National mosque malaysia

NATIONAL MOSQUE
ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY II
ANALYSIS & REPORT
FOONG WING HOE 0320085
ERICA CHIN CHING 0320460
CHONG CHIN PIN 0319595
EE YUN SHAN 0319990
CHONG JIA YI 0320869
TUTOR: MS. SHIRIN

CONTENT
1- 4 INTRODUCTION
5- 9 SITE ANALYSIS
(EE YUN SHAN 0319990)
10-16 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING
(FOONG WING HOE 0320085 )
17-25 ARCHITECTURE STYLE
(CHONG JIA YI 0320869)
26-32 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE &
MATERIALS (ERICA CHIN CHING 0320460)
33-39 ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENT
(CHONG CHIN PIN 0319595 )
40 CONCLUSION
41-43 REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
1
The monumental National Mosque was built in
1965 to celebrate the independence of Malaysia
(Expedia,2015). It is one of the largest mosque in
Southeast Asia which can accommodate up to
15,000 people.
National Mosque was designed by a group of
three architects. The 18-pointed star dome
represent the 13 states of Malaysia and five
pillars of Islam. The main dome was once pink
concrete, underwent a major renovation is now
clad with blue and green tiles. There is only one
75 feet minaret that sound the call to prayer.
National Mosque is located at the heart of
the Kuala Lumpur city

INTRODUCTION
National Mosque located in a strategic area of Kuala
Lumpur. It near to old Malayan Railway Station , Earth
Resource Building, Islamic Arts Museum, Post
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Bird Park and Lake Gardens.
The mosque was opened in 1965 and named by the
first Prime Minister, Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman.
He recommended the name Masjid Negara which
reflected importance of the Islam in Malaysia. It has a
capacity of 15,000 worshippers. It was designed by
Malay origin, built by Chinese and Indian. Besides,
donation from Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, Christians
and others. Therefore, the construction of the mosque
also symbolises the spirit of unity and tolerance.
Today, besides used as a praying place, National
mosque used for various academic activities that
include official ceremonies, public lectures, seminars,
training workshops, conference and so on. Besides,
there are many outdoor exhibition areas that can be
used for exhibitions around the National Mosque
without interrupting the praying process. Plus,the
mosque also provides sports facility that can be used
by its members to exercise.
1.1 Quick Facts
2

INTRODUCTION
Masjid Negara is a national legacy, which built
between 1963 and 1965. The idea to build a
national mosque to memorialize Malaysia’s
independence was suggested by the Federal
Executive Council a month before
independence ceremony. The Chief Ministers
of all eleven states in the-then Federation of
Malaya brought up a proposal to name the
mosque after the country’s first Prime Minister,
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj in March
1958 to recognize his contribution to the
country’s independence. However, Tunku had
declined this honour and suggested that the
mosque be named Masjid Negara instead, to
symbolize the country’s unity and multi-cultural
harmony, as well as a way to give thanks to
Allah for the country’s peaceful independence
– achieved without a single drop of blood being
shed.
1.2 History
The Mosque’s took about three years for
designing, taking inspiration from the mosque
in India, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia,
the UAE and Spain. Its most significant features
are its 73-metre high minaret, which resembles
a folded umbrella, and its 16-point concrete
roof’s unique design gives one the impression
of standing beneath a gigantic open umbrella.
In the middle of the roof are engravings of
Quranic verses on aluminium, inspired by
Istanbul’s Blue Mosque. The mosque had
undergone major renovations in 1987,
replacing the colour of the concrete dome from
pink to a more striking green-and-blue (Islamic
Tourism Centre of Malaysia, 2015).
3

INTRODUCTION
1.3 Architect
Howard Ashley
- Scottish architecture
- Practicing in Malaya since 1952
- Worked for public works department of Malaysia for 11 years
- Awarded the pan pacific award citation
- Received this award for significant contributions
- Building presentation (national mosque, federal building in petaling jaya)
Baharuddin Abu Kassim
- From university Manchester
- Diploma architecture(1956), diploma town planning(1958)
- Worked for public works department from assistant architect later
to senior architect
- Worked with jurubina bertiga international partnership(JBIP) and
ATSA architects Sdn Bhd
- Appointed consultant architect by Malaysian government for high
commission projects in New Delhi, India and Islamabad
- Appointed as one of the national architectural competition of
Negeri Sembilan state mosque
Dato dr ikmal hisham albakri
- From Sheffield university in 1962
- Diploma in Tropical AA School of Architecture in the United
Kingdom.
- became executive director of the Group of Architects Sdn. Bhd
- appointed as President of the Malaysian Institute of Architects from
1967 to 1969 & 1973 to 1975
- Built of reinforced concrete with a finish of Italian marble, the
building is also in accordance with the principles of Islam and Modernist.
4

