UM Architecture Report

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School of Architecture, Building and Design
ARCHITECTURE, CULTURE AND HISTORY 2
(ARC60203)
Project 2: Report
Dewan Tunku Canselor, Universiti Malaya, Petaling Jaya.
Tutor: Ms. Shahrianne
Group Members:
Foo Ji Sun 0323550
Heng Rui Ying 0326639
Heng Sy Hua 0321999
Ho Zi Yan 0323698
Hong SeoTaek 0322045

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CONTENT
1.0 Introduction [3]
1.1 Fast Facts of the Building
1.2 Location
1.3 History of the Building
1.4 The Architect
2.0 Site Context Analysis (Hong SeoTaek 0322045) [10]
2.1 Accessibility
2.2 Relation to the Natural Environment
2.3 Comparison to Surrounding Buildings
3.0 Architectural Layout of the Building (Heng Sy Hua 0321999) [17]
3.1 Plan to Section Analysis
3.2 Circulation
3.3 Spatial Organization
3.4 Hierarchy
3.5 Building Architectural Analysis
3.6 Summary - Comparison of Buildings
3.7 Appendix - Scanned Original Plan
4.0 Architectural Style Analysis (Foo Ji Sun 0323550) [49]
5.0 Building Construction, Structure & Material Analysis (Ho Zi Yan 0323689) [52]
5.1 Building Construction
5.2 Building Materials
6.0 Architectural Elements Analysis (Heng Rui Ying 0326639) [60]
6.1 Superstructure
6.2 Finishes
7.0 Conclusion [69]
8.0 References [70]

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
University Malaya is the oldest university in Malaysia, it is located at the southwest of
Kuala Lumpur and was established in 1962. Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is located within the
campus of University Malaya, constructed in 1965-1966. Dewan Tunku Canselor was opened by
the first Prime Minister of Malaysia and the first Chancellor of the University, the Hon. Tunku
Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. The building was an influence of the International style, Brutalist
Architecture. Famously known by Le Corbusier’s works, similarities can be distinguished from
the buildings in Chandigarh, India with the Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Dewan Tunku Canselor in PJ, Malaysia. Chandigarh in India, by Le Corbusier.
Most of the modern buildings in Malaysia were inspired by brutalist architecture where
the designs consists more of repetitives and angular geometries. The usage of raw concrete
materials was common as it was functionable and affordable. Example of modern Malaysian
buildings are the Bank Negara Malaysia, Bangunan KWSP and many more.
Bank Negara Malaysia. Bangunan KWSP.

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1.1 Fast Facts of the Building
Building Name Dewan Tunku Canselor
Address Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya,
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
Construction Period 1956 - 1966
Architect Dato’ Kington Loo
Capacity 6000 people
Main Functions Convocations
Concerts
Semester examinations
Theatre performances
Seminars
Conferences
Historical Events
1966
Officially commenced by the first Prime Minister of Malaysia
and the first Chancellor of the University, Tunku Abdul
Rahman Putra Al-Haj.
1966
The first ever convocation conducted in Dewan Tunku
Canselor.

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2001
A fire broke out in the Dewan Tunku Canselor. Damages
caused by the fire was estimated to be RM12 million.
2002
Officially reopened for the second time by Datuk Seri
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.

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1.2 Location
Location of Universiti Malaya.
Location of Dewan Tunku Canselor in Universiti Malaya.

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1.3 History of the Building
Dewan Tunku Canselor is the convention center of University Malaya which is built in 1965 by
Datuk Kington Loo who is from BEP Architect. It is renowned as the landmark of the university
and also influenced by Brutalism and modernism architecture. Dewan Tunku Canselor was
declared in 25th Jun 1996 by our first prime minister AL MARHUM TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN AL-
HAJ who was the chancellor of University Malaya during that period of time.
The building first vernissageofceremony was managed in1996 to contribute the credential letter
of the graduated students in various graduations of diploma, degree, masters and PHD. Since
that year, students are assembled annually in this building for examinations and graduations. In
addition, there was an incident on 29th Jun 2001 where 90% of the internal building was on fire.
It was then retrieved by the faculty of environment and it was opened again one year later by
Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.

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1.4 The Architect
Name Kington Loo
Date of Birth 17 October 1930
Graduated University University of Melbourne
Buildings designed 1. Rex cinema
2. Subang International Airport
3. Dayabumi complex
4. Dewan Tunku Canselor, UM
Achievements 1. Chairman of Malaysia Institute of Architect Advisory
Committee
2. President of Selangor Club
3. Chairman of Bukit Bintang MCA
4. President of Federation of Malaya Society of Architects
(FMSA)
5. Committees of PAM and BBAM
6. First PAM’s inaugural Gold Medal winner
7. Chairman of Malaysian Zoological Society
8. Chairman of Malaysian Arts Council
9. Committee for National Art Gallery
Kington Loo was a professional architect during the world war II era and is the person which
brings modernism to Southeast Asia. His mother names Lok Soh June and was a famous piano
player who was also the sixth daughter of Loke Chow Kit, a millionaire businessman.

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Nonetheless, Kington loo’s father was an engineer who was the grandson of Loke Yew, a late
successful businessman. Kington hads only one daughter named Ysa Loo. Kinton was born in
Malaysia but had grown up in different places which included Singapore and India to avoid the
Japanese invasion.
He was then continued his form four education in Victorian Institution after returning to Kuala
Lumpur. He had studied in Government commercial Day School and took engineering course in
Technology College before his great-grandmother, Loke Yew decided to finance his studies to
University of Melbourne in Australia. During his studies of Architecture, he was the best student
by winning the internal competition to design the Dean of Architecture’s Holiday House.
Loo finally graduated in 1953 and he joined the firm of Booty, Edwards & Partners (BEP) after
returning to Kuala Lumpur. He worked in the firm transforming from a graduated architect to a
full-fledged architect and finally become one of the partners in the firm. During his practise, the
involved in the construction various significant landmarks for example Subang International
Airport, Standard Chartered building in kl and also the Dewan Tunku Canselor.
As conclusion, Kington Loo was always a kind hearted and soft spoken man as he also
contributed his time in various preserving society which included the nature and arts. He was
also passionate throughout his career life by constantly improving and innovating his mindset in
design. Lastly, Kington Loo can be said is the role model of all professions in the country who
served himself to the fullness for the society.

