for internal and external beams
respectively to increase the ceiling height. For a
floor layout, a secondary beam is used to transfer
building load to primary beam which is connected to
columns.
3.3 PRECAST BEAMS
`19
Building Structural Components.
(A) Rectangular Beam
(B) Inverted T Beam
(C) Edge Beam.
C
.B.
A.
20. Square precast columns with corbels structures are
very common in this construction system. Corbels are
used to provide support or bearing the beam ends so
that beams can be released from crane immediately
after placing. Precast concrete columns can be
fabricated up to four storey high. However, for easy
handling and transporting, one-storey and two-storey
high columns are more preferred.
3.4 PRECAST COLUMN
20
Square precast columns with
corbels
A)single storey B) two storey
s
Square precast column with
corbels connected to precast
beam
Two storey precast column Four storey precast column
21. 3.5 PRECAST SLABS
Precast hollow core slab or precast half slabs are
types of flooring system which are used depending on
suitability of floor structure. Precast hollow core slabs
are normally used for long span structure such as
office buildings to provide spacious areas. While
precast half slabs are used for short span structures
ranging from two to five meters which are suitable for
residential dwellings. Since precast slabs are
manufactured individually, each slab is joined to each
other to form a diaphragm and is strengthened with
cast in-situ structural concrete topping of thickness
ranges between 50mm to 75mm.
21
Precast Hollow Slab With Con crete Topping Supported By Precast
Beam
Precast Hollow Core Slab for Long Span Structure
Precast Half Slab
supported by precast
beams with structural
concrete topping
22. 3.6 PRECAST STAIRCASE
Most of the concrete stair arrangements are possible to
produce as precast concrete components which can be:
- Individual steps units
- Complete flight with number of steps required
Advantages of precast concrete units:
- Better quality control of the finished product
- Saving of space on site as formwork storage space and
fabrication space is not required
- Stairway enclosing shaft can be utilized for hoisting or
lifting of materials and equipments during the major
construction period.
- Can usually be positioned and fixed by semiskilled labor
- Along with the extensive experiments in formwork
tehcniques, the coloring of the concrete with various
aggregates and the surface treatments is possible.
- It is also possible to finish prefabricated concrete stair
elements with timber or stone.
22
Produce off site, save space but
need special equipment to move it
to higher level
The landing can
be functioned as
beam to sustain
its own weight,
but the main load
bearer of the
staircase is the
secondary beam
at the beginning
and the end of
the staircase.
23. Beams and columns are connected to form an integrated frame system before the floor slabs
are placed. Hence structural connectors are required to connect all the structural components
of beams, columns and slabs. The most important connections are beam to column, column to
column and column to base and these connections are either structurally pinned or rigid. The
complete precast frame must be designed to comply with the required strength, stiffness,
ductility, and reliability.
4.JOINTS
23
24. 4.1 COLUMN TO COLUMN
In all joints design, the
connection must able to resist
the applied structural forces. It
should also be shown clearly
wherever the joint functions as
a pinned or moment
connection. An example of a
typical joint of column to
column is as shown in the
drawings..
24
25. 4.2 BEAM TO COLUMN
The simplest connection of beam to
column is to place beam on top of
column. However, for two or three
storey building, it is suitable to use
column with corbel or nib support
25
A detail drawing of beam to column connection
26. 26
(A) Column to beam connection with corbel (B) Column to beam connection with nib support
27. Steel Base Plate Connection
Steel plates or angles are welded
at base of precast concrete
column. The column is then bolted
tightly to foundation. Finally the
gap in between plate and
foundation is filled with non-shrink
cement grout
4.3 COLUMN TO BASE CONNECTION
27
28. 28
A progress of column to base connection from different parts to assembly together after grouted.
29. 5) BLOCKWORK SYSTEM
`DSF
29
Bricks and blocks are components of durable masonry
construction in which uniformly shaped individual units are
laid in courses with mortar as the bed and binding material.
They consist of high mass materials with good compressive
strength formed into units that can be lifted and handled by
a single worker. Solid brick or blockwork walls deliver good
load bearing capacity along with substantial thermal mass
to provide a unique combination of structural, thermal and
aesthetic benefits.
30. 30
6) STEEL TRUSSES SYSTEM
A standard truss is a series of triangles - a stable geometric shape that is difficult to distort under load. Regardless of its overall
size and shape, all the chords and webs of a truss form triangles. These triangles combine to distribute the load across each of
the other members, resulting in a light structure that is stronger than the sum of the strength of its individual components. Most
roof trusses have webs that run at an angle between top and bottom chords. The gable-end truss must be supported along the
entire length, and stabilized at the truss/wall intersection. There are a number of truss types that leave space for attic storage or
living area. In any roof truss, however, attic or living space comes at a price. The bottom chord of the attac truss also acts as a
floor joist and must be sized to accommodate a live load.
32. 1. 2. 3. 4.
1.Joing of Precast
Concrete with pile
cap
- The precast column is
connected to the pile cap with
anchor bolts by using the bolted
connection.
- A shim plate or bearing plate is
placed directly under the
embedded steel plates.
- The column is placed on top of
the embedded steel plate and
the nut is screwed in with the
anchor bolt.
2.Grouting of
Precast Concret with
Pile Cap
- After the columns are
mechanically joined the
connection is grouted and
formwork is conducted.
- The stump is made to provide
full bearing between elements
and protect the metal
components from fire and
corrosion.
3. Installation of
Precast Ground
Beam
- Precast concrete ground floor
beams to each other, and to the
pile caps, with small in situ
concrete “patches”
4. Installation of
precast floor slab
- The ground floor slab is lifted by
using ropes (crane) and are
placed and installed on top of
ground floor beam.
