C&H REPORT STADIUM NEGARA

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CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Fast facts 1
1.2 History 2
1.3 The Architect 3
2.0 Site Context Analysis 4
2.1 Site accessibility 4
2.2 Climate studies 7
2.3 Relationships of buildings to surroundings 10
3.0 Architectural Layout 11
4.0 Architectural Style Analysis 18
5.0 Building construction, structure & materials analysis 25
6.0 Architectural elements / components analysis 30
7.0 Conclusion 35
8.0 References 36
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INTRODUCTION
The first indoor stadium in Malaysia, Stadium Negara located at Jalan Stadium and is
right beside Stadium Merdeka. Construction of Stadium Negara began in 1960 and officially
open on 10 April 1962 by the third Yang Di Pertuan Agong. The overall construction cost of
Stadium Negara was RM34 million. The stadium is fully air conditioned and has 10200
permanent seats. It was one of the first few modern architectural design buildings in
Malaysia during that period. Stadium Negara undergone renovation in 1982.
​Figure 1.0.1 Stadium Negara before renovation
Fast Facts
Building : Stadium Negara Malaysia
Location : Jalan Hang Jebat, 50150 Kuala Lumpur
Construction period : 1960­1962 (Approximately 2 years)
Owner : PNB 's PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn Bhd
Architect : Stanley Edward Jewkes, Public Work Director
Architectural Style : Brutalism, Modernism Expressionism, International Style
Function : Multipurpose hall to host sports event and concert
Capacity : 10,200 with permanent seats
Past major events : 1962 ­ First ​Asian Badminton Championships
1972 ­ The Bee Gees
1992 ­ Thomas Cup and Uber Cup
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​History
Stadium Negara, owned by PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn Bhd, was officially opened
on 10 April 1962, by the third Yang di­Pertuan Agong, the late ​Tuanku Syed Putra​, of ​Perlis​.
The stadium has hosted the world championships for wushu, silat, taekwondo and sepak
takraw, besides international competitions in basketball, table­tennis, wrestling and boxing.
Among the sporting legends who have graced the stadium are badminton greats like Zhao
Jianhua and Yang Yang, as well as tennis aces Ivan Lendl, Mats Wilander, and Gabriela
Sabatini.
The first Thomas Cup was organized by Britain in 1949 and Malaysia has won the event. As
the event winner, Malaysia was appointed to host the next Thomas Cup. Under the situation
of lack of an international standard indoor stadium, Tunku Abdul Rahman felt the need of
appropriate facility to host the major event. That is when the first indoor stadium in
Malaysia was proposed. Stadium Negara has its own share of historical moments, the
biggest being the Thomas Cup on May 16, 1992, which Malaysia won. The stadium has a
seating capacity of 10,000 but crammed in almost 12,000 fans during the 1992 Thomas Cup
final.
​Figure 1.2.1
Together with Stadium Merdeka, Stadium Negara was listed in eight symbolic
national building on Sept 17, 1963, the day after Malaya became Malaysia, by the third Yang
di­Pertuan Agong under “Healthy body and mind”. The eight symbolic national building are
Parliament (Monument to faith in parliamentary democracy), the National Mosque
(Freedom of worship), Universiti Malaya (Education), Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Negara
(Healthy body and mind), the National Monument (Warriors’ sacrifices), Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka or DBP (Bahasa Malaysia) and the National Museum (National culture). On 17th
October 2005, Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Negara were gazetted under the Antiquities
Act 1976 as national monuments.
