ARCHITECTURAL CULTURE & HISTORY 2

ARCHITECTURAL CULTURE & HISTORY 2
(A60203)
TAN WEI SEN
TAN YANG
TAN TZE YIH
TING XIAO YAO
MISS
BALKISH

Figure 1.0 shows waiting area of
Mandarin Palace in Federal Hotel,
taken from Malaysinflavours.com
CONTENTS
Introduction
Site Context Analysis
Architecture Layout of Building
Architecture Style Analysis
Building Construction, Structure &
Materials Analysis
Architectural elements /
components analysis
Conclusion
Tan Wei Sen
Ting Xiao
Yao
Tan Tze Yih
Tan Yang
Tan Yang

INTRODUCTION
Malaysia is famous for its tourism not long after independence as the
tropical climate is good for Europeans to escape harsh winter months.
Our country`s tourism sector is the 3rd largest income to the country and
it brings billions every year. Malaysia is ranked 5th in Tourism Ranking
2016 in South East Asia ("Malaysia Tourism Statistics in Brief", 2017)
Federal Hotel and other hotels in general are important in serving the
tourists and tourism industry. It creates countless numbers of jobs and
plays a huge part in raising Malaysia`s economy.
Federal Hotel is a 4 star luxury hotel that was opened just 3 days before
the independence of Malaysia and has been opened for 60 years. It was
founded by Tan Sri Low Yat and the architect was Lee Yoon Thim.
Diagram 1.1 shows 2016 and number of
tourists visited Malay

FAST FACTS OF FEDERAL HOTEL
Federal Hotel is a 4 star luxury hotel
located at 35, Jalan Bukit Bintang, 55100
Kuala Lumpur. Bukit Bintang area is filled
by thousands of locals and tourists daily.
It is known as the shopping haven as
many popular shopping malls are
located here.
The hotels has 17 floors of hotel rooms
and 4 room types to choose from. There is
even a Merdeka Suite which housed
guests and celebrities back in the day.
("The Federal Kuala Lumpur - Rooms",
2017)
Diagram I.2 shows the surrounding area
of Federal Hotel and Jalan Bukit Bintang
Figure 1.3: Superior Room
Federal Hotel offers a vierity of restaurants to
choose from. Kontiki Restaurant which serves
buffet, Mandarin Palace that serves Chinese
cuisine and Revolving Bintang Restaurant at
the 18th floor that has a panoramic view of
the Kuala Lumpur skyline.
The hotel offers facilities
such as outdoor swimming
pool and ballroom rentals
for wedding banquets and
other occasions.
Figure 1.4 Mandarin Palace interior

HISTORY
At the Independence Day of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman shouted
‘Merdeka!’ in front of thousands of people including Malay Rulers,
members of the federal government, and foreign dignitaries. Other
than him, there is a hotel shouts ‘Merdeka!’ since 1957 until today,
the Federal Hotel Kuala Lumpur. Completed three days before the
Independence Day on 28 August 1957 to witness and marking the
historic moment of Malaya been handover back to the people from
British. The Federal Hotel is the first international class hotel of post-
independence Malaya, hundreds of foreign dignitaries who came to
witness the momentous occasion were its first batch of guest.
Founded by Tan Sri Low Yat, the construction of the hotel were facing
a lot of problem, but he still insist to complete the hotel on time for
the celebration.
(CHESTER CHIN, (2014, 31 August), A hotel that shouts ‘Merdeka!’)
“I have a feeling that this hotel, which adorns the capital of the
Federation, will be the meeting place as well as the resting place of
visitors of all nationalities from all parts of the world,” said Tunku
when Federal Hotel finally opened its doors on Aug 28, 1957.
Figure 1.5 shows Tunku Abdul Rahman during
the Merdeka ceremony

ARCHITECT
Lee Yun Thim
Also well known as Dato’ Y.T. Lee, he was a Malaysian Chinese architect who
travelled to England, Germany and Italy for studies and earned a master’s degree in
Engineering. He then returned to Malaysia and founded his own company, Y.T.Lee &
Co. He was also one of the member of Malaysian Chinese Association, held several
positions in the national government and in the Chinese community. He was active
in the project ‘Build Merdeka’ after Malaysian Independence, 1963. Several of Kuala
Lumpur’s landmark building, such as: Chin Woo Stadium, UMNO Building, Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kampung Baru Mosque, Ar-Rahman Mosque and the Masjid Al-
Ubudiyah were designed by him.
Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7
Figure 1.8
Figure 1.6 shows Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka, 1.7 is the UMNO Building
and 1.8 is Chin Woo Stadium, all
creations of Lee Yun Thim

