Dewan Tunku Canselor

1. BACHELOR IN SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2
(ARC 60203)
PROJECT 2 : ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE BUILDING ANALYSIS REPORT
BUILDING : DEWAN TUNKU CANSELOR, UNIVERSITY MALAYA
NAME ID NO.
DARSHIINI VIG 0319359
JANICE LEE JUEN YUNG 0318695
ICHE DUSTAN OMARI 0323347
CLEMENT CHEN KIT SEONG 0319574
FATEMEHALSADAT FATTAH HOSSEINI 0318452

2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO. CONTENT PG NO.
1.0
INTRODUCTION
 Fast facts of the building
 History of the building
 The Architect
3 - 7
2.0 Site context analysis 8 - 14
3.0 Architectural layout of building 15 - 20
4.0 Architecture style analysis 21 - 24
5.0 Building construction, structure & materials analysis 25 - 32
6.0 Architectural elements / components analysis 33 - 38
7.0 Conclusion 39
7.0 References 40 - 41

3. 3
1.0 Introduction
Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Gambar_Dewan_Tunku_Cans
elor,_Universiti_Malaya.jpg
Built in 1965, Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is a landmark for University Malaya. This
piece of Brutalist Enthused Architecture was officially opened by Malaysia’s First Prime
Minister, Al Marhum Tunku Abdul Rahman Al-Haj, who was the university’s chancellor at
the time, on 25th
June 1966. The building was to serve as a place to hold the University’s
convocation ceremonies for graduating students, semester examinations, studio classes, theatre
performances, seminars and conferences.

4. 4
1.1 Fast Facts of the building
Name : Dewan Tunku Canselor
Year Constructed : 1965
Architect : Dato’ Kington Loo
Architecture Style : Brutalist Movement
Location : Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor Malaysia
Function : Assembly and Event hall
Capacity : 6, 000 pax

5. 5
Location of Dewan Tunku Canselor:
Location Plan
Key Plan

6. 6
1.2 History of Dewan Tunku Canselor
DTC is the convention center of university Malaya which built in 1965 by Datuk Kungton Loo
of BEP architect .It was known as landmark of university which influenced of Brutalism and
modernism architecture .DTC was declared in 25th
Jun 1966 by first prime minister AL
MARHUM TUNKU ABDUL RAHMMAN AL-HAJ who was the chancellor of university
during that period.
DTC first vernissage of ceremony was managed in 1966 to contribute the credential letter of
graduated students in different gradation of diploma , degree , master and PHD. Since that
time students annually assembly in this place for their examination and graduation . In addition,
90% internal of building catch a fire on Jun 29th
2001 and was retrieved by faculty of
environment and begin over one year later by Datuk Seri Abduallah Ahmad

7. 7
1.3 The Architect
Datuk Kington Loo, is the architect of Dewan Tunku
Canselor. He was born on 17th
October 1930. Datuk Kington Loo
finished his studies at Victoria Institution at the age of 17, and
continued at several other institutions before his great grandmother
agreed to finance his architectural studies at Melbourne University.
He became the best design student and even won a competition to
design the Dean of architecture’s holiday house. After graduation,
Datuk Kington Loo joined Booty, Edwards & Partners (BEP) where
he became a partner in the firm and formed BEP Arkitek Sdn. Bhd..
Datuk Kington Loo is one of the first generation of architects after the country
independence. He is most well known for his Daya Bumi Complex and Dewan Tunku
Canselor. His other design works are, Subang International Airport, Standard Chartered
Building in Kuala Lumpur and more. In addition to his activity as an architect, Loo was also
active as an advocate for the profession of architecture and became the chairman of Malaysia
Institute of Architect Advisory Committee. Datuk Kington Loo also became the president of
the Selangor Club. He used to be the chairman for Bukit Bintang MCA too.
Picture on left to right: Dayabumi Complex; Standard Chartered building in Kuala Lumpur

8. 8
2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS
PREPARED BY:
NAME: ICHE DUSTAN OMARI
ID: 0323347