SITE
ANALYSIS
By: Ee Yun Shan 0319990
Site analysis is a preliminary step that we as architects take in architectural or urban design processes
which is dedicated to climatic, geographical, historical, legal, and infrastructural context of a specific
site. A site analysis is to design a good relationship with the building and its site. Working with building’
s surrounding to supporting and get value to each other. As architects, we must be look to building
immediate site to analyse what is that around could be lead our building to be successful. Is that the
element permanent or the issues that can used to inform your architectural site analysis. In this case,
we have chosen National Mosque to be our site to study about its site context.
5

2.1 Building accessibility
The National Mosque is strategically located in a section of the government administration
enclave in Kuala Lumpur. It stands diagonally opposite the central railway station on 13 acres of
flow, flat land along Sultan Hishamuddin Road at the east, young road at the north and lembah
venning road at the south boundary. There is an underground walkway that connects the mosque
to the railway station, providing easy access to and from any part of the city. The mosque faces
the main road where public facilities like schools and other prominent buildings such as the
General Post Office headquarters and recreational parks like the lake garden are located.
.
2.0 Site Analysis
At pasar seni station, after you get off the train
and pass by ticket counter, you will see a bridge
that links the station with Kuala lumpur station.
The bridge also across Kelang river .Walk through
the bridge about 5 minutes until you see Kuala
Lumpur KTM station. Then, go straight until u see
a tunnel that cross the jalan kinabalu about 10
minutes. The mosque is located at the end of the
tunnel.
2.2 Transportation
National mosque situated nearby pasar seni
station (KLJ) and kuala lumpur station (KTM).
6

2.3 Relationship of building and surrounding
.
2.0 Site Analysis
Dayabumi Complex
Dayabumi complex is one of the buildings which nearby the national
mosque. The dayabumi was loosely inspired by Moorish Islamic buildings,
covered with stunning latticework elegantly patterned with the eight-
point stars of the Islamic motifs and painted white to represent the purity
of islam. There are elements which also found in national mosque.
Sultan abdulsamad building
Sultan abdulsamad building the landmark located near
national mosque. The verandas have various styles of
arches, including horseshoe arches and point arches
which are present in many Mughal buildings. The
different between it and national mosque is national
mosque has large and wide veranda and it has narrow
veranda and veranda of national mosque are also
without any arches and it is open.
7
Distance between buildings surrounding
and national mosque(walking diastance)
Dayabumi complex - 13minutes
Sultan abdulsamad building - 15 minutes
Old railway station - 8 minutes
Islamic art museum - 3 minutes
This few buildings are quite famous in Kuala
Lumpur and located surrounding of National
Mosque. There are some differences and
similarities compare to National Mosque about
design element, architecture style, purpose and
others.

2.3 Relationship of building and surrounding
.
2.0 Site Analysis
The old railway station
The old railway station is mixture
of western and Mughal similar to
Moorish revival or indo-saracenic
architecture. Therefore, the
national mosque and this old
railway station are share the same
architecture style.
The Islamic art museum
The Islamic art museum is one of
the most attractions in kuala
lumpur. It is Islamic architecture
style. The religion place will have
more Arabic calligraphy draw on
the columns and other places on
the structure. Its architecture style
is same with national mosque
which is Islamic architecture.
8

2.4 Respond to climate
.
2.0 Site Analysis
The mosque’s design is suitable for the local climate. The main roof is reminiscent of an open
umbrella. The folded plates of the concrete main roof are a creative solution to achieving the large
spans required in the main gathering hall. Reflecting pools and fountains spread throughout the
compound it can cool down the temperature of the surrounding. These design a suitable for Malaysia’
s climate which rain throughout the year.
The open large and large veranda surrounding the mosque and provides the building good ventilation.
Prayers can be shading in the afternoon and also not be wet when raining. Its block some of the hot
sunlight entering the Mosque to keep the Mosque in a comfortable temperature.
Covered but opened walkway for ventilation purpose
Folded plate of concrete roof to achieve large span
9