SITE CONTEXT
Figure 2.1 shows the front
entrance of the hotel that
faces Jalan Bukit Bintang is
connected to the lobby and it
is mainly for drop off uses as
it only has a a narrow single
lane, and it is one way.
Figure 2.2 shows that the front
entrance has 2 steps of stairs
which are wide and long to ease
the loading and unloading of
luggage. Carpets to rub off the
dirt and sand of from the shoe
soles of guests and automated
sliding doors.
Figure 2.3 show entrance to
Jalan Bukit Bintang. The hotel is
facing Jalan Bukit Bintang which
is full of restaurants and shops,
right in the most happening
place at night.
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3

The back entrance of the
Federal Hotel is connected to
Federal arcade which has a lot
of gadget shop lots because its
next to Low Yat Plaza. The
Federal ballrooms located
above the arcade and so does
the pool.
Figure 2.6, the back of
Federal Hotel and to the left
is Subang Arcade
Entrance to Federal Ballroom
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6

BUILDING`S RELATIONSHIP TO SURROUNDING
During the present day, most of
the old nearby have been
replaced by high rise shop lots
and more upscale commercial
buildings. The pre-war buildings
are preserved but converted into
classy eateries and restaurants.
Diagram 2.7 The heighted area is Bukit Bintang; red dot is location of The Federal Hotel.
Federal Hotel is located in the heart of Bukit Bintang, the commercial, shopping and
entertainment district of Kuala Lumpur. During the late 50`s nearing the country`s
independence, Bukit Bintang area was already full of commercial buildings and shop lots.
The Federal Kuala
Lumpur
Tengkat Tong Shin, which
is 3 minutes walk from
Federal Hotel has very
good examples.
Diagram 2.8: Time and distance from Federal Hotel to Tengkay Tong Shin

Figure 2.9 In front are buildings built pre independence, converted into shop lots
and behind and on the right are high rise condominiums that are built during the
early 2000`s.
Figure 2.10 On the left of the road, we have Mutiara Villa condominium, and on the
right we have the old colonial buildings again, Contrast of the building type can be
clearly seen from this road alone.

The Federal Hotel was the first ever international classed hotel to be built. As
mentioned, it was built to accommodate foreign delegates to witness our
country`s independence ceremony. Therefore it was built located close to
Merdeka Stadium. Around 10 minutes drive.
Since the independence until now, Federal Hotel is located in a very strategic
location, which explains why it is still in business today. Federal Hotel is close to
the heart of KL and so many tourist attractions and transportation hubs such as
KL Sentral.
Berjaya Times Square
Low Yat Plaza
Lot 10
Fahrenheit88
Pavilion KL
Sungei Wang Plaza
Petaling
Street
National Stadium
Kuala Lumpur Railway Station
Central Market
Federal Hotel
Merdeka Square
Diagram 2.11
Diagram 2.12

Not to mention it is 35 minutes away from Subang Airport.
15 minutes to the Petronas Twin Towers, the most iconic building in Malaysia that
tourists want to visit.
Diagram 2.13
Diagram 2.14

COMPARISON WITH WOLO HOTEL
Diagram 2.15 shows the distance of WOLO hotel from Federal Hotel
WOLO hotel is a hotel located at the junction of Bukit Bintang, where its
more crowded and packed. Compared to Federal Hotel, WOLO Hotel uses
glass panels all the way in the ground floor and high volume
Figure 2.17
Figure 2.18
Figure 2.19
Figure 2.17 shows how the lively scene of
Jalan Bukit Bintang enters the hotel. 2.18
and 2.19 shows the exterior of the hotel.

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE
Malaysia is a tropical country which has hot and humid weather and monsoon
seasons where it rains a lot. Annual rainfall range from 200-250mm.
Figure 2.20 The front entrance has the 2nd floor (check in counter area) as cover
and some vegetation to act as cover, making guest and luggage loading and
unloading easy.
Figure 2.21 The back entrance is also covered and leads to the ballroom and
Federal Arcade, which has covers themselves, making it easy for the tourists to
walk in the shade or rain. Ballroom guests can be dropped off from here without
getting wet during rain.