9. 9
2.0 Site Context Analysis
Accessibility
The Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is a theatre complex that was formerly open to the
public until the pre-dawn fire gutted the building in 2001. Since then entrance to the building
has been restricted to the public. The main entrance is found adjacent to the Lingkugan Budi
road which is one of the main roads that circulate the University Malaya Campus. The approach
to the entrance of the building is placed in such a way that it enhances the perspective of the
front façade and form of the building. The projected entrance creates a transitional space and
provides overhead shelter.
DTC Front Facade
Source:http://media.themalaymailonline.com/images/sized/ez/Dewan_Tuanku_Canselor_Uni
versiti_Malaya_in_Kuala_Lumpur2710_620_407_100.jpg
After entering the building you enter the foyer area which acts as the entrance to the
great hall. A stage is located inside the great hall, all these are found in the ground floor. There
is also mezzanine floor which is actually a viewing gallery that forms a U-shape. There are
three projector rooms which were originally located at the first floor, partly storing the
graduating robes and accessories. Access to the different floor levels in the DTC is provided
by two spiral concrete staircases located within oval shaped shear walls.

10. 10
DTC Great Hall
Source:https://i2.wp.com/img.photobucket.com/albums/v328/Samanthaque/Minggu%20Halu
ansiswa%202010/37648_447760055254_181379925254_6528694_8387536_n.jpg
DTC Staircase
Source:http://www.deviantart.com/art/A-UM-Forgotten-Vision-6-68898801
DTC Foyer
Source: http://jackhow.deviantart.com/art/A-UM-Forgotten-Vision-5-68898683

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Relationship of Building to surroundings
University Malaya Campus
Source:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/University+of+Malaya/@3.121697,101.6530375,4356m
/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xfce3ea9baaab17e8!6m1!1e1
University Malaya, was the first independent Malaysian university that was established
on a 750-acre campus in the southwest of Kuala Lumpur. Each university in the campus was
built to lead in a specific field that eventually led in contributing to the country's potential
growth. The purpose was to lay the foundation for a better nation by generating skilled and
educated men.

12. 12
DTC on University Malaya Campus
Source:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dewan+Tunku+Canselor,+University+of+Malaya/@3.
1211165,101.6564529,543m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!1m3!3m2!1s0x0:0xfce3ea9baaab17e8!2s
University+of+Malaya!3m1!1s0x0000000000000000:0x2c04042b5ab99481!6m1!1e1
The DTC is placed in a location that it is close to circulation paths (Traffic and
pedestrian paths) that surround the whole campus. The pathways to other parts of the university
have to be kept at minimal distance to minimize discomfort for students and provide shelter
from the sun and rain. It is also close to the other schools within the University so as to have
easy access for the students and lecturers for when events take place.
And due to the buildings raw concrete finish, it has a contrasting look compared to other
buildings within the campus that have a more ornamented finish.
UM Library
Source: http://www.umlib.um.edu.my/graphics/umlibrary.jpg

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Response to climate
Since Malaysia is located near the equator, it has a hot and humid temperature
throughout the year also known as equatorial climate. So as to reduce this heat within the
building the concept of “brise-soleil” was adapted onto the buildings’ facade. A brise-soleil is
a “sun breaker” or horizontal louvers outside the windows or extending over the entire surface
of the building’s façade. It is an architectural feature that functions as a ‘sunscreen’, which
reduces heat gain within a building by deflecting sunlight. Inside the great hall, the area is air
conditioned so as to keep the temperature within the hall at a comfortable level for the users.
This is done because it would be very uncomfortable for them if the weather is hot and humid
within the hall.
DTC Facade
Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
ElFWzFPIHqw/T0CiyzJsWyI/AAAAAAAAAXw/jRzOs_pcbtg/s1600/P2160265.JPG

14. 14
The DTC also has a particularly large overhang on the roof. This is to create shade for
the lower floors and to protect them from the harsh sunlight and seasonal heavy rains. This also
creates a shade that can shelter pedestrians looking for a sanctuary from the rain or heat. And
also, the projected entrance can also provide shade to the passers-by and to the entrance itself
when the weather conditions are unfavourable to the people. And also the overhang on the
exterior of the ground floor helps to provide shelter to the pedestrians.
DTC Ground Floor Shade
Source: https://syah1ndra.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/15122010086.jpg

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3.0 ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT
OF BUILDING
PREPARED BY:
NAME: CLEMENT CHEN KIT SEONG
ID: 0319574