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THE ARCHITECT
​Stanley Edward Jewkes (1913–2011)
Stanley Edward Jewkes was an American architect as well as an engineer. ​He was a key
figure in Southeast Asian post­independence architecture. In ​Birmingham, he won a
scholarship to study at Dudley Grammar School. At Northampton Institute and the London
Polytechnic, he studied architecture and engineering before being hired as the chief
engineer of British Steel Construction. In 1941, Jewkes came to Malaysia to join the Public
Works Department (PWD) and became the director of PWD from 1959 to 1962. His close
relationship with Malaysia's then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman led to his getting
several prominent architectural commission in Malaysia including for Merdeka Stadium and
Stadium Negara. Sir Jewkes had also came up with preliminary design for both the
Parliament House and National Monument. In 2001, he compiled and published his
philosophical rumination about his life in relation to his own encounters in a book named
“Humankind: Planet Earth’s Most Enigmatic Species”. Sir Stanley Edward Jewkes, at the age
of 98 passed away at the Mission Oaks Hospice in Oxford, Florida on 19th of June, 2011 left
behind his family and his notable architecture work.
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SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS
CHONG KIT YEE 0319748
Stadium Negara is located around 2 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur City Centre, and is right
beside Stadium Merdeka. It’s actual location is at Jalan Hang Jebat, 50150 Kuala Lumpur and
the coordinates is 3°8′26″N 101°42′10″E. There are 80 parking bays available at the
Stadium and is 59.5km away from the airport.
2.1 SITE ACCESSIBILITY
There’s few ways to go to Stadium Negara by taking public transport such as taxi, monorail
and LRT. ​By taking LRT, we have to stop at Hang Tuah LRT Station and head down to the
southwest on Jalan Hang Jebat. While using monorail, we have to reach Maharajalela
station and take a taxi to Jalan Hang Jebat. The entrance of Stadium Negara is just right
beside Jalan Hang Jebat and it has a higher ground compared to the other building.
Figure 2.1.1 Route to Stadium Negara by LRT
Figure 2.1.2 Route to Stadium Negara by Monorail
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In addition, there are several landmarks that surrounding Stadium Negara. Stadium
Merdeka is located behind Stadium Negara (facing southwest). While next to Stadium
Negara is Chin Woo stadium whereas SJK(C) Jalan Davidson with prominent pediment can
been seen on the opposite of Stadium Negara. The nearest residential building is Casa
Residency Condominium and Sri Emas condominium which located just right in front
Stadium Negara. Further away, Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontijen is located beside those residential
building.
Figure 2.1.3 Building landmark nearby (Image from Google Map)
Figure 2.1.4 Chin Woo stadium (image from commons.wikimedi​a.org​)
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Figure 2.1.5 Stadium Merdeka (Image from ​venue.myceb.com.my​)
FIgure 2.1.6 SJK(C) Davidson
FIgure 2.1.7 Casa residency condominium and Sri Emas Condominium
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2.2 CLIMATE STUDIES
Before analysing the climate response of the building, we need to understand Malaysia
tropical climate, which is warm, sunny and along with abundant rainfall.
The temperatures are always high and humid throughout the year in Malaysia. The average
temperature remains between 25 to 35 degree celsius. The temperature in Kuala Lumpur is
warmer due to the warm air trapped inside the city.
FIgure 2.2.1 Average of Min and Max temperature in KL (Graph from ​weather­and­climate.com​)
FIgure 2.2.2 Average of wind speed in KL (Graph from ​weather­and­climate.com​)
MONSOON SEASON
Though the wind over the country is generally light and variable. Based on these changes,
four seasons can be distinguished, the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two
shorter periods of inter­monsoon seasons.
The southeast monsoon usually in the later half of May and end in September with
prevailing wind (<15 knot). While the northeast monsoon commences in early November
and ends in March with steady easterly wind (10­20 knot), sometimes may reach 30 knot.
During the two inter­monsoon seasons, the wind generally light and variable.
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2.2.1 CLIMATE RESPONSE
Most of the Malaysia’s buildings employed different strategies to cope with the humidity
and the local climate. Since Stadium Negara is higher than other building, it will fully
exposed to the sunlight and the wind direction towards the building will not be blocked. The
building designed as a circle to maximise sunlight and wind penetrate into the building.
FIgure 2.2.3 Sun path (Image from Google Map)
Fixed angle window
FIgure 2.2.4 Fixed angle window
The fixed glass surrounded the perimeter of the stadium to allow maximum penetration of
natural sunlight into the arena during the daytime. With the fixed angle window also
prevent direct sunlight into the building, so the interior temperature naturally cool down.