Figure 2.22
Figure 2.23
Figure 2.24
Figure 2.25
The building shades the pool
area from the sun during the
afternoon
Fans are installed at the
outdoor area of the
Veranda Restaurant
Bricks with holes creates
ventilation and wind flow
to reduce heat
Covered area for people
to walk from Federal
Hotel to Low Yat Plaza

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF
BUILDING
28th August 1957, 3 days before Malaysia’s independence day, Federal Hotel started for
operation. This hotel is the 1st hotel start to operate after Malaysia independence.
The number of the flooring can be seen clearly from the elevation which only consist s
of nine-storey during that time and the building only provides with 90 rooms.
The appearance of the building is the repetition of windows and fenestrations which
emphasis on the vertical and horizontal lines and gives a sense of International
Modernism style.
The building make extention to achieve 21 storeys from 10-storey old building by
renovation floor-by-floor during 1963 which is the year of Malaysia formation.
1950’s-1970’s - Hotel’s transformation.
50’s 60’s 70’s
3.1 ELEVATION ANALISIS
Figure 3.1.1, shows the flooring
Figure 3.1.2 Figure 3.1.3 Figure 3.1.4

As the times go by, the hotel increase their compound and the quantity of the
rooms and fully utilize the space by provides more functional activities. The
hotel link the old renovated building to the new space which is the ball room
and restaurant by adding a new corridor.
A swimming pool also installed and located on the first floor’s roof garden.
Figure 3.1.5 Different parts of Federal Hotel
Figure 3.1.6 The swimming pool of the hotel

During 1960’s, The hotel built a revolving restaurant located at 18th floor which is a
trend among Asia and it is designed by Yozoshipata, a japanese architect.
The restaurant provides a nice few which is 360 panoramic view. The view include the
famous buildings – Petronas Twin Tower and Kuala Lumpur Tower.
Revolving
Restaurant
Figure 3.1.7 The Revolving Restaurant on top of the hotel
Figure 3.1.8 The view outside from the Revolving Restaurant

The hierarchy of the hotel’s space was set up from public to private and then public again
at the top floor which is the revolving restaurant. The restaurant is the signature and
emphasis of the hotel.
LEVEL HIERARCHY SPACE
Level 18 Public Bintang Revolving Restaurant
Level 17 Private Hotel Rooms
Level 16 Public Penthouse
Level 15 Public skyroom
Level 2 Public/Private Mandarin
Palace
MeetingRoom, Ballroom 1, Ball room 2
Level 1 Public Reception, Business Centre, The Verendah Lobby Lounge, G-Point Club
Mezzanine Level Public Swimming Pool, Kontiki Restaurant
Ground Level
(Rear Entrance)
Public Delaney’s Irish Pub & Restaurant, Weleda Showrrom
Lobby Level
(Front Enterance)
Public Kaihomaru Japanese Restaurant, Health Spa
Public Space Private Space
Table 3.2.1 The spaces which show the hierarchy.

The hotel provide two main entrances which are separated into two different parts.
One of the entrance located at the front and another entrance located at the rear of
the hotel to provide more convenience way for the crowd come from the malls
nearby.
People can access Mezzaine level from the front entrance and the people can go
the ground level through rear entrance.
This can be shown by the plans in Figure3.2.1 and Figure 3.2.2.
Figure 3.2.1 Ground level plan Figure 3.2.2 Mezzaine Level plan
The ceiling level of the lobby is double from the normal floor to create the feeling of
the wide open space, because the hotel was designed to introduce ground level and
mezzanine level. It act as an intermediate space for public before entering the
reception counter which is located at level 1.