16. 16
3.0 Architecture layout of building
3.1 Elevation analysis
The elevation of the building consists of geometrical elements which are present on the facades
of the building. On the inside, load bearing walls are used to maximize the volume of space in
the building, the elevation of the building stands at 3-4 storeys high with a void at the foyer
area from floor to ceiling.
Floor to ceiling void at foyer area to allow openness and natural lighting

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3.2 Circulation to Use-space
The Interior Design Work was based on the new requirements for new services systems and
facilities in order to ensure that DTC can cater for all functions required to be held in the
building such as convocation ceremony, musical and stage performances, conferences and
seminars, as well as examinations hall. The design input from all consultants involved ensured
that the new standard established for the hall could be satisfied. This included the
reconstruction of a bigger stage area with additional features such as extended and movable
stage, new durable timber flooring system, timber windows with double glazing system, new
design for toilets facilities, relocating the audio-visual room, and better facilities added to the
hall such as the ramp, new changing areas, new electrical and mechanical system, built-in-
fitments and furniture
(Stage Area)
For the foyer area, the main features were retained with minor
intervention of the areas. Improving and repairing works were
done including replacing damaged timber framed and broken
glass windows and doors, new M&E system with fire
protection facilities (sprinklers), repairing the concrete wall
finishes and adding new features for exhibition proposes. At
the exterior part of the building, upgrading the facilities for
disabled and pavements layouts and a new landscaping was
designed to complement the building
Foyer Area

18. 18
3.3 Organization Analysis
Symmetry & balance
Dewan Tunku Canselor’s Design also consists of Symmetry and Balance as seen in the picture
above. The façade above the entrance is a balanced symmetry which contributes to the building
architectural design elements.
The load bearing walls also consists of an asymmetry design and allows further enhancement
of vertical emphasis of the building. The ceiling is made of egg-crate reinforced concrete that
allows longer span, fewer beams and more dramatic interface on the exterior as well as the
interior ceiling.

19. 19
Geometry
The use of geometry is also evident around the whole DTC. One of the special feature of the
exterior of DTC is the brise soleil concrete beton brut made up of squares which functions as
solar shading to control the light and heat. It also creates an asymmetry pattern where the rows
of square are reflecting at opposite angles.

20. 20
Details of the geometrical structure- beton brut
Pictures:
http://media.themalaymailonline.com/images/sized/ez/Dewan_Tuanku_Canselor_Universiti_
Malaya_in_Kuala_Lumpur2710_620_407_100.jpg
http://carverhaggard.com/kl-civic/
http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/99.pdf

21. 21
4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE
ANALYSIS
PREPARED BY:
NAME: DARSHIINI VIG
ID: 0319359

22. 22
Dewan Tunku Canselor is a fine example of the Brutalist architectural style of the 1950s and
1960s. Being one of the first structure in Malaysia under the influence of modern architecture,
Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier – in particularly his Chandigarh high court in India, who
was the first to be concerned about the use of appropriate building materials without the use of
ornamentation on a building.
Source : ser, w. (2013). Ultimate MIS: Dewan Konvokesyen UM- Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Ultimatemis.blogspot.my. Retrieved 8 November 2015, from
http://ultimatemis.blogspot.my/2013/03/dewan-konvokesyen-um-dewan-tunku.html

23. 23
4.1 Characteristics
Brutalism sprang from the highest humanitarian ideals, from a socialist ideology that
propounded equality for all. Brutalist building are usually structured within a repetitive
angular geometry. All buildings use concrete, in order to reveal the poured and retain finished
product. However not all Brutalist buildings use concrete as exterior materials as it may
belong to a fusion of architecture style range.
The exterior of their building ranges from their structure and services to the human use. For
example, Brutalist architecture in Malaysia are Dewan Sri Penang, and Bank Negara
Malaysia Building where both are located in Penang. From another example, the design of
the Hunstanton School is a brutalist building where it has facility’s water tank, which is a
normally a hidden service feature, in a prominent, visible tower
Unfortunately, the nature of Brutalist architecture has made an unfriendly and
uncommunicative style instead of being integrating and protective. Brutalist structures has led
to the unpopularity of both the ideology and the architecture style.
Dewan Sri Pinang
Source : Pamsummer.asia,. (2015). Ticketing | Penang Anime Matsuri.
Retrieved 9 November 2015, from http://pamsummer.asia/project/ticketing/