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2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS HongSeoTaek0322045
Site Analysis Diagram
- Sun path rise from Kuala Lumpur and set towards Petaling Jaya
- Northwest wind direction with average of 7.7 kph (October 2016 data)
- Average temperature of 28.8 degree Celsius and around 33 degree Celsius during the
hottest time of the day (12-2pm)

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2.1 Accessibility
Site map of DTC indicated with mass pathway and boundary
Amongst the multiple high educational institution around Malaysia, Universiti Malaya is the first
post-independence national university built on 750 acre land in between Kuala Lumpur and
Petaling Jaya. Such huge area of campus is divided into many divisions, each division serving
purpose of educating and leading a certain field of education to contribute in country growth by
well-structured specific education.
The magnificent aspect of design of Universiti Malaya (UM) compared to other high educational
institution is in terms of scale of the building. In the masterplan of UM, is structured in a way to
accommodate multiple types of building required for each division such as administrative,
educational building (lecture halls), students’ accommodation, commercial buildings and faculty
building. The site context of the building shows the potential empty land provided for potential
further extension and expansion of the building as the population and scale of university grows.
Site Context – Circulation around the Building Hong SeoTaek0322045

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Site map showing the convenient accessibility to other university buildings around DTC
In addition, there are pedestrian movement and traffic patterns that creates effective
circulation around the whole campus. The distance from student accommodation to different
parts of the university is kept to minimum distance to reduce the discomfort for the students by
reducing the distance to walk and provides shelter from sunlight and rain. Such short distances
between different types of building, creates efficient flow of circulation around the university.
Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is located at the site of Universiti Malaya. DTC is placed in the
center of UM, acting as a signature building of the university serving the purpose of holding
large scaled events such as ceremonies and exams, where the distance between other buildings
of university is kept under a kilometer.
Mode of Transport from Outside

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Public Bus PersonalVehicle Transportation
Mode of Internal Transportation (in campus)
Pedestrian Walk Cycling University ShuttleBus

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2.2 Relationtothe Natural Environment
Map of vegetation density and water area
UM intends to create harmony with the natural environment. The placement have to have an
interaction with the environment and also should create obstacles. The major site of UM is
located at an area of high forest density which was not developed after independence. DTC,
being the centralizing building is placed on an area where the forest density is relatively low,
there are still decent amount of green density for visual pleasure with the clear view of DTC.
Also the greenery area all around the UM is the potential land for extension of the university
mentioned above.
The lake and river stream flow on the southern side of DTC provides natural aesthetics and cool
prevailing breeze. It acts as natural drainage system for regular heavy tropical rain in Malaysia
along with the thick vegetation around it to prevent potential water hazard in the campus.

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2.3 Comparison toSurrounding Buildings
Examples of Surrounding Educational Buildings
Facultyof Businessand Accounting Faculty of Education High ImpactResearch Center
Examples of Surrounding Commercial Buildings
Pejabat Pos UM CIMB Bank UM Art Gallery
DTC being the center axis of the UM campus as mentioned earlier in the contents above, the
arrangement of the surrounding is located in a sort of a radial pattern. DTC is where big events
of the university such as final exam, graduation and etc is organized, categorized as an

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educational building block. These facts indicates that, often high population density is held at
the location including students and staff of UM and external visitors. Due to such reasoning,
most of the major commercial component of the campus is located radially around DTC within
100m range for people to conveniently access and fulfil their necessity during the visit to DTC.
Meanwhile, the arrangement shows the functional contrast between the chancellor and other
buildings. DTC would be mainly categorized as an educational block of the campus, however
there are some interesting mixtures. DTC is an educational building which has slight portion of
commercial use. While commercial block and educational block is designated for specific
purpose which could be identified in the name. Every surrounding commercial and educational
buildings share similar characteristics to each other in same category but the fact that DTC is
neither of these 2 is what makes it unique and different from its surrounding.
Pedestrians around DTC
ExternalVisitors UMStudents

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3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS Heng Sy Hua 0321999
3.1 Plan to Section Analysis
3.1.1 Location analysis
Dewan Tunku Canselor is actually located at the top of the hill inside UM which made it become
the iconic landmark of the building. Due to its special topography, its concrete foundation can
be seen slanted from the elevation plan in order to create a flat surface. Moreover, Dewan
Tunku Canselor is built more than 80% using concrete, hence, its location at a higher sea level
has actually an advantage of having a better light penetration and wind ventilation. With this,
DTC has a various architectural element which is both for aesthetic but also practical purpose.
The whole DTC area is actually consist of 4 main buildings which is Dewan Tunku Canselor,
Amphitheatre, Canseleri and a small court room
Figure 1 shows the location and topography of DTC

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Diagram2 shows the influences of topography towards the elevation of building
3.1.2 Location of openings
The opening of DTC is actually according to the direction of its facing part. Openings located at
the North and South area is larger, longer and with bigger openings while the openings in East
and west side are comparatively shorter and smaller with smaller openings or covered with
certain façades and designs. As the area of DTC is also including the Pusat kebudayaan beside it,
different from the Dewan, the Canseleri has actually a large openings in the middle of the
building which leads to a half closure style for the building. Hence, the whole building actually
portrays a half closure and exposure architectural style with a brilliant used of different types of
opening to create the ambiance , wind and light quality that is demanded by the architect.
Highest point of
the hill
Increasing concrete foundation
NORTH