Mezzanine level is a space which can lead people to the spaces within lobby to level 2
which are public spaces.
The circulation of the public spaces which are located more at the bottom floor are
arranges in complex way by separate those spaces not only by walls and also by
levelling.
So, when the users enter the hotel through different entrances, they will enter different
floor of the hotel which create a unique experiences.
Figure 3.2.1a Ground level circulation Figure 3.2.2a Mezzaine Level circulation

As we can see from the plan, from level 3 to level 14 which is the hotel room, the
orientation of the hotel rooms was arranged in circular movement which
concentrated on the central axis. The circulation of the corridor set up as one way
circulation which give a sense of no ending in that space.
This hotel is similar to the theory of Ludwig Miles van der Rohe, a German-
American architect. He has been applied this theory in the modernist era where
he thought that organization of boxy, rectangular volume is just a wrapper, the
circulation throughout the space and the capability of the building give the
most important weight to make the users experience the space.
Figure 3.2.3a The circulation of the hotel
rooms.
Figure 3.2.3 Hotel rooms’ Floor Plan

When we look at the overall massing of the old building, the cylindrical revolving
restaurant which act as the dominant spaces produced a contrast and distinct
geometric with the floors below which is the rest of the cuboid building.
Figure 3.3.1 Massing of the hotel
3.3 ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS

ARCHITECTURE STYLE
The Federal Hotel Kuala Lumpur is
greatly influenced by the international
modernist style which is the main trend in
the late 19th century. As a result of the
modernist style is came from the West, it
may not totally adapt to the local climate,
hence the architect decided to add in
some local traditional architecture
element to his design. Most of the
western architecture would like to install
a ribbon window in order to allow the
maximum sunlight to pass through it, but
for the case in Malaysia, a normal window
façade is able to obtain enough sunlight
for the entire building. Other than that,
the architect used some direct features to
show the combination of local and
western architecture style. One of the
most symbolical feature of local
architecture is the Malay’s traditional
gable roof are been placed for the
restaurant by the poolside.
The architect also emphasises
the principle by Louis Sullivan: Form
Follow Function, the form is
designed upon the intended
function and purpose. The main
form of the Federal Hotel is
rectangular and cylindrical, the
rectangular form housed most of
the function of the hotel like rooms,
lobby and restaurant; while the
cylindrical form was designed to
hold a revolving restaurant at the
top most level of the hotel. The
hotel highly emphasis the horizontal
and vertical lines, giving it a clean
appearance. It was painted white to
ensure the aesthetic appearance of
the hotel and to reflect heat from
the sun.
Figure 3.1 Malaysian Traditional Gable Roof
Figure 3.2 Federal Hotel Kuala Lumpur

The inner walls are non-load bearing wall and one layer thick. As the
load of the building is bear by a rectangular hollow reinforced concrete core in
the center of the building. The only function of the walls are to provide privacy
and distribution of space within the hotel. Pillar is not easily be seen as its role
had been taken by the reinforced concrete core. Only few circular column is
located at the lobby to show the grandness of the hotel.
Few design principle is adopted by the architect, which is repetition,
symmetry and balance, massing. The uniform arranged window is placed on
every levels, the structure of the hotel is symmetrically balanced and the
appearance of the hotel is massive.
Figure 3.3 Hotel Lobby
Figure 3.4 Hotel Roof Garden and pool
Figure 3.4 Hotel Roof Garden
The interior of the hotel is mainly
decorated by marble and timber, while
soft lighting and natural lighting act as a
supporting feature. The marble flooring
and lighting work together to enhance
the welcoming feeling, to make the
customer feel comfortable while stepping
into the hotel. Chinese timber
ornamentation can be seen everywhere
inside the hotel. Timber louver façade for
ventilation had been placed at the
restaurant by the pool side.
The hotel also adopted one of the five principles of modernist architecture by Le
Corbusier, the roof garden, which bringing in nature to the architecture. The swimming
pool and garden are located behind the first floor. The pool act as a cooling mechanism
for the hotel, while the garden is a recreation place for the guests to relax and a
temperature control method.

5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,
STRUCTURE, MATERIALS
Fig 5.1 Façade of Federal Hotel from pool area.
The Federal Hotel was built during the time where modernism
architecture, the birth of high rise buildings began. The Federal
hotel was one of the early high rise building to set foot in Kuala
Lumpur and the construction of this building such as precast
concrete, marble and wood cladding.

Structure
The facade of the Federal Hotel is the three components that consists of the entrance,
reception and lobby functioning as the base, the shaft that hold the rooms of the
hotel, and lastly capped with a non-ornamented cornice that crowns the entire
structure as the capital. This method of construction is referred to as a *tripartite(a
type of structural arrangement that divided into or consisting of three parts,
("tripartite", 2012)) which was utilized during the renaissance period. The benefits of
this kind of structure help a lot on to let people or guest identify the function or
facilities through the structure, which is also a typical structure that similar with most
of the hotel.
Figure 5.2 Façade of Federal Hotel
from Carpark.
Diagram 5.1 Massing Body of the Federal
Hotel which consist three part that each
indicate different functions or facilities of
the hotel. Such as restaurant, hotel rooms,
lobby and etc.