ARCHITECTURE
LAYOUT & PLAN
By: Foong Wing Hoe 0320085
In aspect of architecture, an architectural plan is a design and planning for a building. It contain
architectural drawings, specifications of the design, calculations, time planning of the building
process, and other documentation. The term "Architectural plan" can have multiple related
meanings such as plan for an architectural project, documentation of written and graphic
descriptions of the architectural elements of a building project including sketches, drawings and
details, architectural design and floor plan
10

3.1 Plans
The early Modernist principle of ‘form follow function’, the internal space is organized along the principal
function of a mosque.
3.0 Architecture layout and plan
Site plan Floor plan
Elevation on photo
Elevation
11

3.2 Circulation
The relationship of the pathway and spaces is “pass by spaces”. The configuration of the path from
entrance to Warriors’ tomb is flexible. However the location of the space establishes that path,
which is the Warriors’ tomb. The path-space relationship is used to approach and enter functionally
or symbolically important spaces.
Linear path. The path lead to the Warriors’ tomb is linear.
Passes by the “Dewan Syarahan Utama”
12

3.3 Organization Analysis
Geometry
The Makam Pahlawan, or Warriors’ tomb, was built in 1965 within the complex of the National
Mosque as a mausoleum for heads of state in Malaysia. It is one of the earliest post-Independence
Modernist landmarks in Kuala Lumpur.
.
Mausoleums: National Mosque, Warriors’ tomb
Mausoleums are large, open, pavilion-like structures designed to create a well-defined space to
shelter the tombs within rather than as elaborate edifices. Other than that, security for the
tombs is provided as well, and for visitor and well-wishers who come to offer prayers is
protected by the shelter.
Two architectural elements: a circular plinth, which provides
shelter but dispenses with the need for walls and columns.
13

.
Mausoleums are large, open, pavilion-like structures designed to create a well-defined space to
shelter the tombs within rather than as elaborate edifices. Other than that, security for the
tombs is provided as well, and for visitor and well-wishers who come to offer prayers is
protected by the shelter.
The triangular openings between the folds, which are large enough to allow a breeze
to flow through the structure, also allow an uninterrupted view of the outside. A
feeling of being ‘in the inside of an outside space’ is thus cleverly achieved.
Built in 1965, the architectural style of Warriors’ Tomb, National Mosque, is based on a combination of
Islamic and Modernist design principles. It is built or reinforced concrete with Italian marble finishing.
The whiteness of the concrete roof and the colour, texture and coolness of the marble further
enhance the quality of space and light in the interior of the mausoleum.
14

.
Western and Modernist influences on
mosques
The most significant event in the history of
early Modernism in Malaysian architecture
was the construction of the National
Mosque, in Kuala Lumpur in 1965. In its
design this exceptional building was the first
to depart from the struct symmetry of earlier
mosque, resulting in a ‘free plan’ skin to that
advocated by Le Corbusier (1887-1965 ), the
renowned French architect.
Reinforcing this interpretation, the building,
comprising two levels, rests on pilote
columns. The galleries surrounding in the
main prayer hall are treated like wide-open
verandas.
The prayer hall
Reinforcing this interpretation, the building, comprising two levels, rests on pilote columns. The
galleries surrounding in the main prayer hall are treated like wide-open verandas.
15

The lower floor houses the public facilities, such as the administration office for the collection of ‘zakat’
(tithes), a clinic, and classroom for religious instruction. Probably the most radical departure from
mosque traditions, however, is the ‘umbrella’ roof. It is a creative construction solution (a 360 degree
folded plate structure ) and an ingenious combination of the two main traditions in Malaysia mosque
architecture: the dome inspired by imported Middle Eastern and Mogul architecture and the roof
inspired by the pyramidal forms of more indigenous origin. Because of the success of the design of
National Mosque, and coinciding with an international trend, structural expressionism ( the attachment
of symbolic meanings to the structure of a building ) became the predominant inspiration for early post-
independence mosques in Malaysia.
A grid organization consists of forms and spaces whose
positions in space and relationships with one another are
regulated by a three-dimensional grid pattern or field. The
pillars is perpendicular sets of parallel lines that establish a
regular pattern of points at their intersections. The
organizing power of a grid result from the regularity and
continuity of its pattern that pervades the elements its
organizes. a stable set of reference points and lines in space
with which the spaces of a grid organization, although
dissimilar in size, form or function can share a common
relationship.
Geometrically
patterned grillwork
forms the walls.
Grid organization
16