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Diagram3 shows the direction of DTC in compass
Diagram4 shows the windows and openings of different direction of the main building
Opening of:
Left upper: East
Left Lower: West
Right first: North
Right second:
South

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3.1.3 Naturallight penetration and wind ventilation
Continuing from the above, the architect has actually created a lot of architectural element
which is exclusively for DTC in order to achieve the highest amount of wind blow and optimum
light penetration. All these designs are mainly located at the openings at the exteriors and
around the staircases for the interior.
Diagram5 shows the general penetration of wind and sunlight.
Light
penetration
Wind
ventilation

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3.1.3.1 Naturallight penetration
The brilliant design of allowing optimum light penetration of entre the interior compound can
be clearly seen in slanted façade above the main entrance. The façade is carefully measure and
calculate where half of the opening side of the façade is facing the morning sunlight while the
other half is facing the evening sunlight. The flat surface will be facing the afternoon sunlight.
With this, there will be optimum of sunlight penetration throughout the day without
overheating the interior space. While for the secondary light diffusing area will be all the glass
doors and small opening between 2 concrete façade. These openings are also important to
create a soft and warm ambiance for the interior spaces.
Diagram6 shows the percentage of sunlight penetration per day and how the façade works to
block the excessive sunlight.
Morning Sunlight
50% penetration
Afternoon
Sunlight 0%
penetration
Evening sunlight
50% penetration

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3.1.3.2 Wind ventilation
Air ventilation is also an important part that is considered by the architect. For the dewan and
amphitheatre double ceiling concept is used to enhance the air ventilation effect. This
architectural concept is being infused into the building due to its main material used is concrete
and it has poor air diffusing characteristics. Hence, double ceiling, concept is introduced where
the ceiling height built at the foyer area is more than 2 storey and almost the same height as
the amphitheatre to allow maximum amount of air flow. Also, the architect has avoided most of
the corner created by flat wall and replaced it with curved wall to make sure that the wind blow
is not being block by all means. Hence, there are 2 curved wall at the side of the foyer (Diagram
7) which is also where the staircase is situated. This is to allow more air to enter the second
flow as minimal air is block by the wall.
Diagram7 shows the location of curved wall in DTC.
Curved walls are used
in the foyer and
staircase area.

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3.2 Circulation
3.2.1 Typeof plan
The overall architectural plan used by the architect is actually central plan as all the circulations
route are located at the side of the plans while the middle space is used as functional space for
either human activities or ventilation area. For the amphitheatre the central space is where all
chairs are located and is the audience sitting area while the openings are also situated at the
side of the hall. With this, the audience will not be disturbed by the people walking as all the
circulation are situated at the left and right side of the hall. Also, middle area at the foyer will
act as a resting and standing space for the people as most of the human flow is accumulate at
the side. As for the canseleri, an opening skylight is introduced at the centre of the plan as a
way for excellent air and light ventilation. Also, rain water can act as the natural watering
system for the plantation at the small garden area locating at the ground floor of the building.
With this, the ambiance of the building will be more natural and environmental friendly.
Diagram8 shows the ambience that brought into the space by using a central plan where all the
functional and natural element are place in the centre of the plan.

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3.2.2 Pointof accessibility
As DTC is built to accommodate a huge amount of visitors, students and also lecturers, there
are quite an amount of entrance act as the point of accessibility to each separated spaces.
However, some of the entrance acts as the primary entrance while some are secondary
entrance. Also, Dewan Tunku Canselor is one of the most important yet huge constructions in
UM, hence, there are more than one type of circulation for easy excess and user friendly.
Diagram9 shows the position of entrance and the main access way linking the whole building.
Position of
doors
Access way

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3.2.2.1 Primary entrance
There are only 5 primary entrances in this building as they are all the main doors connecting
from one space to another. The first entrance is the front door of DTC where it Is the linkage
between exterior and interior. However, the entrance is only opened when there is some
formal event carrying on. Second and third entrance is the links between the foyer and the
amphitheatre which is located at the left and right side of the foyer. These entrance are also
the only entrance in and out of the hall. Next, the link bridge between the hall and the
canseleri. This bridge is also the only linkage between the 2 parts of the buildings. Lastly, the
entrance for the courtroom. As the courtroom Is a private space, there is only one entrance for
I and out purpose.
Diagram10 shows the primary entrance of DTC.
Position of
doors
Access way

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3.2.2.2 Public circulation
About 60% of the circulation in DTC is actually public circulation as circulation is the main
element that connects all the spaces with each other. The foyer of DTC as well as the canseleri
is where the public circulation is placed as both these serves as a study and practising places for
the students in UM. Also, the walkway that connects the foyer and canseleri acts as a shortcut
for UM students to pass through.
Diagram11 shows the main public circulation in DTC.
Position of
doors
Access way

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3.2.2.3 Privatecirculation
Throughout the history, DTC acts as the place for formal functions and activities, hence, VIP
guests and backstage workers will have their own circulation pathway to ensure the safety of te
guests and to ensure a smooth working environment. The entrance to the backstage of the
amphitheatre and stairs to second floor of DTC are actually considered as private circulation.
Also, another private circulation in this area is the entrance to the VIP room and the court room
as it is used for special purposes and guests only.
Diagram12 shows the private circulation in DTC .
Position of
doors
Access way