For example, there is a building that is similar with Federal Hotel, Biscomaun Bhawan Is a
government office or public builidng which is located in Bihar, India. Both the structure and
the form of the building is visually similar with Federal Hotel. There is a revolving restaurant
on the top floor.
Fig 5.3 The exterior of Biscomaun Bhawan in Bihar, India.
Diagram 5.2 Massing body of the
Biscomaun Bhawan, each indicates
different functions and facilities such as
restaurant(top), government offices and
a university(two rectangle blocks).

Base
High rise buildings with the similar arrangements also exist before the Federal hotel. One
example would be Biscomaun Bhawan located in Bihar, India. The facade of the
Biscomaun Bhawan look similar to the Federal hotel but with the exceptional difference
that the entrance of Biscomaun Bhawan is ornamented rather than the Federal hotel
which is clean of any ornamentation. However, both building possesses similar structural
arrangement.
Fig 5.4 Front entrance of Federal Hotel, Kuala Lumpur.
Fig 5.5 Front entrance of Nalanda University which is also act as the front entrance of
Biscomaun Bhawan.

Shaft
The shaft holds the guest rooms for the Federal hotel. The exterior of the shaft
is covered with rows and combination of three-part open and fixed windows
that has large window panels flanked with two smaller double-hung sash. The
orderly arrangement of the windows create a very symmetrical grid pattern.
The design and arrangement of the windows is also found in Biscomaun
Bhawan which had similar windows installed however was only limited to
three-part open windows also arranged in a manner resembling a grid layout.
Fig 5.6 Façade of Federal Hotel
from front entrance.
Fig 5.7 The Façade of Biscomaun
Bhawan from main entrance
Diagram 5.3 Grid layout window of both
similar building.

Fig 5.8 Precast concrete structure.Fig 5.9 Steel framing structure.
Precast Concrete
Precast concrete is used as the main structural material for the Federal Hotel.
During modernism times, precast concrete were commonly used especially
by one of the modern architect, Le Corbusier, the precursor of using concrete
in his creations. Concrete is a strong and durable material that can absorb
massive compression strength. After the industrial revolution, precast
concrete was introduced and precast concrete elements (staircase, columns,
beams, slabs, walls, etc.) were able to be readily made and supplied for better
quality, strength and time conservation.
The Federal Hotel was constructed using precast concrete
framing system judging by the exterior facade of the hotel along
with reinforced concrete. The framing system is also used in
western architecture however the material that they have
adapted are mostly steel framed buildings that are normally
cladded with masonry, for example: the Sullivan Centre. There are
a few factors that influence the difference in material choice.
Economically, steel are considered as the cheaper material in the
west as cement is considered as the cheaper alternative in
Malaysia. Also, due to the humid weather of Malaysia, steel
would actually prove to be less durable if compared to using it in
the west which is dryer there.

Interior
Timber
The interior of the Federal hotel is decorated with a combination of marble and granite
to give it lavish appearance. With the usage of glass and timber in place, it allow for
more light to penetrate into the spaces. The usage of wood also gives out a welcome
presence toward the guest from its warm aesthetics. The Garden Hotel also has the
similar exterior and interior that is close to the Federal Hotel. A precast concrete
framing structure on the exterior and prefabricated timber finishing on the interior.
However, since the usage of material here are similar, when in comparison in term of
interior between the two buildings, the both hotel has more light source and appears
more like a open space but still remained their own luxurious senses.
Fig 5.10 Lobby of The Federal Hotel, Kuala Lumpur
Fig 5.11 Lobby of The Garden Hotel, Mid Valley

Marble
The use of the Rosso Alicante marble and Nero Portoro marble give an aesthetic
emphasis that speaks directly from the Barcelona pavilion. The Rosso Alicante marble, a
luxury given by the sight of light, creates a lush expression that welcomes arriving guest
with a well-lit spatial feeling. However, utilizes its natural white web like texture to
enhance the dark spaces. The combination of the two help to create a contrast of light
and shadow in the space the highlights the intelligence of modernism.
Rosso Alicante
Marble
Nero Portoro
Marble
Fig 5.14 Corridor of Sharjah
Hotel in Dubai.
Fig 5.12 Rosso Alicante Marble on Flooring of Federal Hotel.
Fig 5.13 Nero Portoro Marble for counter top purposes.