ARCHITECTURE
STYLE
Architecture style is is characterized by the features that make a
building or other structure notable or historically identifiable.
Elements as form, method of construction, building materials,
function of the building and cultural context of site might
influence the architecture style of the building. Furthermore,
architecture style also change chronologically reflecting changing
of fashions, beliefs and religion, as well as emergence of new
ideas, technology or materials. Moreover, architecture styles also
can be spread or influence by foreign culture.
By: Chong Jia Yi 0320869
17

4.1 Islamic architecture
4.0 Architecture style
Masjid define as a mosque that used for daily
prayer but not for the friday worship. Typical
masjid has mihrab but no minbar. There are two
ancillary structures that a mosque should have,
which is the minaret which muezzin can give call to
prayer and a fountain for abulation.
There are two different type of islamic belief which
is Shia and Sunni. In Malaysia, majority of the
mosque are Sunni including National mosque. Shia
mosques have a lot of symbolism such as floral
designs on the tile work, while Sunni mosques
emphasize more on calligraphy designs. Sunni
mosques have different entrances and prayer
spaces for men and women, while Shia have only
one. Moreover, Shia mosque have one or more
than one minaret while Sunni mosque have only
one minaret.
.
One minaret
Calligraphy designt
Nine entrance doorsDiagram of elements in a mosque
18

4.1 Islamic architecture
National mosque also shows that Islam as a progressive and dynamic religion as it respect the spirit of
the age in relation to its technology, availability of materials. For example, the traditional timber
mosques of Malaysia were built according to their spirit of the times in relation to the construction and
structural technology of that period. Therefore, National Mosque that was built in the modern era of
reinforced concrete construction. Unlike the Middle east mosque built in the past, it has wide span of
beams, use of hyper roofs and the huge folded plate roof covering the prayer hall instead of arches and
small fenestration which pretend to imitate the masonry construction of the past. Thus, it shows that
National mosque portray mosque architectural expression concerns the idea of spirit of the times.
The architecture and design of National
mosque was influenced by Middle east
islamic architecture such as the uses of
horseshoe arch in mihrab. It also a
reminiscent of the Grand Mosque in Mecca,
which featuring abstract shapes and
geometric lattice incorporated into its
roofing and ironworks.
Geometric design
Folded plate roof constructed by
reinforced concrete
19

4.2 Modernist Expressionism
Dome that symbolize
folded umbrella
To grasp an idea about architecture style of National Mosque in Malaysia, first you need to
understand its’ context in aspect of time and geographic location. It built in a country which Islam
came from outsiders, which might lead to inevitably influence from other culture in terms of
architecture. However, It also built shortly after Malaysia’s independence in 1965, which
modernism architecture flourish in that period of time.
It fall in the category of Modernist expressionism, which the architecture rejects classic revivalism in
any form, that rejects ornamentation in any form, that celebrates abstraction in forms and the
structural expression in architecture. For example, the architect was inspired by how royalty would
always be escorted with an umbrella when stepping outside when he design the roof. Moreover,
the umbrella roof also symbolizes under the protection of Allah.
In terms of building construction and technology, reinforced concrete construction of the building
also affect the architecture style of National mosque too. It ease the construction of the building as
well as result to the simplistic and clarity of form of the architecture.
20

4.3 Local adaption of modernism
Water courtyard for cooling and ventilation
purpose.
In aspect of cultural context, it architectural
expression does not suggest any other foreign
influence but is uniquely suited within
Malaysia socio-cultural context.It also reflects
a modern interpretation of traditional Malay
architecture and Islamic architecture with a
folded plate ‘dome’ that resemble of a royal
umbrella which signifying the importance of
the building as a national monument. The
architecture of the mosque also reflects the
independence of Malaysia. The uses of folded
plate dome as it reject any form of colonial
style of dome.
Malaysia is a country with hot and humid
tropical climate. To provide sufficient daylight
and passive cooling to the building, the
architect designed an extensive set of serambi
or verandah space with light courts and air
wells in National Mosque. It also built on a
raised platform on pilotti with high ceilings
and large fenestration for ventilation.
Therefore, it not only imbued with the
technological and spiritual qualities but
preserve the spirit of true Malaysian
architecture.
Screening installed in the interior verandah provide
shading while allow enter of sufficient amount of
daylight
21