24. 24
Hunstanton School,
Norfolk, England.
Source : Daley, R.
(2015).
BRUTALISM:ONLINE
- Smithdon High School
(formerly Hunstanton
Secondary Modern
School), Norfolk,
England.
Brutalism.online.
Retrieved 9 November
2015, from
http://brutalism.online/
brutalist-buildings/13-
uk/188-smithdon-high-
school-formerly-
hunstanton-secondary-
modern-school-norfolk-
england
Bank Negara Malaysia
Penang
Source : Tye, T. (2015).
Modern Buildings in
Penang / Pulau Pinang.
Penang-traveltips.com.
Retrieved 9 November
2015, from
http://www.penang-
traveltips.com/modern-
buildings.htm

25. 25
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
METHOD
PREPARED BY:
NAME: JANICE LEE JUEN
YUNG
ID: 0318695

26. 26
5.0 Building Construction Method
Waffle Slab Ceiling
There are many different types of building construction methods used in Dewan Tunku
Canselor. The most interesting type of building construction method used in Dewan Tunku
Canselor is the concrete waffle slab method used on the ceiling. Waffle slabs are a reinforced
concrete footing and slab system constructed on ground. They are also known as the egg-crate
reinforced concrete with a smooth surface. They consist of a perimeter footing and a series of
narrow internal beams at one meter nominal centres running each way. Waffle slab ceiling is
used in Dewan Tunku Canselor because it can withstand heavy loads with relatively minimal
depths.
Preformed pans are used to create forms that casts the concrete into a waffle pattern.
Temporary shores are installed when one floor is finished. After the concrete has set, shores
are first removed then, the form is removed. Once the form is removed, the waffle slab ceiling
can be seen. Waffle slabs strength vary from the height above ground. The higher the slab
above ground, the deeper the beams below ground, thus stronger and stiffer slab system. Some
of the benefits for using waffle slab as one of the structural systems are, construction time is
shorter, slimmer floor depths, fire resistant and durable finish.
Picture on left: Dewan Tunku Canselor
waffle slab ceiling.
Picture above: A structural system of -
waffle slab ceiling with beams to
support.

27. 27
Comparison with Modern Buildings in West
Istanbul Sehir University, located in Turkey has the similar waffle slab ceiling as
Dewan Tunku Canselor, Malaysia. The main material used in Istanbul Sehir University is
concrete. Although béton brut, also known as raw concrete is the main material used widely by
most Brutalist Architecture, Istanbul Sehir University is not considered as Brutalist, but
Modern Architecture, as compared to Dewan Tunku Canselor, which is a Brutalist building.
Picture above: The ceiling of Istanbul Sehir University, Turkey is made out of concrete waffle
slabs.

28. 28
Beton Brut
Beton brut is known as raw concrete which is left unfinished and exposed visually. The
wood printing which the concrete is poured into is retained in the finish product. Beton brut is
a construction method used most in Le Corbusier’s work. It does not require a smooth surface
and no touch up works needed. Most modern architects uses Beton brut in their buildings in
the early part of 20th
Century. It is one of the main characteristics of Brutalist architecture of
the 1960s and 1970s. Beton Brut is not only is inexpensive way of construction but it also gives
a bold aesthetics to its building.
Picture above: Obvious wood print can be seen on Dewan Tunku Canselor building.

29. 29
Comparison with Modern Buildings in West
The Casa da Ladeira has the same construction as Dewan Tunku Canselor because
béton brut are used in both buildings. Casa da Ladeira is considered as modern architecture
built in 2011 and the design of this building is very different from the Brutalist building, Dewan
Tunku Canselor but both buildings have béton brut façade. Organic curves and fluidity of forms
can be seen in Casa da Ladeira, on the other side, Dewan Tunku Canselor has very linear and
straight lines in both horizontal and vertical.
Most modern architects continue using béton brut on their building because it’s loud
and bold aesthetics along with its natural influential beauty is an inexpensive form of
construction. Besides, it is a great economical solution to weather and climate control within
large buildings.
Picture above:
Façade of Dewan
Tunku Canselor.
Picture below:
Façade of Casa da
Ladeira.