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3.2.2.4 Position of staircaseand fire escape
There a 2 circular staircases situated at the left and right side of the staircase in order to
provide a smooth circulation as well as creating a balance and symmetry architectural plan.
Another staircase is position at the canseleri which act as the only connection to each floor in
the building. However, the staircase had designed in a way that it is more users friendly. From
the diagram below it can be seen that dog-legged stairs is used where user will only require
walking a shorter distance to reach the next staircase compared to the normal staircase.
Moreover, the fire escape introduced in DTC is also nicely considered as there are more than
one connections are designed to excess to each spaces especially when stairs and smaller
entrance are used. For instance, there are 2 circular staircases located at both sides of second
floor to provide a quicker and smoother exit if there is an emergency as well the entrance and
exit for the amphitheatre. All the fire escape will be directed to the space outside DTC and act
as a temporarily gathering area.
Diagram13 shows the position of fire escape exit and the position of stiacases.
Fire escape
exit
Position of
staircase

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3.3 Spatial organization
3.3.1. Spatialplanning
A good spatial planning is essential to create both, healthy environment and eliminates as much
threats as possible, hence both natural and man-made elements are both considered.
3.3.1.1 Naturalelement
The architect designed the building in a way that he tried to conserve as much natural
elements as possible while blending the nature in to the building. Hence, a central garden is
being designed to increase the nature element in the building as the architect believed that
greeneries are able recreate a calm and peaceful ambience to the user. Also, the exterior wall
of the courtroom is also planted with climbing plant to create a fusion of nature and man- made
element. It also bring upon a mysterious hint to the space as the court room is the most private
space in the building.
Diagram14 shows the effect of natural element towards the building.
The cylindrical façade are mostly covered with climbing plants to enhance
the natural element and mysterious effect.
Natural
element is
added into
the building
compound
as a relax
and resting
area

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3.3.1.2 Spatialexperience
On the other hand, impactful spatial experience is created by the changing of volume and
ambiance from one space to another. The spaces are planned and arranged in a way that the
users will feel comfortable and majestic at the while walking t through the spaces as the
architect wanted to bring out the ambience of the holiness of a university. Hence, double
volume is largely used in the hall area as well as large architectural elements for instance, the
slanted façade and the circular wall by the walkway. The other part of the building is designed
half opened as a metaphor of the freeness in the journey searching for knowledge.
Diagram15 shows how the architecture influences the spatial experience to the viewers.
Enlarged architectural elements
is used to let the viewer feels
majestic and holy.
Doubled ceiling is introduced to
the foyer in increase the freeness
and openness of the space

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3.3.2 Spatialrelation between each spaces
Spatial relation is define as the certainty of a space is placed in relation to one another.
Different types of relation are introduced in DTC to create a highly linked building.
Type 1: Space within a space
Natural space and man-made space are fused together by this relation as the courtyard is
created within the canseleri. With this, the courtyard not only act as the function to filter the air
but also create an eye pleasing view as well as a perfect resting area for the students.
Diagram16 shows how the courtyard and canseleri is related to one another.
Type 2: Adjacent space
The foyer of DTC and the amphitheatre actually shared a common wall and is link together by
the specific wall. This can be a way to avoid the wastage of spaces and creates a more
functional circulation

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Diagram17 shows one of the entrance from the foyer toward the amphitheatre and how an
adjacent space related to one another.
Type 3: Spaces linked by a common space
Both the foyer and canseleri is link together by the bridge in the middle. This space acts as the
only connecting for the 2 other spaces. With this, the connecting space will also aid in
enhancing the spatial effect and the ambiance of the architecture.
Diagram18 shows the enhancement of the ambience that is created by the connecting space.

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3.3.3 Spatialrelation between site
The topography, height, ventilation and exterior circulation. DTC is situated on top of a hill,
hence to avoid slanted stairs, and preserving the hill, the architect placed the entrance at the
flat surface and leave the back of the building by the edge of the hill. Also, in order to prevent
traffic congestion when there is function being held In the building, there is no entrance at the
side of the building which is facing the road side. All the architecture elements and position of
the windows are also placed according to the wind direction and sun path.
Diagram19 shows the site analysis of how the site influences the architecture.
Slope
Slope
Stairs is built
according the
slope in order
to preserve the
hill as make
DTC at the
highest point.
A huge
square is
built to act
as a
gathering
area for
high
population.
Also, to
direct the
visitor to the
main
entrance.
Flat surface
Vehicles passing route
In order to create a smooth vehicle circulation,
main entrance is placed avoiding the passing
route.

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3.3.4 Privateand public spaces
Due to its architectural style, all the public and private space distribution are in a very orderly
and geometrical manner. About 50% of the area are public space, 30% of semi-public space and
20% of the spaces are private space. The most private space would be the court room at the
edge of the building as the space has totally no windows with only a door connecting to a
narrow hallway. The court room also situated inside the private VIP resting room for the guests
including sometimes the Prime Minister of Malaysia. While for the semi-public area, the spaces
are often separated by doors and wall, for example the management office, backstage and
storeroom. As for the public spaces, they are also commonly used as part of the circulation and
also common resting area for all the students. These spaces also mainly situated near the main
entrance for instance, the foyer, amphitheatre and the garden.
Diagram21 shows the separation of public and private spaces.
Public
Semi public
Private

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3.4 Hierarchy
3.4.1 Spatialflow
As the building is part of the modernism architecture, the spatial flow is often very gentle in an
orderly way where a transition volume or ambience will be created by the architect.
3.4.1.1 Frompublic to private
The private and public spaces are being separated clearly in DTC and the architect will give a
clear hint by changing the surrounding architecture. The way from the canseleri to the court
room is the perfect example. A VIP resting room is created as a transitional space from the
public space to private area as the wall of the room is mimic as a display cabinet while the
entrance of the room is situated at the side. Upon reaching the court room, users will have to
pass through a walkway which height is only about 2.3metres and a width of about 1.3 metres.
The sudden changed of volume imposed a clear sense of privacy and mysterious. There are also
no window in the courtroom and the space is designed in a circular shape where it mimic as a
maintenance area looking from the outside.