Stainless Steel Window Frame and Tempered Glass
Compared to the Koshino house in Japan, the Federal Hotel makes an attempt to
merge the interior space with nature by the use of stainless steel frames and
tempered glass. This way, the guest will be able to have a visual connection with
the roof garden while relaxing in the lounge area. Glass is normally used in
modernism due to its resistance to warp and decay. The opacity of the glass would
be different as compared to the Koshino house where in Japan, the class can be
totally translucent however in the Federal Hotel, it may be slightly opaque to suit
the Malaysia weather so that to prevent excessive heat from entering the space.
Fig 5.16 Koshino House in
Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan
Fig 5.15 Lounge area in
Federal Hotel

6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
/ COMPONENTS
Mezzanine
This special part about this architecture element is highly used in the hotel, especially
in Modernist style. It is located between ground and first level, where it is just like the
Latin root word of “mezzanine “is the word “medianus” ,means "of the middle." Why
this element is adopted because the design is emphasize on light and spacious quality
of the level, which gives a sense of higher view and makes the ground level below
looks bigger and grandeur.
Fig 6.1 Typical mezzanine floor
design
Fig 6.2 Mezzanine floor in Federal Hotel Kuala Lumpur
Specific in Federal Hotel, they distributed their lobby into two level, one is at ground
level while other is on the first level. By considering the circulation pattern, they
want the guests entering two lobby spaces so they instill a mezzanine level to let
them view the first level without obstruction. This mezzanine level also important for
allowing people to view the whole beauty of the lobby when they were standing at
this level, where the hanging crystal light and polished marble flooring shine
through the whole space, giving an inviting and pleasing feeling

Saw tooth Roof
The saw tooth roof is one of the featured architectural elements of the
federal hotel. Its profile resembles the teeth of a saw that is constructed
using a series of dual pitched roofs. With the addition of this element, the
overall style of the federal hotel is given an influence of local architecture as
the roof resembles more of the traditional Malay house in Malaysia.
Fig 6.3 Saw Tooth roof of the Federal hotel. Fig 6.4 Typical Malay Kampung roof
design.
The lanes bungalow has the
similar type of roof in Cambridge
shire that serves more of a
functional purpose that is to
incorporate energy efficiency of
natural light
Fig 6.5 The Lanes in Cambridge, UK

Fig 6.7 Interior of Pind Balluchi Restaurant (left) in Biscomaun Bhawan and Bintang
Revolving Restaurant(right) in Federal Hotel.
Window
The window of the Revolving Restaurant is slightly slanted, which can provide a
better view for dining guests compare to typical 90 degree windows.
Roof
The roof structure of both Federal Hotel and Biscomaun Bhawan are quite
look alike visually. But actually, there are slightly different between them
which we can see the window(diagram 6.1) of Federal Hotel has slanted out a
bit compared to Biscomaun Bhawan which is 90 degree perpendicular.
Fig 6.6 Roof part of Federal Hotel (left) and Biscomuan Bhawan (right) which is
also functioned as a revolving restaurant inside. Both of these provide their guest
with high class dining and beautiful city view which is a typical feature of sky
dining restaurant.

Comparison between Normal window and Slanted window As
shown in the figure, the slanted windows ensure direct shining
of sunlight into the space but yet provide the natural lighting
for the restaurant. The users also can have a better and wider
views with slanted windows.
Diagram 6.1 Normal window (Biscomaun Bhawan) vs Slanted window (Federal Hotel)

CONCLUSION
After completing this assignment, I believe my whole team has
Increased their understanding on the principle, ideas and contributing
factors of Modern Architecture in the Klang Valley.
We also learnt to be able to analyse and identify specific architectural
features of Modern Architecture in the Klang Valley
Next, we tried to document architectural heritage in the form of
writings, descriptive diagrams and photography during this
assignment.
Finally we have the full experience of the process of making a web book
up to the point of printing the book out.