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Ventilation openings
Figure 2.2.3 Exterior of ventilation opening (Image from ​commons.wikimedia.org​)
Figure 2.2.3 Interior of ventilation opening
The ventilation opening can be easily found in arena. This openings used to let airflow into
the interior and prevent hot air trapped inside​.
Dome roof
Figure 2.2.4 Dome roof (Image from ​commons.wikimedia.org​)
Previously Stadium Negara was built with a flat roof but due to the sunny and raining
climate in Malaysia, a dome roof is added on later. This is to allow rain to run off and also
improved the air circulation in the interior. When the stadium get crowded, the hot air will
raised to the centre of the roof and release at the tip of the roof, where ventilation opening
is placed.
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2.3 RELATIONSHIPS OF BUILDINGS TO SURROUNDING
Figure 2.3.1 Aerial view of 3 stadium (Image from​ ​www.skyscrapercity.com​)
Buildings Stadium Negara Stadium Merdeka Chin Woo Stadium
Year 1960’s 1950’s 1950’s
Style Brutalism Expressionism Art Deco
Architect Stanley Jewkes Stanley Jewkes Dato Y.T Lee
Function Entertainment Venue Sporting Venue Sport Facilities
Capacity 10,000 25,000 <2000
Table 2.3.2 Difference between 3 stadiums
Buildings Stadium Negara Stadium Merdeka Chin Woo Stadium
Style Category Modern Architecture Modern Architecture Modern
Architecture
Location Petaling Hill Petaling Hill Petaling Hill
Table 2.3.2 Similarity between 3 stadiums
Even though there are differences in function or capacity between these 3 stadium, but still
several aspect are similar. Three of these building were built after the modern architecture
in the 50’s and serve as a national identity after the independence day. Stadium Negara
which stands as modernist landmark was chosen to be built on a small slope on Petaling hill
as the architect referred this site as an acropolis in the middle of the city. Stadium Negara is
located on Petaling Hill along with Stadium Merdeka and Chin Woo Stadium.
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ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS
CHONG ​ZHAO ​LUN 0320408
Figure 3.1.1 Perspective view of Stadium Negara
To analysis the layout of this stadium is for us to understand more about the interior of the
whole stadium. Each part of the stadium which are not made for beauty, which had some
purpose to serve the users. By understanding the stadium, the layout of the stadium can be
easily getting know to it design concept.
Stadium Negara is known as an indoor stadium, ​which has 10,000 seats, is fully air
conditioned and many different events being used, including sports events and concerts.
Stadium Negara was located in the city of Kuala Lumpur, and this building is like a space of
sports in between the busy city, where the Petaling Street was just nearby the stadium.
3.1 Concept of Stadium Negara
The concept of Stadium Negara was design like a circle and concentric to the center by the
surrounding stadium. The structure of the stadium was like an earthen bowl. Which looking
from far away, the individualistic element of the building like geometric shape from the
exterior of the stadium had made it stand out among with other building nearby the street.
​Figure 3.1.2 FLOOR PLAN
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Seating
Figure 3.1.4 FLOOR PLAN
Stadium Negara can be suit for 10,000 people in the stadium. Based on the floor plan, the
structural of the building is shape like a circle, which the arena was centralised on the centre
and surrounding by the seats. The direction of seats was also flow with curved line in one
big circle. To allow the audiences to have a clear vision to view the arena by increasing the
height of every row seat from the center arena.
​Figure 3.1.5 VIEW FROM LAST ROW​ ​Figure 3.1.6 VIEW FROM SIDE
From the entrance to the seat is not that difficult to find a seat in the stadium. The indoor
stadium was in a curve shape. Audience are clear to view the whole stadium in one small
direction. The stadium had 2 floor, which the seat had divided into two layer, that is upper
seat and lower seat. There is one walkway in between the upper and lower seats. As the
entrance of the stadium is already on the walk way. For people to easily find their seat more
speedy. The seats had given a form of hierarchy on the seat in the arena.