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3.4.1.2 From interior to exterior
The architect brilliantly used the change of ambience by manipulating the light penetration and
wind ventilation to allow the user has a more comfortable experience. For instance, the
amphitheatre is darker and more sorrow in the ambience as light penetration is limited by the
curtains and walls. However, while walking towards the foyer which acts as a transitional space
from the interior and exterior, more opened windows and glass walls are used to allow more
light entering the space. The user will be able to adapt to the gentle change before expose
themselves under the sunlight.
Private
Diagram 22 shows the volume of space shows a strong sense of
hierarchy as it goes from public to private space.
Public Double ceiling
height
Normal ceiling
height
Lower
ceiling
height

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Diagram23 shows the hierarchy of natural light intensity
Interior
Exterio
r
Low natural
light intensity
which makes
the users feel
enclosed.
Optimum
natural light
intensity as a
transitional
space for the
users to adapt.
High natural
light intensity
where the
users are
exposed

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3.4.2 Spatialfunction and purpose
The architecture of the building will change and adapt to the spatial function and purpose. DTC
has 4 main spaces in the building and each of it has its own purpose served to the users.
Foyer: This space acts as a gathering area for the guests before entering the amphitheatre. Also
acts as the practising area for the performers.
Amphitheatre: Large hall which can accommodate 25000 people. Venue for most of the formal
function organized by UM for instance, convocation, annual dinner and musical performance.
Canseleri: Former canseleri, currently has changed into classrooms and management office for
DTC, also named as Pusat Kebudayaan where some culture artefacts are exhibited here.
Court room: A small, enclosed, private place which act as a court room to discuss about legal
cases in UM and also making classified discussion within the leaders of the University.
Diagram24 shows the main spatial function of DTC.
Canseleri
Court
room
Foyer Amphitheatr
e

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3.4.3 Person-container relationship
The volume of the space is determined by the amount of user that will accommodate the space
and the publicity of the space. Hence, public space like the foyer and amphitheatre will have
double volume and more exposed space while space that will only need to accommodate lesser
people like the court room will have lower ceiling height and a more enclose surrounding.
Diagram25 shows the relationship of space volume and publicity.
As the publicity of the space
become higher, the volume of the
space will increase to accommodate
more human and kinds of activity
which includes passive and active
activities.
As the publicity of the space
become lower, the volume of the
space will decrease less human
activity will be achieved for
example, passive activities.

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3.5 Building Architectural Analysis
3.5.1 Repetition
Due to its modernism architectural period, the architecture element used in DTC are often
repeated. From the exterior design, repeated concrete shapes can be seen as a part of aesthetic
as well as functioned as to control the light intensity of the interior spaces. As influenced by the
architecture period, the architecture aims to achieve a more harmonious ambience hence,
repeated concrete slabs can be seen around the building with only a slight change of width and
height. A unity can be seen as all the materials and architectural elements used are constantly
repeated.
Diagram26 shows the repetition of architecture elements available at the elevation of DTC.

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3.5.2 Symmetry and balance
The plan of the building is symmetry and balance which also reflects to mission of UM,
representing the balanced development in producing talent. Beside to achieve an aesthetically
balanced architecture, the balanced and symmetry plan will also ensure a smoother and direct
circulation which is also user friendly to the visitors.
Diagram27 shows how the plan of DTC is being sectioned symmetrically.

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3.5.3 Repetitive to unique
Although simple and repeated geometric shapes are used for the plan, however, the architect
experimented with different combining method by overlapping, intersecting and fusing the
shapes with each other to create a unique yet harmonious plan. For instance, the courtyard
which is situated in the centre of the canseleri is a result of overlapping 2 different size of
squares with each other. The circular stairs are also the production of intersection of circle and
rectangular.
Diagram28 shows how repetitive geometric are arranged in a unique way to create special
architectural effect.
overlapping
Intersecting

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3.5.4 Additiveand subtractive
Additive and subtractive method is imposed into the building associate with the geometric plan.
A cuboid is subtracted from the plan to create the courtyard while a cylinder is added in to the
cuboid courtyard as stairs. A contrast between straight and curvilinear lines can be seen by
adding the cylinders around the cuboid plan.
Diagram29 shows how 3 dimensional geometric shapes are added or subtracted to create the
desired architectural effect.
Subtracted
method is used
to create the
courtyard
Additional method is
used for the cylindrical
parts.

44
3.5.5 Geometric
The building emerges from the combinations of geometric circles and rectangular shapes. The
shapes are placed in orderly manner without having any organic shapes which is also influenced
by the architectural style. The spatial function and organization can easily be determined as it is
planned according to the simple repeated geometric shapes.
Diagram30 shows how geometric shapes are planned in the plan and the space organisation.
Rectangle 1 space
1
Rectangle 2 space
2
Rectangle 3 space
4
Recta
ngle 4
space
6
Circle 1 space 3
Circle 1 space 5
Circle 1 space 7

45
3.5.6 Building massing
The building massing is created by overlapping cylinders and cuboid while its volume and height
is determined by its function and publicity. Apart from that, the massing is further furnished by
brise soleil which acts as the design and façade of the building.
Diagram31 shows how publicity and human activities determine the massing of the building.
Volume: large
Height: high
Publicity: high
Usage: to create
multiple floors for
mass usage
Volume: small
Height: low
Publicity: low
Usage: for private discussions
Volume: large
Height: high
Publicity: high
Usage: for public
function which
involve large human
count
Volume: large
Height: high
Publicity: high
Usage: as gathering
area before function

46
3.6 Summary – Comparison of buildings
3.6.1 Chandigarh by Le Corbusier
Dewan Tunku Canselor Chandigarh
Exterior
The balanced development in
producing talent
Building
concept
The majestic of law and the power of
fear of law
Usage of both circular and rectangular
geometric shapes
Architectura
l Plan
Only rectangular geometric shapes
available

47
Amphitheatre, canseleri and court
room
Function High court, Offices
All circulation is linked together with
each other
Circulation Each courtroom has individual
entrance from outside
Courtyard Sub space
available
Car park
All the window and opening size
changed in a hierarchy
Exterior
opening size
Window and opening size changed in
huge distinguish
Involved linear and curvilinear shapes Building
massing
Only linear shapes are involved
As conclusion, both DTC and Chandigarh share some common architectural element like the
huge façade and oversize style. However, DTC is richer in its hierarchy, harmony and ambience
which can be said that DTC is a more sensational, considerate yet majestic ones.