- The joints are grouted solid.
33. 33
5. 6. 7. 8.
6. Setting up for
precast wall
installation
- Setting reference line and
offset, line are used to
determine the position of the
precast wall to be installed.
- The grid and marks of the wall
position are transformed on slab
- A 100mm offset line from near
building edge is marked.
- A 2x2 timber is secured to the
floor at wall edge to guide the
wall.
5. Construction of
second later
reinforcement cast
in-situ concrete
- A layer BRC wire mesh is
place on top of the precast
concrete slab for reinforcement.
- 75mm of cast in situ concrete
is poured on top for a smooth
finish with visible joints.
7. Positioning of the
wall
- The precast concrete wall is
lifted by using a crane and
carefully installed on the correct
position by following the
reference mark during the wall
setting procedure.
8. Wall Adjustment
- The adjacent walls and plumb
wall comers are positioned at
200mm offset.
- The walls are adjusted
vertically within +2 or-2mm
- The Four faces of every walls
are adjusted
- A string is positioned 250mm
from the face the walls
- Walls within the same line are
adjusted within the same
tolerance
- Grouting is performed to seal
the air pockets.
34. 34
9. 10. 11. 12.
10. Construction of
subsequences
stories
- After the installation of the first
floor beam, the placing of the
first floor slab has been carried
out.
- The construction sequences
step 4 to step 8 has been
repeated and carried
subsequently until the
construction reached the final
storey of walls panels erected.
9. Installation of
precast concrete
beam
- The beam is lifted by the crane
and moved above to the
correct installation position.
- A piece a shim plate is placed
to correct the beam soffit level
- The beam is connected to the
precast columns by the anchor
rebar.
11. Installation of
the precast concrete
staircase
- The landing and slabs are
positioned and verified at soffit
level at four corners.
- The level is adjusted within
tolerance.
- Shim plates are placed at the
staircase support location to the
correct level.
- A 10mm gap between the
precast plank and staircase be
left for grouting.
12. Installation of
prefabricated timber
roof trusses
- The prefabricated roof trusses
are lifted up by wire ropes
(crane) and postioned on top of
the roof beams
- The positioning of the trusses
is carefully adjusted to the
correct postion.
- The first truss is erected at one
end. After it is in the correct
position, the truss is nailed to
the wall plates. The end truss is
then temporily braced to the
ground at two places using
timber.
35. 35
13. 14. 15. 16.
14. Installation of
roofing sheets
- Roofing sheets are laid over
the purlins. The roofing sheets
consist of corrugated metal
deck and aluminium foil
insulation sheets.
13. Installation of
roof purlins
- Purlins are nailed to each rafter
with two 78mm nails, are on
each side.
- Fascia boards and barge
boards are fixed to the ends of
rafters and purlins.
15. Installation of
doors, windows and
railing
- As the installation of the roof is
completed a dry interior
environment is presented.
- The installation of doors,
windows and railings are carried
out.
16. Finishing
- Lastly, the finsihing work is the
conducted which included
facing, plastering, flooring,
painting, wall papering and
glazing.
56. 56
5.
1.6.
7.
8.
First floor were
erected in
repeat steps.
Staircase
landing were
installed.
Staircase were
vertically installed.
Slabs were laid
horizontally on
top of the
beam.
58. 12. IBS SCORE
58
Part 1: Structural systems (Beams, Columns, Slabs, Roof Truss)
ELEMENTS DIMENSIONS
(M/SQ.)
IBS FACTOR TOTAL
(COVERAGE)
IBS SCORE
Prefabricated steel
roof truss
24m X 9.3m = 223.2 1.0 223.2 / 775.2 = 0.3 50 X 0.3 X 1.0 = 15
Precast concrete
beam & column with
precast hollow core
slab (3 Stories)
184m X 3 = 552 1.0 552 X 775.2 = 0.7 50 X 0.7 X 1.0 = 36
TOTAL PART 1 775.2 1.0 51
59. 59
Part 2: Wall systems
ELEMENTS DIMENSIONS
(M/SQ.)
IBS FACTOR TOTAL
(COVERAGE)
IBS SCORE
Internal wall : Block
work system (3
Stories)
36.8m X 3 = 110.4 0.5 110.4 / 349.2 = 0.32 20 X 0.32 X 0.5 = 3.2
External wall : Block
work system (3
Stories)
79.6m X 3 = 238.8 0.5 238.8 / 349.2 = 0.7 20 X 0.7 X 0.5 = 7
TOTAL PART 2 349.2 1.0 3.9
60. 60
Part 3: Other Simplified Construction method
ELEMENTS DIMENSIONS
(M/SQ.)
IBS FACTOR TOTAL
(COVERAGE)
IBS SCORE
Beam dimension
complies to MS 1064
PART: 10 2001
100% 4
Column dimension
complies to MS 1064
PART: 10 2001
100% 4
Door dimension
complies to MS 1064
PART: 10 2001
100% 4
Window dimension
complies to MS 1064
PART: 10 2001
100% 4
Wall dimension
complies to MS 1064
PART: 10 2001
100% 4
Horizontal repetition of
structural
100% 2
61. 61
ELEMENTS DIMENSIONS
(M/SQ.)
IBS FACTOR TOTAL
(COVERAGE)
IBS SCORE
Vertical repetition of
structural
100% 2
Floor layout 100% 2
Repetition of floor to
floor height
100% 2
TOTAL PART 3 28
IBS project contents
score (PART 1, PART
2 and PART 3)
82.9