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3.2 Entrance of Stadium Negara
Figure 3.2.1 ENTRANCE OF STADIUM NEGARA
There have two main entrance in this stadium, which are the main entrance and the back
door entrance. There is only one main entrance from the south part of the stadium, Which
all of the people lining up to entry the arena like sport or concert events. On the opposite
side of the stadium, which is the back door to access the stadium. There has a private
parking lots just outside the back door entrance. Mostly the entrance is serve for staff or VIP
to direct access the stadium. If there is some emergency situation, there are two sub
entrance to allow people direct access the stadium which located opposite of the main
entrance where nearby the backstage entrance.
Figure 3.2.2 ENTRANCE TO ARENA
​ Figure 3.2.3 BACK ENTRANCE Figure 3.2.4 MAIN ENTRANCE
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3.3 Circulation to Use­Space
Figure 3.3.1 CIRCULATION OF USE­SPACE
The circulation of the Stadium Negara is all centralised from each of the entrance to the
center where the arena stage was located. The main entrance and the seating area are
public space which had the most user space circulating. On other side, which from the back
door entrance to the backstage is show as semi public area where those performer and
worker staff are using that space. On the center arena, it depends on what events was
organizing. For example, the space only for players on sport event otherwise for audience
for watching concert. The indoor stadium which show as the main approach where the
public user will experience the natural light from the roof to the surrounding of the seat and
arena.
Figure 3.3.2 OTHER SPACES IN STADIUM
There are also had a lot of space is only for workers or Vip to access those space which are
not serves for public users. For example, in the middle of access from the main entrance to
the arena. There had two room from each side, which are Organizer room and Vip holding
room. It only serve for private user for worker or staff. On the opposite of the stadium,
there has four changing rooms which are serve for private users only. For example, a space
for performers or players to prepare before on stage.
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3.4 Organization Analysis
BALANCE & SYMMETRY
Figure 3.4.1 BALANCE & SYMMETRY
The symmetry of the stadium show it balance to each side of the arena. The stadium are
cross to each quarter and every size of it are the same. This is one of the main point to build
this stadium. For example, it purpose to serve for public users to have a good view from
anyway surrounding the stadium.
GEOMETRY
Figure 3.4.2 GEOMETRY
The geometry shape that applied in this stadium is circle and rectangle. The shape of this
stadium which had show the main concept for the design. The shape of circle which show as
the main component of this stadium. The rectangle is show as an entrance to the stadium,
which show contrast of shape to attract attention for users.
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ADDITIVE and SUBTRACTIVE
Figure 3.4.3 ADDITIVE and SUBTRACTIVE
The red rectangles that show on the diagram above are act as additive extend to the
exterior of the stadium. It shows as an entrance from the outside of the stadium. The
circulation for public users to access the stadium. On the other hand, the blue rectangles
show as subtractive of the stadium, the circle from the plan where the seat are located had
been cut off in some part to add entrance or air conditional in the stadium.
REPETITION
Figure 3.4.4 REPETITION
The repetition of the circle is overlapped by smaller circles continuously. It show increasing
the circle by the center of arena to the middle of seat and to the last row of walk path.
Which had applied a hierarchy view from the bottom of the arena to the higher of the seat
in the interior of the stadium.
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS
CHONG XIN DEAN 0325353
It was initially designed for Malaysia's declaration of independence on 31 August 1957. It
then officially opened in 1962 and this was Malaysia’s first indoor stadium and is another
heritage building. The construction of the stadium began in 1960, it was convinced to be
strongly influenced by​ Modern Expressionism​, ​the International Style​, and​ Brutalist
Architecture.
4.1 MODERNISM EXPRESSIONISM
Expressionist architecture was an architectural movement that developed in Europe during
the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the ​expressionist visual and performing
arts. Some of the qualities of this movement are distortion, fragmentation or the
communication of violent or overstressed emotion.
Several characteristics influenced by expressionist architecture:
● very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms (e.g.
designed by using the concentric circle concept, constructed as an ‘earthen bowl’
from distance.)