48
3.7 Appendix- Scanned original plan
Amphitheatre floor plan
Canseleri floor plan
Right elevation
Left elevation

49
4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS Foo Ji Sun 0323550
Brutalist architecture gained momentum in the mid-twentieth century. Communities
that were facing economic depression had to rely on low cost construction methods. Brutalism
stretches the limit of how concrete can be used. However, these buildings lack the appearance
of international style buildings due to the prominent use of raw concrete.
The Dewan Tunku Canselor adopts the Brutalist style of the 1950s and 60s. It is one of
the first structures that is influenced by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier. This style
incorporates the use of appropriate building materials, without using ornamentation of the
building. British architects saw the success of Le Corbusier’s work and started stepping into
brutalism.
Facade of the DTC facing the main road. Facade of the main entrance of the DTC.
As seen in the pictures above, concrete is very prominent because it is said to reveal the
raw nature of its construction.

50
Vertical louvres. Brise Soleil.
The building is also designed with repetition of modular elements forming a unified
mass. This gives the building a massive and blocky appearance.
Prominent water tower at Hunstanton School. Exterior staircase at the DTC.
A common feature in brutalist architecture is the exposure of the building’s functions,
ranging from structure and services to human use. For example, the Hunstanton School in
Norfolk, England, placed the facility’s water tank on a prominent and visible tower, instead of
keeping it hidden like other building’s service features.

51
Other examples of brutalism in Malaysia
Bank Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Menara DBKL, Kuala Lumpur.
Wisma Equity, Kuala Lumpur. Dewan Sri Pinang, Georgetown.
Brutalist architecture saw a rise in Malaysia when the colonial era was coming to an end.
Brutalism became popular mostly with governmental and institutional buildings. Another one
of the more notable architects that adopted brutalist architecture in Malaysia is Hijjas Kasturi,
who designed one of the most prominent brutalist buildings in Malaysia, Wisma Equity.

52
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Building Construction Ho Zi Yan 0323698
Figure 5.1: the panoramic view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Dewan Tunku Canselor is abuilding that was constructed with raw concrete or bare concrete that
is named as “betron brut” along with “egg-crate” concrete. The main purpose of using these
materials is to enhance the durability of the building. Moreover, precast concrete is used because
it has made the construction work easier since it implemented repetitive elements in the
architecture.
Figure 5.2: the facade view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

53
5.1.1 Concrete Ribbed Slab Ceilings
The concrete ribbed slab ceilings are being used in the building. Ribbed floors consist of equally
spaced ribs that are supported by columns. This construction is common due to the formwork
costs and the low fire rating. The ribbed slabs are for supporting medium to heavy loads. From
the ribs to the soffit of the slab, it actually reduces the quantity of concrete and the weight of the
floor.
Figure 5.3: the ribbedslabceilingof the interior. Figure 5.4: zoom in view of the ceiling.
Figure 5.5: the drawing details of the ribbed ceilings.
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUE:
1. Arranging the framework
2. Fixing the connectors
3. Fixing the framework
4. Providing a horizontal
connector
5. Placing the Pods
6. Fixing pods to the
connectors
7. Removing framework
8. Removing connectors
9. Removing pods
10. Providing stacking

54
5.1.2 Precast Concrete
Precast concrete is a product that is factory-made piece manufactured with concrete and later,
together with other pieces, will become a larger structure. It is a 20th century development, it is
believed that precasting increases the strength and decreases time and construction costs.
Precast concrete components consists of slabs, beams, columns, walls, stairways, modular boxes
and bathrooms that is featured with precast figures.
THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MODERN BUILDINGS IN THE WEST
BOSTON CITY HALL
The Boston City Hall is one of the
building that meets the similarity in
Tunku Dewan Canselor where both of
the buildings is brutalism architecture.
The city hall is constructed with precast
Portland cement concrete and some
masonry.
Figure 5.6: one of
the façade view
that shows precast
concrete material.
Figure 5.7: the picture of the Boston City Hall

55
5.1.3 Béton Brut
Béton brut is a smooth architectural surface that is made of concrete. After casting, the concrete
is left unfinished and remained exposed visually. The final state of the surface where the
framework is removed, the framework joints are reflected on the concrete surface. It is used in
Dewan Tunku Canselor as a main part of material of the construction.
UNITE D’HABITATION
The Unite d’Habitation is designed by Le
Corbusier. The building is constructed in béton
brut same as Tunku Dewan Canselor
because steel at that period of time was
expensive.
Figure 5.8: the pathway to the Canselor.
Figure 5.9: the pathway in Unite
D’habitation.

56
5.1.4 Spiral Staircase
A staircase is used to connect between one levels to another in a building. The building materials
of staircase can be varied from timber, stone, steel or concrete. In brutalism architecture,
concrete is the material that is widely used. Since Dewan Tunku Canselor is influenced by
brutalism, its main material, concrete, is being implemented in the building, which includes part
of the main feature of the building, the spiral staircase.
VILLA SAVOYE
One of the most famous brutalist architects is Le
Corbusier. The Villa Savoge is one of his renowned
work and this residential building features a spiral
staircase that is designed by him.
Figure 5.10: the spiral staircase of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Figure 5.11: the spiral staircase of Villa
Savoye.