4.4 Seven Unifying principle of islamic architecture
Interior of prayer hall
Prayer Hall
The prayer hall are facing the "Qiblah" which is
the direction of 'KA'BAH' in Mecca since every
muslim must pray in the direction of the Kaabah.
It signifies that Islam is the religion of Unity and
declaring God’s oneness as there is no God except
Allah and nothing comparable to Him. This prayer
hall able to accommodate up to 3000 prayers at a
time with a floor area of 23,409 square feet.
Entrance
The prayer hall can be accessed from 3 different
direction through 9 glass doors entrance, while
uniting the prayers into one space.
Tawhid: Unity and Uniquity of Allah
Tawhid is an important in the conceptual framework for Islamic architecture. It define as asserting the
unity or oneness of Allah. The choice of location and orientation of national mosques are influenced by
the architecture of Tawhid.
Dikr : Remembrance
The manifestation of contemplation suggest a sense
of unity through the rhythm and repetition. It show
eternal and infinite nature of God's essence.
Repetition elements such as repeated geometric
form ornaments that includes nature or Quranic
inscriptions surrounding the building usually
applied in islamic architecture. National mosque
portray the principal of Dikr, repetitive columns as
part of its architecture to symbolize the eternal and
infinite nature of the Allah S.W.T.
Repetitive elements throughout the facade
of the building 22

4.4 Seven unifying principle of islamic architecture
Geometric screening
Geometric subtraction throughout the
design of building that inspired by nature
Haya : Modesty
A sense of humility is best to shown by shielding
activities happening within from public view from
an architectural perspective. the usage of
geometrical screenings in National mosque not only
serves as a private screen while it also serve as an
aesthetic feature and ventilation installation. The
layout of the building also suggest the principal of
Haya as the prayer hall are partially covered from
view and there are non-straight entrance walkway
toward the hall. (Diagram 4. )
Ikhlas : Sincerity
There are 2 ways to express submission to
God in islamic view which is outward
physical action and inward action of the
heart. It can be done in the form of prayer,
meditation and by one's social behavior.
Architecture with ikhlas can be translated
through the design and motifs to build within
conformity to God's will. National mosque
express Ikhlas in the way of space construct
which human/imaginary idol are avoided, as
well as projecting geometric subtraction
through nature.
23

Stained glass with Arabic words
Poetic light casting represent ‘light of truth’
Ilm : Knowledge
To express Ilm in Islamic architecture, Islamic
calligraphy as a significant elements that often used as
decoration in. This can usually be seen in the
architecture of inscriptions where calligraphy is
written or carved on the wall of building. For instance,
in the prayer hall of National mosque, there are
stained glass window carved with arabic calligraphy.
These calligraphy actually to celebrate the aesthetic of
islamic scripts across the Islamic world through a
visible form by revealing ilm' and wisdom words of
Quran.
Moreover, in islamic view, knowledge and
wisdom are illustrated as light of truth.
Therefore, playing of light and shadow in
architecture as the expression of principle
Ilm of islamic architecture. The architect of
National mosque manipulating light in the
hypostyle form prayer hall by revealing
part of hall. The light comes penetrate
through the roof and leave a ray of
beautiful light onto the columns and floor.
It symbolized the knowledge and wisdom
that derived from Gods. Poetic and
sensory experience of architecture spaces
are emphasized thus the sacredness of
National mosque had preserved.
24