30. 30
Restoration of Dewan Tunku Canselor
On 29th
June 2001, a fire broke out in Dewan Tunku Canselor, destroying over 90% of
the internal building. The exterior of this building is not much affected as concrete has fire
resistant properties. The building is fully restored after 2 stages. The first stage is the repair of
structure, cracks, and a new roof design. The damaged structural elements were carefully
constructed and the new roof design is constructed but still retaining the authenticity of the
original design. The entire roof is replaced with steel frames and waterproof membrane as both
of them have fire resistant properties.
The second stage to restore Dewan Tunku Canselor is the architectural, interior design
and services installation. The important architectural features in this building were retained and
the original design is maintained. The main foyer area, the granite flooring, facades and slab,
the services and mezzanine level, spiral staircases and concrete handrails were retained.

31. 31
Building Materials
Concrete
The main material used in Dewan Tunku Canselor is reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete
is used widely in Brutalist architecture. It is in the ceilings, facades, beams and so on in Dewan
Tunku Canselor.
Glass
Different type of glass is used in this building. Laminated glass are used on the roofs, float
glass on windows, and stained glass on the foyer.
Timber
Railings, parquet floorings, and some roof trusses are made out of timber. Hardwood timber is
used because it has higher densities and also last longer than other softwood timbers. Example
of hardwood timber available in Malaysia is, Balau, Chengal and more.
Steel
Steel are used in roof trusses of Dewan Tunku Canselor. It needs to be coated or galvanized
with a suitable protective system to prevent the trusses from corroding and rusting although it
is used as an internal structural component and will not be visually seen.
Tiles
Granite tiles are used for flooring in Dewan Tunku Canselor and porcelain tiles are used for
toilet walls. Tiles are used in Dewan Tunku Canselor because of it being aesthetically beautiful
and it requires minimum maintenance, hence, more durable.

32. 32

33. 33
6.0 ARCHILECTURAL ELEMENTS
/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
PREPARED BY:
NAME: FATEMEHALSADAT FATTAH
HOSSEINI
ID: 0318452

34. 34
6.0 ARCHILECTURAL ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
Structure
It’s two and half story building which consist of around hall and foyer area , it’s example for
the brutalist architecture of the 1950s and 1960s due it’s bare concrete structure .demonstrate
the egg-crate reinforced concrete and béton brut imprints on the poured concrete, since it’s
durable and hard which represent the nature of concrete . Brutalism makes a virtue out of that
cheap and ubiquitous building material. Instead of being covered up with plaster and paint, the
marks of the wooden forms in which the concrete is poured is retained in the finished product
for facade. EXTERIOR-(FAÇADE)
EXTERIOR-(FAÇADE)
The window of north and south
façade of the building are inclined at
45 degrees to the normal, they
design it the way which allow to
have shade besides it allows natural
light to come inside. in façade it can
be seen that the windows designed
the way which has repetition of pattern but designer’s notion was
not only that furthermore he wanted to consider aesthetics
essentially incorporating into the overall design. Additionally it
helps to reduce heat and help to more rescue colder weather
dissipation.

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WINDOW
In ground floor there are some windows around the foyer which used art glass designed by
pretty flowers and malay style wooden carving which designers installed them to makes more
alleviate looks along dusty façade and allow light pierces througt the building to have better
atmosphere . The arrangement of the windows produced a repetitive pattern all over the upper
part of the building
WATER ELEMENT
Water is a very unique element due to its refreshing and soothing qualifications. These
attractive qualifications are effective on water to become a landmark ,which defined as the
elements of a space defining characteristics that are different from their surroundings in terms
of scale, location, architectural features, material, and design criteria and easily recognized or
discernible from several directions. To have this natural element on side aid to give a feeling
of vitality and calm and soothing along the dusty sense of concrete . On the other hand to have
this pond helps for lower temperature of surrounding.