57
5.2 Building Materials
5.2.1 Concrete
In brutalist architecture, concrete is mainly used as construction material. It is believed that
concrete is the basic nature of construction. Dewan Tunku Canselor is constructed by reinforced
concrete. The exterior of the building are made out of bare concrete structure, béton brut and
reinforced concrete. The staircase is also made by concrete and its railings consist a mixture of
timber and concrete.
Figure 5.12: the front view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Figure 5.13: the back view of the spiral staircase.
The picture of the building that is
made of reinforced concrete.
Spiral staircase that is made of
concrete.

58
5.2.2 Glass
The glass is part of the materials that is used in the construction of Dewan Tunku Canselor. It is
implemented in the installationof windows and skylights.Laminated glass,floatglassandstained
glass are the 3 types of glass that are used. For the skylights which is the roofing system of the
building is constructed by using laminated glass. It reduces the risk of causing injuries as
laminated glass is a type of safety glass that is able to hold together when shattered. Float glass
is applied in windows installation. It is a decorative and highly transparent glass that enhance the
clarity of the windows. Stained glass is implemented in the foyer as a purpose of decoration. It is
a type of glass that is also known as coloured glass. The floral pattern stained glass adds visual
attraction to the building.
Laminated glass used in roofing
system
Float glass used in windows
Stained glass used in the foyer
Figure 5.14: the roof system of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Figure 5.15: the windows of the building.
Figure 5.16: windows of the foyer that uses flowered
glass.

59
5.2.3 Tiles
The tiles on the floor are commonly applied in the building construction of Dewan Tunku
Canselor. There are 2 types of tiles being implemented which is the granite tiles and the porcelain
tiles. The flooring of the building is constructed with granite tiles. Granite tiles are formed under
high heat and they have similar strength to porcelain tiles. The porcelain tiles are used to cover
up the toilet flooring. Porcelain tiles are strong and durable. They are easy to clean and
maintenance as it is one of the stain-proof material.
Figure 5.17: the tiles of the spiral staircase in the building.
Figure 5.18: the wall tiles of the restrooms in the building.
Ceramic tiles used in staircases
Porcelain tiles used in restrooms

60
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
6.1 Superstructure Heng Rui Ying 0326639
6.1.1. Roof
Extended waffle slabs to the exterior.
Dewan Tunku Canselor has a cantilevered roof surrounding the building. The roof is part
of the ceiling slabs which is extended outwards. The slabs also hold and supports the roof.
Flat roofing.
Spaces on the rooftop is utilized.
(Left: Dewan Tunku Canselor ; Right: The Assembly Place, Chandigarh, India)
Roof Drainage

61
The roof of the building is flat; presence of drainage system can be found on the roof
which prevents the accumulation of rainwater on the flat roof surface. By utilizing the flat
spaces above the roof, services are placed on top of the roof. Comparing to Le Corbusier’s
building in Chandigarh, The Assembly Place. The roof of the building is also utilized as similar
with the Dewan Tunku Canselor.
6.1.2. Ceiling / Slab
Dewan Tunku Canselor’s waffle slab.
Waffle slabs can benefit as it can withstand heavier loads and also span longer distances
compared to the usual flat slabs. These systems are light and only the usage of light framework
is required. The coffered underside can be seen from the interior to promote aesthetic visual
appearances.
6.1.2. Windows
Floral and abstract patterns on the windows of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
The fixed windows located on the ground floor of Dewan Tunku Canselor uses stained
glass windows with abstract and floral patterns that the foyer. It gives a pleasant visual

62
aesthetic meanwhile it also creates a soft essence rather than just concrete rigid structure and
also a welcoming sensation.
Windows at the administration office area.
The windows around the administration area uses normal windows. The area is not
exposed to public therefore it emphasizes more on functionality than aesthetics compared to
the stained glass used at the foyer of the building.
6.1.3. Doors
Glass double doors located around the side entrance of the building.
(Left: Glass double door at the side entrance of the building’s exterior; Right: Door entrance towards the main
hall of Dewan Tunku Canselor)

63
The prominent usage of glass double doors can be seen throughout the building. Apart
from walls, doors play an important role in circulating the people throughout the building. The
building itself holds functions and certain activities which often brings in a number of crowd.
Double doors ease the circulation of the people entering and exiting the building.
The doors are mostly made of glass to bring in natural light into the building. The
building is made of concrete which blocks most of the natural lightings. With the usage of glass
doors, it enhances the lightings into the building giving it a brighter environment for the
interiors.
6.1.4. Staircase
W shape staircase.
3 types of staircases can be seen in the building. The W shape stairs can be seen at the
other side of the building where the ‘Pusat Kebudayaan’ is. It connects the levels between the
upper floor and lower floor, also allowing the flow of people in two directions.
Half landing staircase.

64
The emergency exit from the hall which leads to the half landing staircase. The picture on the right shows the
door exit towards the staircase.
The half landing staircase is located at the exterior of the building which is connected to
the grand hall. It is used as an emergency exit.
Spiral staircase.
Left: Unattached steps of stairs.; Right: Studded mosaics at the sides of the step flooring.
The spiral staircase is at both sides of the hall connecting the ground floor to the upper
mezzanine floors. The steps of the spiral staircase are not connected but attached to the walls.
Presence of slightly studded pieces of mosaics at the edge of each steps which helps to prevent
people from slipping. Besides, the lighting around the stairs is a little dull therefore, the when
lighting shines upon the mosaic it reflects and tells the user that there’s another step ahead.
Emergency
Exits

65
6.1.5. Skylight
The skylight can be seen at the cantilevered shade at the side entrance of the building.
The position of the skylights is placed in front of the door entrances.
Skylights were used decades ago by the Ancient Romans. ‘Open’ skylights can be seen in
buildings such as the Pantheon where the oculus serves for daylighting purposes. However later
during the Industrial Revolution, ‘Closed’ skylights were introduced as machines has lightened
the burden people to manufacture glasses.
Skylights are used for the exterior of Dewan Tunku Canselor at the side entrance. The
skylight allows more natural sunlight entering the area. As the cantilevered roof is fully covered,
the two skylights are placed right in front of the door entrance by increasing the amount of
natural lightings and also bringing in a welcoming first impression. The usage of skylights also
promotes energy conservation where artificial lightings is not needed much.
Door
Entrance
Door
Entrance

66
6.2 Finishes
6.2.1. ‘BriseSoleil’
The Brise Soleil of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
The interior of the building itself, showing how light affects the interior spaces with the sunscreen on the
façade.
The usage of brise soleil is similar as The Palace of Assembly in Chandigarh by Le Corbusier.