​Figure 4.1.1, 4.1.2 : Perspectives of the dome from far (left), and near (right).
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● Mass production of brick, steel and especially glass.
● Distortion of form for an emotional effect (e.g. every side of exterior of the building
are asymmetrical).
Figure 4.1.3 : Perspective of the stadium to show the asymmetrical facade.
(random wavy curves corporated on the interior)
Figure 4.1.4, 4.1.5 : flooring in the interior.
Figure 4.1.6 : wavy pattern on the tiles.
(to represent democracy of Malaysia , islamic geometric shapes are widely used on the
facade as well as interior of the building.)
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Figure 4.1.7, 4.1.8 : Triangular/ star shaped pattern applied on the steel frames of the dome.
Figure 4.1.9, 4.1.10 : repetitive circular patterns used.
● Use of creative potential of ​artisan​ ​craftsmanship​ (e.g. murals in the entrance lobby
depict the cultural dances of Malaysia's various races and the country's main
industries back in the 1960s​).
Figure 4.1.11, 4.1.12 : Mural arts hanging on the both sides of the entrance lobby.
Figure 4.1.13, 4.1.14 : Murals about various sports, and multicultural ethnic in Malaysia.
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4.2 The International Style
The ​International Style is the name of a major ​architectural style that had appeared in the
1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of ​modern architecture​, ​which emphasized more
on architectural style, form and aesthetics than the social aspects of the ​modern movement
as emphasised in Europe. ​It was declared that the architecture of the early 20th century as
the "International Style".
Several characteristics influenced by the international style:
● A visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction.
Figure 4.2.1 : Cantilevered roof utilised on the facade of the entrance.
● The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior
support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports​. (e.g. glass panels are
widely used to allow natural light to penetrate in the building to lighten up the
interior spaces, and visible steel frames.)
Figure 4.2.2, 4.2.3 : Glass panels and steel structure in the interior (left), steel frames supporting the dome (right).
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● ​Visual expression of structure which opposite from hiding the structural elements.
Figure 4.2.4 : visible structure at the foyer of the stadium.
● Particularly in International Style modernism, a visual emphasis on horizontal and
vertical lines.
Figure 4.2.5, 4.2.6 : fragmented lines on the front facade (left), glass slits used in the interior (right).
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4.3 BRUTALISM
It is a movement in architecture that flourished from the 1950s to the mid­1970s. The ​term
originates from the French word for "raw" in the term used by ​Le Corbusier to describe his
choice of material ​béton brut (raw concrete). ​Brutalism gained considerable momentum in
the United Kingdom during the mid­twentieth century, as economically depressed (and
World War II­ravaged) communities sought inexpensive construction and design methods
for low­cost housing, shopping centres, and government buildings.
Several characteristics from this building were influenced by brutalist architecture:
● Emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations (e.g. the concentric
circles) and in the whole­site ​architectural plan​, the main functions and people­flows
of the buildings.
● Typically massive in character (e.g. ​concerts and events are occasionally held here)
Figure 4.3.1 : perspective of the stadium to implement massive character.
● Exposed ​concrete​ construction, or in the case of the "brick brutalists"
Figure 4.3.2, 4.3.3 : Interior staircases using the material concrete (left), as well as the seats in the stadium (right).
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● Brutalist building materials also include brick, glass, steel, rough­hewn stone, and
gabions​.
Steel
Figure 4.3.4, 4.3.5: Interior structure of the dome using steel frames (left), exterior structure of the stadium using
tubular steel columns (right).
Glass slits
Figure 4.3.6, 4.3.7 : Glass windows (left), glass slits in the interior (right).
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG 0320089
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Figure 5.1: perspective view of Stadium Negara (image from commons.wikimedia.org)
Stadium Negara was designed by Sir Stanley Edward Jewkes, in cooperation with a few of
engineers, including Ng Eng Hean, M. D. Canavan, Koon Yew Yin, S. Nakendra and W. J.