36. 36
Decorative elements
In the exterior there are some decorative concrete elements moreover, it is utmost material be
used in structure .It is no longer plain, grey and boring, it is now thought of as a beautiful
decorative element with half of the price with textures, and patterns that used in columns and
flowerpots. The patterns on them inspired of surrounding and nature.
STAIRCASE
At the right side of exterior there is one staircase which
access the ground floor to first floor . it made by concrete and
steel which is long-lasting , by reason of using concrete it
become part of the structure and makes apprearance more
significent beside it has function for building.
The most durable and popular material used to build stairs is
concrete specially in humid weather of Malaysia. It access
between the first floor to second floor while it is being
constructed. Besides the fact that concrete stairs require little
maintenance, they are very good looking.

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INTERIOR (artificial and natural light)
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
There are two type of lighting illuminate the interior of Dewan Tunku Canselor’s building , the
great hall and other part of interior such as stairwell and toilet utilize artificial light .Inside the
great hall which is the largest hall in KL during 1970s used thousands of artificial light to
brighten the space and entertain for over 25,000 guests
NATURAL LIGHTING
Nevertheless, the exterior of building looks it contains of few opening but it has a couple of
skylight on top to give the sense of capacious and light inside , moreover there are few windows
located in entrance hall that let the light illuminate the area through the daytime for different
activities.

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Door
Dewan Tunku Canselor has different type of door , the main entrance’s door made by all glass
double automatic sliding door. The other part of façade has normal glass door which they
located in a way that intercept of sunlight inside.Additionally it includes of a big stained glass
door on the other part of façade
(STAINED GLASS)
Roof
Inside the building the ceiling is made by bare concrete with cubic pattern to have a harmony
with exterior and other part of the building in addition, the roof is looks thicker from outside
which helps to save interior from gleam of light

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7.0 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, Dewan Tunku Canselor is a monumental building that has significantly protrayed
the Brutalis architecture style in Malaysia which is a sub-brancgh of modernism. Being the
most rigid concrete structure, the building also consists of brie soleil, which is one of the
significant features of Le Corbusier’s works.
Being situated in the famous Malaysian university “University Malaya Kuala Lumpur” this
building is very prestigous to all students that who are currently or have graduated from the
university itself.
Source : http://aliaa.deviantart.com/art/Dewan-Tunku-Canselor-272928476

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8.0 REFERENCES
1. A.B. Abqhari Enterprise (2002) Pendokumentasian (Proses Kerja) Peringkat Pertama
Dewan Tunku Canselor, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (unpublished report)
2. Chen, F.V.(1988) The Encyclopedia of Malaysia Architecture, Archipelago Press,
Kuala Lumpur DPI Konsult Sdn. Bhd (2001)Structural Assessment of Dewan Tunku
Canselor, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Damaged by Fire (unpublished report)
3. Hamilton, Zuraini M.A. & Rodiah Z. (2002) Building Appraisal After Fire Report on
Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya (unpublished report)
4. Carver Haggard, http://carverhaggard.com/kl-civic/
5. Zuraini M. A, REHABILITATION OF THE TUNKU CANSELOR HALL,
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA,
http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/99.pdf
6. http://www.iidex.com.my/venue.html
7. http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_7577059_advantages-precast-concrete-stairs.html
8. http://jackhow.deviantart.com/art/A-UM-Forgotten-Vision-5-68898683
9. http://azalea301.blogspot.my/2011/05/dewan-agong-tuanku-canselor-uitm-shah.html
10. https://mudpies.wordpress.com
11. http://www.tikkurila.com/decorative_paints/instructions/maintenance_instructions/ext
erior_concrete_surfaces
12. http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/decorative/
13. http://www.academia.edu/4097882/The_Effects_of_Water_Elements_in_Urban_Spac
e_Perception_A_Case_Study_in_Uskudar_Municipality_Square
14. http://www.architecture-student.com/landscape/sculptures-and-water-bodies-e
15. lements-of-landscape-architecture/
16. Zuraini M.A (N.A.) Rehabilitation of the Tunku Canselor Hall, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved from
http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/99.pdf
17. Francis D.K.Ching (1979). Architecture, Form, Space & Order. Hoboken, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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18. REHABILITATION OF THE TUNKU CANSELOR HALL, UNIVERSITY OF
MALAYA, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2015, from
http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/99.pdf
19. Casa da Ladeira. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2015, from
http://www.casadaladeira.com/
20. Casa da Ladeira. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2015, from
http://www.casadaladeira.com/
21. Ribbed and waffle slabs. (n.d.). Retrieved November 10, 2015, from
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