67
‘Brise Soleil’ also known as sunscreen, is the most prominent element that can be seen
from the façade of Dewan Tunku Canselor. The concreted sun shading devices itself stands out
compared to other buildings which are present in the area. These sunscreens deflect sunlight,
provides the interior a cooler space by reducing its heat gain. Each level of the screen is
alternated in the opposite way to allow lights from different direction entering the building.
Similarity can be seen between Le Corbusier’s work in Chandigarh.
6.2.2. TensileFabric Canopy
Tensile Fabric Canopies can be seen at parts of the building.
The effect of the canopy providing a suitable shading and brightness.
Shading devices were available in the building itself. To shade the open spaces within
the buildings, tensile fabric canopies are used to shade the open area where the small rest area
and garden is. The fabric is translucent; therefore, it provides a comfortable level of
illumination compared to the usual outdoor brightness. The small pores on the fabric not only
allows ventilation but it can also hold up rain water.

68
6.2.3. Acoustic Panels
The walls of the hall incorporate with part concrete and part of it with acoustic panels.
Acoustic panels are alternately arranged along the walls of the grand hall.
Acoustic panels are excellent soundproofing materials that prevents echoes. The grand
hall is a place with functions and events which can accommodate a lot of people. Echoes are
likely to happen therefore with the installation of acoustic panels along the wall, it absorbs the
sound and reduces the reflection of sound which causes echoes. Without using the panels fully
but incorporating with other materials of the wall itself. It gives a pleasant visual appearance to
the hall as well.
Acoustic
Panels

69
7.0 CONCLUSION
Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is one of the first known post-independence architecture of
Malaysiaby Datuk Kington Loo, adopting the styleof brutalismarchitecture as a part of Universiti
Malaya campus. Such brutalism architecture were seen and thought as a hard and monotony
architecture style which may not be suitable for such signature building of an institution on one
side of many different perspectives.
Despite that, this brutalism explored on architectural honesty, simplicity and emphasis on
sculptural qualities of the construction material itself, concrete. Texture, colouring and other
internal characteristics of concrete as the major part of design and construction, provided sense
of rigidness to the viewers, but it also symbolized the great and majestic strength. This style of
architecture allowed the extreme expression of external elevations and perspective and whole-
site architectural plan. This was again the application of modernism’s basics.
The interior of DTC has been designed with relation to tradition and culture of post-
independence Malaysia, creating a contrasting harmony with the modern technologies to adapt
to the tropical climate of Malaysia. Overall such achievement from constructing Dewan Tunku
Canselor brought in a major positive influence to modern post-independence architecture in
Malaysian architecture industry.

70
8.0 REFERENCES
"Granite." Floor & Decor: High Quality Flooring and Tile. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016.
"Stained Glass Windows: Advantages and Disadvantages." Replacement Windows, Screens,
Shutters, & Repair Info. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016.
@CivilDigital. "Ribbed or Waffle Slab System - Advantages & Disadvantages | CivilDigital |."
CivilDigital. N.p., 2016. Web. 08 Nov. 2016.
Humans.txt. "Facilities." Facilities. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2016.
Lim, N. (2014, July 23). Dtc um halll. Retrieved November 15, 2016, from
https://issuu.com/nigellim/docs/dtc_um_halll
Universiti Malaya (UM). (2016, January 19). Retrieved November 16, 2016, from
http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/universiti-malaya-um
Weather Online (N.A). Retrieved November 18, 2016, from
http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?WMO=48647&CONT=asie&LAND=MM&
ART=WDR&LEVEL=162&MOD=tab
By looking at the level of the walkway can therefore be an indication of which period was the
shophouse built – the older the shophouse, the lower the walkway. (n.d.). Malaysia Design
Archive | An Influence of Colonial Architecture to Building Styles and Motifs in Colonial Cities in
Malaysia. Retrieved November 08, 2016, from http://www.malaysiadesignarchive.org/an-
influence-of-colonial-architecture-to-building-styles-and-motifs-in-colonial-cities-in-malaysia/

71
Burke, J. (2011). Le Corbusier's Indian masterpiece Chandigarh is stripped for parts. Retrieved
November 08, 2016, from
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/mar/07/chandigarh-le-corbusier-heritage-
site
H. (n.d.). Our History. Retrieved November 26, 2016, from http://www.um.edu.my/about-
um/our-history
KC3.net - Internet Solutions Provider. Please email sales@kc3.net for further information.
(n.d.). Pros and Cons of Fabric Structures. Retrieved November 26, 2016, from
http://www.spandesign.com/technical/article_pros_and_cons_of_fabric_structures.aspx
(n.d.). Different Types of Acoustic Panels and Their Advantages (with images) · ashutoshrajput.
Retrieved November 26, 2016, from https://storify.com/ashutoshrajput/different-types-of-
acoustic-panels-and-their-advan
AD Classics: AD Classics: Palaceof the Assembly / Le Corbusier. (2011). Retrieved November 26,
2016, from http://www.archdaily.com/155922/ad-classics-palace-of-the-assembly-le-corbusier

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