REFERENCES
Introduction (Tan Wei Sen)
• Diagram 1.1
Malaysia Tourism Statistics in Brief. (2017). toursim.gov.my. Retrieved 6 June 2017, from
http://www.tourism.gov.my/statistics
• Diagram 1.2
Google Maps
• Figure 1.3
Federal Hotels International (FHI) Group of Hotels - Room Offers. (2017). Federal Hotels
International. Retrieved 12 June 2017, from https://www.fhihotels.com/room-offers
• Figure 1.4
The Federal Kuala Lumpur - Dining. (2017). Federal Hotels International. Retrieved 12
June 2017, from https://www.fhihotels.com/federal/dining
• Figure 1.5
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Merdeka_1957_tunku_abdu
l_rahman.jpg
• Figure 1.6, Figure 1,7
KUALA LUMPUR | OLD Pictorial Thread - Page 36 - SkyscraperCity.
(2017). Skyscrapercity.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017, from
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=91788825
• Figure 1.8
File:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Chin-Woo-Stadium-01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons.
(2017). Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017, from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia_Chin-Woo-Stadium-
01.jpg

REFERENCES
Site Context (Tan Wei Sen)
• Figure 2.1 Photo taken by Wei Sen
• Figure 2.3 Photo taken by Elderwai Blogspot
• Diagram 2.7 Google Maps
• Figure 2.9 Google Maps
• Figure 2.10 Google Maps
• Figure 2.17 Figure 2.18 Figure 2.19
• Context, W. (2017). WOLO Hotel and the City
Context. Designwithhonesty.com. Retrieved 12 June 2017, from
http://www.designwithhonesty.com/2013/12/wolo-hotel-and-
city-context.html
Site analysis based on observation of surrounding
and self analysis, therefore no referances

REFERENCES
Architecture Style (Tan Tze Tih)
• CHESTER CHIN, (2014, 31 August), A hotel that shouts ‘Merdeka!’
• Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/08/31/a-hotel-
that-shouts-merdeka/
• The Federal Kuala Lumpur
• Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federal_Kuala_Lumpur
• Architecture of Kuala Lumpur
• Retrieved from
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Architecture%20of%20Kuala%20
Lumpur
• Johan Syahriz, (2014, June 23), Architecture Culture and History-Federal Hotel
Kuala Lumpur
• https://www.flipsnack.com/JohanSyahriz/architecture-culture-and-history-
federal-hotel-kuala-lumpur.html
Architecture Layout of Building (Ting Xiao
Yao)
Figure 3.1.1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federal_Kuala_Lumpur
Figure 3.1.2-4
Figure 3.1.6-7
Figure 3.1.8
https://www.fhihotels.com/federal/dining
Figure 3.2.1-2
Picture taken from the Federal Hotel
Figure 3.1.5
Figure 3.3.1
Figure 3.2.1a
Figure 3.2.2a
Figure 3.2.3a
The diagram drawn by myself (Ting Xiao Yao)
Table 3.2.1
The table type by my own
Figure 3.2.3
https://www.flipsnack.com/JohanSyahriz/architecture-culture-and-history-
federal-hotel-kuala-lumpur.html

REFERENCES
Building Construction, Structure & Materials Analysis (Tan
Yang)
• Federal Hotels International. (2017). Federal Hotels International. Retrieved 23 May
2017, from https://www.fhihotels.com/
• AD Classics: Koshino House / Tadao Ando Architect & Associates.
(2011). ArchDaily. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
http://www.archdaily.com/161522/ad-classics-koshino-house-tadao-ando
• Classical Cornices - F Vitale & Sons. (2001). Vitale.com.au. Retrieved 23 May 2017,
from http://www.vitale.com.au/all-categories/ornamental-range/cornices/classical-
cornices.aspx
• federal hotel kuala lumpur - Google Search. (2017). Google.com. Retrieved 23 May
2017, from
https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&tbs=simg:CAESwgIJTYUg6d4uSPQat
gILEKjU2AQaAggDDAsQsIynCBpiCmAIAxIo5h6xDbcNvA39HbYN-
9gMLCgkvbS8wMW5ibHQM&q=federal+hotel+kuala+lumpur&tbm=isch&ved=0a
hUKEwjzjOKExIXUAhXJOY8KHc87B0AQsw4INg&biw=1280&bih=649#imgrc=_
• Federal Hotels International. (2017). Federal Hotels International. Retrieved 23 May
2017, from https://www.fhihotels.com/
• Howarth, D. (2012). The Lanes by Mole Architects | Dezeen. Dezeen. Retrieved 23
May 2017, from https://www.dezeen.com/2012/02/20/the-lanes-by-mole-architects/
• King, H. (2007). Marble: Metamorphic Rock: Pictures, Definition,
Properties. Geology.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
http://geology.com/rocks/marble.shtml
• mezzanines archives | Dezeen. (2010). Dezeen. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
https://www.dezeen.com/tag/mezzanines/
• Post-merdeka architecture : Malaysia, 1957-1987 / [editor, Chan Chee Yoong]. -
Version details. (2017). Trove. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/20285522
• Precast concrete. (2001). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete
• The Gardens Hotel and Residences Kuala Lumpur. (2013). St Giles. Retrieved 23 May
2017, from http://www.stgiles.com/hotels/malaysia/kuala-lumpur/the-gardens/