Analysis of plan
The star indicated the Koran which
represent the middle of universe
Iqtisad : Balance
Iqtisad' is to implement the balancing and
golden ratio when designing a building.
It achieved through the structural plan of this
mosque in terms of proportion and spatial
sequences. In the diagram beside , the form
of this building were kept simplicity and
asymmetrical to each site of the plan and
the elevation.
Ihtiram : Respect
Architecture of Ihtiram is the presence of showing
respect, propriety and good manners towards Allah
(God in islamic view), towards all his creations and also
towards oneself.
Principal of Ihtiram illustrates by symbolism, harmony
and the purity of geometric shapes in architecture.
Furthermore, Islamic artwork can recreate natural
patterns but also portraying religious message. For
example, The Koran represented as the middle of the
universe, whereby a complex star pattern will
represent neighboring stars and solar systems in a set
geometric pattern. It shown clearly in the geometric
screening of National mosque.
Geometric screening that
portraying religious message
25

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION,
STRUCTURE &
MATERIALS
By: Erica Chin Ching 0320460
Building material is any material that used in building construction purposes. Many naturally
occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been
used to construct buildings. Choosing the right building material are crucial as it impact the
sustainability and the aesthetic value of the building.
26

5.1 Building construction
5.0 Building construction, structure & materials
27
Before Construction
An International design competition was held by the Kuala Lumpur’s Township Arrangement and
this proposal was rejected. Then, they decided to hold the competition nationally and was turned
down too. This was because they found it was difficult and costly. Finally, they resolved this by
giving this job to the Public Works Department to design the mosque.
The Public Works Department’s architects collected, analyzed and compared the famous mosques’
designs. Mr. Baharuddin bin Abu Kassim and another two architects were assigned to design the
mosque. Mr. Baharuddin had visited and studied famous mosques from Pakistan, Iran, Turkey,
Spain, Arab and India. In June 1960, his design was accepted by the mosque committee
During
Before they started this project, they demolished the previous building on site. Then, the levelling
the ground, piling works and construction of water system were carried out. The design of the
National Mosque was known for its modernism expressionism architecture. The folded plate
‘dome’ metaphorize a royal umbrella which is the traditional Malay Architecture signified the
importance of the building as a national monument. The construction method of the mosque
showed the advancement in building technology and engineering. The 245 feet(about 75 meter)
high minaret with the umbrella-like roof was the example of expressionism in National Mosque.
Reinforced concrete covered with the Italian marbles were also constructed in this mosque.
After
The main hall prayer can shelter over 3,000 people for prayer and the surrounding galleries with
numerous smaller domes can accommodate 5,000 more people.

5.2 Building structure
28
Generally, the structural system of the National
Mosque is a combination of post and beam
concrete structure(Figure 5.1). Reinforced
concrete was used as the structure of the
building because it was stronger than the
normal concrete which can withstand the
weather in Malaysia. The reinforced concrete
folded plate roof was popular at that time. New
construction methods brought in by Indian and
Chinese builders and also those British
educated architects and engineers working with
Public Works Department allowed different
levels of craftsmanship used in other mosques
(Megat Ariff Shah, 2014).
There were nine sliding doors(Figure 5.2) that
were placed along the walls on three facades of
the main hall. The doors are glass with
aluminium frame. The roof along the verandah
was built in waffle slabs(Figure 5.3)
Aside from that, the 75 meters high minaret is
placed at the middle of a rectangular pool at
the south side of the main prayer hall. All four
sides of the minaret are made of concrete grills
with repeated geometric shaped(Figure 5.4)
and unglazed white mosaic tiles(Figure 5.5)
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5

5.3 Building materials
29
Figure 5.6
Facade
The mosque shows no luxurious decorative elements
at its facades. The four facades are made of plain
white concrete walls with geometric concrete screen
(Figure 5.8). It provides an additional layer between
interior and exterior. It creates interesting light and
shadows when the light is passing through the facade.
Walls
The walls are built with reinforced concrete and covered with the beautiful Italian marbles(Figure
5.6). The reinforced concrete is concrete in which wire mesh or steel bars are embedded to increase
its tensile strength(Figure 5.7).
Reinforced concrete was used as the structure because it is stronger than the normal concrete and it
can withstand the weather in Malaysia.
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.8

30
The bottom part of the pillars in the prayer hall are
paved with terrazzo pieces and the top part were carved
concrete with repetition organic designs(Figure 5.10).
Columns
There are 154 concrete
columns that support the
mass concrete roof. All the
columns are overlaid with
unglazed black mosaic tiles
and laminated golden
aluminium mosaic tiles at
the top and base(Figure 5.9)
Figure 5.9
Figure 5.10