Cumming. Boasting a broad space, the area surrounding Stadium Negara was designed as a
green landscaping as the stadium promotes healthy lifestyle and culture of our nation. The
design of Stadium Negara conforms to the shape of the contour on a hilltop and green
plants can be evidently seen everywhere around the stadium. The stadium was proposed to
resemble the stadium in Earl’s Court, London when our Tunku Abdul Rahman requested for
an indoor sports arena in 1959. The roof of the stadium was originally flat, but in order to
increase the spaces within and have better acoustics, the stadium was renovated in which
the flat roof was replaced by a dome in 1982.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
The stadium was designed according to the concept of concentric circles, with only one
entrance facing north­east, creating a cordial feeling in warmly welcoming all visitors. Its
circular architectural structure ensures balance and firmness, at the same time, provides a
natural amphitheater. The stadium was built on 3 different levels: the arena level, the
second terrace level and the third terrace level which serves the purpose as restaurant.
1. DOME ROOF
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Figure 5.2 & 5.3: structure of the dome roof
Speaking of its features, the dome roof has got be the most significant feature of the
stadium. The suspended dome­shaped roof has a 100ft wide compression ring in the middle
and a 300ft wide at the outer edge.
The roof is covered with corrugated plastic sheeting over a suspended ceiling of hardboard,
faced with PVC to reduce maintenance cost, as a result, the whole roof is relatively light. In
order to overcome aerodynamic movement, two interesting provisions were made:
1. Firstly, the outer structure of the main roof and the inner roof were supported by 96
high tensile steel wires spanning the 100ft central diameter of the roof respectively.
2. Secondly, the outer and inner wires are connected by means of a stiff truss which
gives essential rigidity to the two wire levels and provides the clerestory section to
illuminate the central arena.
Figure 5.4: Fuller’s tensegrity dome
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In 1985, the dome roof was added onto the building due to the water leakage issue caused
by the former flat roof. The architects wanted to create a greater space with minimal
interior support and noise to avoid disturbance while users are utilizing spaces within the
stadium. Hence, they built the new dome roof integrating the space frame structure and
Fuller’s tensegrity dome structure.
2. VENTILATED TUNNEL
Figure 5.5 & 5.6: concrete seats (left), Upholstered seats (right)
Due to the paramount importance of badminton being national sports of Malaysia,
ventilation involving large air movements was discouraged. However, the humidity of
Malaysia necessitated maximum air movement near spectators. Therefore, a large tunnel is
built circulating the stadium under the middle terrace. This tunnel allows fresh air to be
blown through the narrow slits in the seats on the concrete terrace. Air is also blown
through the arms and backs of the upholstered seats.
Figure 5.7 & 5.8: perforated triangular for shading and ventilation purposes
The architect also gave a touch of vernacular architecture in its ventilation openings. It can
be evidently seen at its sideways louvered windows which can be found throughout the
whole stretch of the stadium. Monumental features of triangular concrete forms are also
being incorporated in the ventilation design to not only shade from the sunlight, but also
portrays the identity of the stadium.
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3. SUPPORTIVE COLUMNS (EXTERIOR)
Figure 5.9 & 5.10: Tubular column support (exterior)
Figure 5.11: dispersion of transverse loads
The main promenade was roofed with a light reinforced concrete folded shell which was
hinged to the main building and supported on sloping tubular columns placed outside the
perimeter walls. The tubular columns are used to support the horizontal weight of the
stadium and disperse the load equally down to the ground. This prevents the building from
collapsing due to its unique structural form.
MATERIALS ANALYSIS
As much as importance of Stadium Negara’s structural features, the materials that were
explored on the interior finishing were well developed in appliance to its functions and
designs.
Floorings
Figure 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16: (left to right) terrazzo, ceramic tiles, timber parquet,
mosaic tiles, raw concrete flooring
Various types of flooring are being used in different spaces in Stadium Negara for different
purposes. For instance, timber parquets are being used towards the center court of the
stadium for users to perform sports activities, while terrazzos are being used towards the
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entrances for safety purposes. Ceramic tiles, mosaic tiles as well as raw concrete are mainly
for covering up the walkways for spectators, also, the staircase leading to different position
of the seats.