REFERENCES
Architectural Elements / Components
Analysis (Tan Yang)
• Fig 5.1"The Federal Kuala Lumpur". Federal Hotels International. N.p., 2006. Web. 6
June 2017.
• ("tripartite", 2012) tripartite. (2012). TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 6 June 2017,
from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tripartite
• Fig 5.2 Self-taken.
• Fig 5.3 Prakash, S. (2004). Panoramio - Photo of BISCOMAUN TOWER, PATNA, BIHAR,
INDIA. Panoramio.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017, from
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/98143289#
• Fig 5.4 Self-taken
• Fig 5.5 Nalanda Open University - Justdial. (2009). Justdial. Retrieved 9 June 2017,
from https://www.justdial.com/PATNA/Nalanda-Open-University-South-Gandhi-
Maidan/0612P612STD3430_BZDET?xid=UGF0bmEgTmFsYW5kYSBPcGVuIFVuaXZlcn
NpdHk=..
• Fig 5.6 "The Federal Kuala Lumpur". Federal Hotels International. N.p., 2006. Web. 6
June 2017.
• Fig 5.7 Prakash, S. (2004). Panoramio - Photo of BISCOMAUN TOWER, PATNA, BIHAR,
INDIA. Panoramio.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017, from
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/98143289#
• Fig 5.8 Prefab, M. (2006). Total precast concrete
warehouses. Megaprefab.blogspot.my. Retrieved 6 June 2017, from
http://megaprefab.blogspot.my/2013/04/f-oea-new-insurance-system-engineer.html
• Fig 5.9 Steel Frame Structures | Steel Framing | Steel Structures. (2010). Understand
Building Construction. Retrieved 6 June 2017, from
http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel-frame-structures.html

REFERENCES
Architectural Elements / Components
Analysis (Tan Yang)
• Fig 5.11 The Gardens Hotel and Residences Kuala Lumpur. (2013). St Giles. Retrieved
23 May 2017, from http://www.stgiles.com/hotels/malaysia/kuala-lumpur/the-
gardens/
• Fig 5.14 King, H. (2007). Marble: Metamorphic Rock: Pictures, Definition,
Properties. Geology.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
http://geology.com/rocks/marble.shtml
• Fig 5.16 AD Classics: Koshino House / Tadao Ando Architect & Associates.
(2011). ArchDaily. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
http://www.archdaily.com/161522/ad-classics-koshino-house-tadao-ando
• Fig 6.1 mezzanines archives | Dezeen. (2010). Dezeen. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
https://www.dezeen.com/tag/mezzanines/
• Fig 6.4 Post-merdeka architecture : Malaysia, 1957-1987 / [editor, Chan Chee Yoong].
- Version details. (2017). Trove. Retrieved 23 May 2017, from
http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/20285522
• Fig 6.5 Howarth, D. (2012). The Lanes by Mole Architects | Dezeen. Dezeen. Retrieved
23 May 2017, from https://www.dezeen.com/2012/02/20/the-lanes-by-mole-
architects/
• Fig 6.6 "The Federal Kuala Lumpur". Federal Hotels International. N.p., 2006. Web. 6
June 2017.
• Fig 6.7 The Federal Kuala Lumpur. (2006). Federal Hotels International. Retrieved 6
June 2017, from http://fhihotels.com/federal
• *All diagrams are produced by self..

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