31
Roof
The 16- point concrete dome resembles an open umbrella. The concrete dome was renovated in
1987 overlaid green and blue tile on the pink concrete which were inspired from famous
mosques in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Spain and the United Arab Emirates. Beneath
this big ‘umbrella’, it is the main prayer hall of this mosque. In the main prayer hall, there are
triangular blue-stained glass panel with the Quranic words(Figure 5.13) which showed a similar
technique of painting in Europe churches and cathedral. Stained glass are used due to its long
lasting characteristics. It also giving out light that controls the atmosphere inside the prayer hall.
Floor
The verandah floors are layered with black terrazzo tiles as shown in Figure 5.11. This type of tiles
might cost more initially but they last for generations. The maintenance fees for the terrazzo tiles is
low, this is one of the reason that they used it as the flooring.
Figure 5.11

5.4 The similarities with the modern building in the West
32
From the construction of the National Mosque, we can clearly observe that there are
similarities with the well-known residence construction in the West, the Fallingwater or
Kaufmann Residence in Bear Run, Pennsylvania of United States. This building was built by one
of the famous modern master, Frank Llyod Wright. The similarities between these two are the
cantilevered structures; Wright designed the house with cantilevered floors(Figure 5.14) which
reflects back to our National Mosque with cantilevered roof(Figure 5.15). Besides that, Wright
also used reinforced concrete which is commonly used in the modern building as it was
considered a new technology at that time. We can see that was used in build of the National
Mosque of Malaysia. Last but not least, Wright used waffle slabs(Figure 5.16) to provide a
lighter slab which reduced the extent of foundations. Same goes to the National Mosque, they
used the similar slabs(Figure 5.17) to reduce the weight on foundations.

ARCHITECTURE
ELEMENTS
Elements like line, shape, color and texture do not exist in isolation on a building. Architect is the
one who combine them to make formal compositions in an architectural design, creating
pattern, rhythm, symmetry, balance, contrast, proportion, theme, and unity. It is important that
the variety of elements used for a building blend together well so that the design appears
harmony and unified. Thus, National Mosque stand sleek and stylish with modern architecture
design that fuse the contemporary expression of traditional Islamic art and Malay architecture
elements
By: Chong Chin Pin 0319595
33

6.1 Dome
6.0 Architecture elements
Semi-opened umbrella shaped roof
Minaret rising from the reflective
pool
Roof over prayer hall of mosque is the most emphasis
and strongest personality from external features.
Dome of the roof symbolised under protection of their
God, Allah. The roof of the National Mosque is unique
and outstanding from other mosques. It has a folded
plate dome with 16 folds that different from other
mosques which own a onion dome. The dome shaped
like a semi-opened umbrella. The interior decoration of
a dome often designed by intricate geometric, stellate
or vegetal motifs which meant to awe and inspire.
6.2 Minaret
Minaret is one of the most obvious elements of mosque
architecture. The minaret in National Mosque stands 73 meter.
It is located attached to the Grand Prayer Hall and rising from
the middle of the reflecting pool. The closed umbrella spire at
the top of the Minaret fuse with the design of the National
Mosque. Originally, it is a vantage point to ensure the adman
(call for prayer) could be heard at a maximum radius. However,
Bloom (1991) found that there is no evidence to indicate that
minaret was used by muezzin when calling for prayers. There is
another explanation to the existence of the minaret in mosque
architecture states that it demonstrated power of the religious
authority during the Abbasid dynasty but other dynasty that
opposed to the Abbasid power like the Fatimids would not build
any minarets to their mosques. In Malaysia, minaret resembles
to be an essential element to be built together with the
mosque. Unfortunately, nowadays it only serves as a local
landmark. Electrical load speaker has been put to call for
Adman. 34

6.3 Qibla wall and MIhrab (niche)
Qibla wall
Mimbar which used for preacher to
deliver khutbal
6.4 Mimbar
Every prayer hall must have a Qibla wall. It is to show the direction to prostrate upon entering
the mosque. Muslims must facing Qibla when they pray at all times. The Qibla was directed
towards Ka’aba in Mecca. Another essential element of a mosque’s architecture is a mihrab. It is
normally a semicircular niche in the wall.
The Imam or preacher will stand and deliver the Friday
khutba(sermon) on the Mimbar. It is often raised by a
staircase to enhance the congregation’s sight of the imam
while listening to him delivering the khutba (sermon).
Initially, the Prophet Muhammad would stand and
deliver his khutba on the same level where his congregation
sat. However, the prayer hall was made bigger as followers
increase then he started to preach on top of a platform.
Hence the Mimbar came into existence and became a
common feature of mosque.
Mihrab in the QIbla wall
35