Concrete
Figure 5.17, 5.18: concrete as material for structural components. (Left to right) cantilever roof, concrete column
Figure 5.19, 5.20: (left to right) stadium’s ceiling, stadium’s facade
Concrete is one of the building materials that was being used widely throughout the whole
stadium due to its durability and low­cost maintenance. Also, the concept of brutalism can
be easily portrayed by the choice of concrete utilization.
Steel
Figure 5.21, 5.22, 5.23: (left to right) dome roof, railing, window frames
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The selection of steel as building material for Stadium Negara brings numerous benefits to
the project itself. One of the prominent features of steel will definitely be its weight. Steel is
light in terms of weight but it is high in strength and durability. It is an ideal material for
structural construction, for instance, the dome roof of the stadium. The railings and the
window frames are made from steel as well due to its ductility, it can be moulded into
different shapes and forms to suit the concept of the project.
Glass
Figure 5.24, 5.25, 5.26: windows within Stadium Negara
Glass is mainly being used for windows in Stadium Negara. Its transparency allows
maximum penetration of natural light into the center of the arena. Glass also enhances the
functional aesthetic of the stadium. On the contrary, glass traps heat, causing the arena to
be overheated during noon time.
Timber
Figure 5.27, 5.28: (left to right) timber framing, timber partition
The utilization of timber as framings and wall partitions gives the stadium a traditional and
rustic ambience, also, portraying the essence of traditional Malay’s woodcarving techniques.
Aside of its aesthetic value, timber has low sustainability due to its nature properties.
Timber tends to decay over time and has a higher chance to be attacked by termites if
precautions are not taken seriously.
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ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT/ COMPONENT ANALYSIS
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN 0324857
Stadium Negara , well known as the first indoor stadium in Malaysia. Located in
Malaysia which has the tropical climate, the architect, Sir Stanley Edward Jewkes has used
many architectural elements and components to improve the user’s experience. These
included the openness created inside the arena, well controlled ventilation and also the
natural lighting. By doing further analysis, we are able to understand the purpose of using
these elements in designing the stadium.
The Entrance
Figure 6.1 Layout Plan of Stadium Negara
Figure 6.2 & 6.3 North­West entrance of Stadium Negara
Tempered glass sliding door (Figure 6.2 & 6.3) and overhead window (Figure 6.5) on
North­West entrance of building allows maximum penetration of sunlight into the entrance
hall. A well lighted condition usually provides a feeling of welcoming. The overhead
windows consist of four pieces of tempered glass arranged at an angle which allows air
ventilation and prevent rainwater from entering at the same time. Handrail before the old
entrance
(Figure 6.6) which was also the ticket booth has a function of crowd control.
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Figure 6.4 Entrance Hall
Figure 6.5 Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7
Hallway (Figure 6.7) between entrance hall and the arena has a lowered ceiling which raise
the visitors curiosity to explore further. The hallway also acts as a transition zone between
entrance hall and arena. From wide to narrow then to open area create a sense of
openness.
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The Arena
​ Figure 6.8 Figure 6.9
​Figure 6.10 Figure 6.11 Windows lit up the arena
Windows (Figure 6.8) which are similar to those in entrance hall are installed around the full
perimeter surrounding the arena (Figure 6.11). Vernacular architecture and vertical cladding
with opening improve air ventilation in the arena. These ventilation openings are very
important in preventing trapped air pollutant inside the stadium which might be harmful to
the visitors. With all these opening, a better visual connection was created from one side of
the arena to another. Besides, they also gives the stadium a higher aesthetics value from
both exterior and interior views.
Solid timber columns(Figure 6.12) installed around the arena
supporting ceiling and beams. These columns act as both structural
column and decorative column. The placement of columns was
accurately measured so they do not look closely packed which might
obstruct the penetration of natural light into the arena. Instead of
using cylinder column which suits the building massing, rectangular
prism column was chosen to give the visitors a sense of secure. With all
these elements for natural light penetration and air ventilation, less
electric fan and lamp are required to make the space suitable
​ Figure 6.12 ​ for activities.
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35.
Seating
​ Figure 6.13 Figure 6.14
​Figure 6.15
The seating in the arena are categorized into tier 1 and tier 2 (Figure 6.15). Tier 1 seats are
more approaching to the centre point. Meanwhile tier 2 are those seats which located on
the outer ring of the arena. From tier 2 to tier 1 , the seats changes from concrete terrace to
wooden bench then to the seats equipped with back and arm rest. For the concrete terrace
and wooden bench, there are small slits under them for air ventilation and thus provide
cooling effect for the user. The seating in tier 1 usually cost higher price than tier 2 as they
are more comfortable and gives better experience to the user.
Commentary Control Room
​ Figure 6.16
The commentary control room sits at a higher position which is in the outer ring of the
arena. Wide tempered glass window with aluminium frame are installed on the facade
facing the central of arena. This allows the commentator to have a 180 degree view of
everything happening within the arena.
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36.
Roof
​ Figure 6.17 Relationship between Stadium Negara , Stadium Merdeka and Chin Woo Stadium
In 1962, the roof of Stadium Negara was a reinforced concrete ring supporting a steel
‘bicycle wheel roof’. From the aerial view photo (Figure 6.17), Stadium Negara looks
aesthetically pleasing sitting next to Stadium Merdeka and Chin Woo Stadium. During that
time , it was one of the largest examples of a ‘bicycle steel’ wheel roof in Southeast Asia.
Figure 6.18 Figure 6.19
The roof was replaced by a new imposing dome roof (6.18) which replaces the previous
'bicycle wheel roof' due to persistent leakage problem. The new dome roof gives a different
expression to the stadium from the exterior and also provide better shading to the seating
inside the arena.
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37.
CONCLUSION
For this project, we need to conduct a site visit to a specific building and analyse the
architecture. This is our honour to visit one of the historical building in KL, Stadium Negara.
After we analyse the building, we get to know the design intention, construction technique
and materials during that period. Throughout this project, we get to learn some
architectural features and document it in the form of writings or diagramming. We find out
that the stadium overall design was representing the democracy in Malaysia. For example,
the facade was incorporating with islamic geometrical and motifs. In a nutshell, we were
having a great time while doing this project, we had gain a lot of knowledge about the
Malaysian architecture culture.
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38.
REFERENCE
● The Birth of a New Malaysian Identity. Retrieved June 17, 2016, from
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● Stadium Negara ­ Floor Plan. (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2016, from
http://venue.myceb.com.my/floor­plan/stadium­negara­floor­plan
● Insider's Kuala Lumpur (3rd Edn). (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2016, from
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=rRCJAAAAQBAJ
● Stadium Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2016, from
http://venue.myceb.com.my/venue/stadium­negara
● Malaysia­Malaysian Meteorological Department.(n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2016,
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a
● Chin Woo Stadium ­ Wikimapia. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2016, from
http://wikimapia.org/41359/Chin­Woo­Stadium
● Cavingliz. (n.d.). Stadium Negara. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
http://cavingliz­noncave.blogspot.my/2011/05/stadium­negara.html
● Expressionist architecture. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture#Characteristics
● International Style. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)
● Brutalism. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture
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39.
● Islamic geometric pattern. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/349943833516954005/
● Stadium Negara. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/YosriBgnStadiumNe
gara.jpg/300px­YosriBgnStadiumNegara.jpg
● Post Independence Era, Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
https://www.academia.edu/3038010/A_STUDY_OF_STYLES_CLASSIFICATION_AND_I
NFLUENCES_ON_ADMINISTRATIVE_BUILDING_IN_MALAYSIA_15TH­21ST_CENTURY_
● Stadium Negara, Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
http://dwnpelajar.dbp.my/wordpress/?p=256
● Advantages of space frame structures. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from
http://www.polarkon.com.tr/advantages­of­space­frame­structures
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