6.5 Courtyard Garden
There are many water elements in the courtyard garden
Courtyard is designed to give a cooling effect to the prayer hall. Within the courtyard, reflecting pools
and fountains spread throughout the compound, waters both a welcome respite in hot lands, and
important for the ablutions (ritual cleansing) done before prayer. The octagon symbolised fullness and
regeneration.
36

6.6 Portal (Entrance)
The parasols arranged uniformly
6.7 Verandah
Large sliding glass door let the entrance looks more open
The entrance looks more humble and open.
It gives an impression of a mere welcoming
space. The entrances evoke a strong image
for visitors on the activities happening
inside. Consequently, emotional effect
could be felt by the visitors either inviting
or repelling. The doors allow adequate light
penetration and ventilation around the
mosque.
This element is one of the extensions from the basic form of mosque. The verandah acts as a shaded
space to cool off before entering the mosque. The gaps between the uniform-arranged concrete
parasols are cover in glass to allow the light penetration. Therefore, the reflection of natural light on the
white tile and mosaic flooring create a sense of peace and purity. Other than that, verandah also
functions as a transitional space between the public area (entrance) and the private area (praying hall).
It used as a place for informal religious classes or meeting place for informal discussion sometimes.
Besides, verandah will also functions as extra praying area when the need arise like Friday.
37

6.8 Staircase
Wide staircase
Geometric pattern screening
6.9 Fenestration
Staircases in National Mosque are built wide
to convenience the huge flow of prayers
which may up to 15,000 in every Friday.
These wide staircases may let the prayers
feels they are welcome.
Trelliswork screen filters the light penetrating
on the aisles. The shadow of the great
symmetrical octagon pattern appears on the
floor giving mesmeric and dazzling effect for
the worshippers. It allows adequate
illumination and ventilation and provides a
calm ambience in the mosque.
38

6.10 Details
Although National Mosque is a modern and stylish mosque that carries many modern architecture
design elements but there are still many minor details that showing the architects were tried to
maintain the elements of Islamic architecture during designing. The national mosque maintain its
traditional geometric pattern, motives and forms.
Geometry Patterns
Geometry is important in Islamic art and architecture. The basic patterns normally created from the
interlaced lines passing over and under. The multiplication of any geometric pattern of the architectural
element on a different scale in one plane also helps avoid sharp contrast and clear definition of scale
and surface. There are seldom emphasised to a certain point in the composition. This express that Islam
is independent in any historical happenings and occasions happen around the universe. Moreover, for
Muslims, this also exhibits the universal character of their God, Allah and his unbounded existence.
Kufic script
This type of script is angular and has a specific
measurement. It is one of the earliest scripts which
used in producing Al-Quran. Square Kufic is the most
popular script to be found on building walls,
especially in the halls of prayer.
Geometry patterns are blends into the design of most of the architecture components of the mosque
The Arch
Arches are one of the most distinctive
elements of Islamic architecture. They
used to create a sense of balance and
harmony.
Mihrab
Kufic script
39

CONCLUSION
40
National Mosque is a national legacy. The idea to build a national mosque to commemorate Malaysia’
s independence was suggested by the Federal Executive Council a month before the country
celebrated its independence. It named Masjid Negara, to symbolise the country’s unity and multi-
cultural harmony, as well as a way to give thanks to Allah for the country’s peaceful independence –
achieved without a single drop of blood being shed.
Unlike the architectural style of many colonial buildings in Malaysia which has an influence from the
Mughal architectural style, the design of the National Mosque reflects a modern interpretation of
traditional Malay architecture. It symbolizes the independence of our country which it declines all of
the colonial style of construction and design elements.
In conclusion, National mosque is by far a timeless modern structure of Malaysian architecture that
continued to serve as an Islamic community centre for 50 years. Moreover, it is regarded as one of the
country’s prominent landmarks and a renowned national monument.

8.0 References
41
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41

8.0 References
Architecture Style Analysis
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42

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