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Sheep & Goat Nutriton
1. SHEEP & GOAT
NUTRITION
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
SHEEP & GOAT SPECIALIST, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION
WESTERN MARYLAND RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTER, KEEDYSVILLE, MARYLAND
SSCHOEN@UMD.EDU – WWW.SHEEPANDGOAT.COM – WWW.WORMX.INFO
2. Presentation outline
Nutrients
Nutrient requirements
Intake
Synchronizing forage and animal
production
Supplementation
Evaluating nutritional program
Suggested resources
3. Nutrients required by all sheep and goats
Energy
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
4. Energy (calories)
Nutrient required in the greatest quantity.
Is usually the most limiting nutrient.
Comes primarily from carbohydrates and
fats in the diet, but also from excess protein.
Excess energy is stored as fat in the body.
Energy is expressed in different ways:
• TDN - total digestible nutrients, %
• DE - digestible energy, kcal
• ME - metabolizable energy, kcal
• NEp - net energy, kcal
• DOM - digestible organic matter, %
5. Improper feeding of energy to livestock
Not enough energy in diet
Reduced fertility
Reduced growth rates
Reduced milk production
Loss of body condition, reserves
Higher critical temperature
Less cold tolerance
Reduced resistance to disease.
Risk of pregnancy toxemia (ketosis)
Reduced nutrient absorption.
Increases protein requirements
(%) of ration.
Too much energy in diet
Wasteful economically
Over-conditioned (BCS >4.5) animals
have impaired reproduction.
Fat females are more prone to
pregnancy toxemia and dystocia.
Feed efficiency decreases once an
animal has reached its optimal finish.
Excess finish is undesirable to most to
consumers.
6. Protein (amino acids)
Required in smaller amounts than energy.
More expensive feed ingredient than energy.
Amount more important than quality.
Excess protein is not stored in the body:
excess protein is broken down and used
as energy.
Some excess protein may be beneficial if
parasites burdens, esp. barber pole worm, are
excessive.
Protein is expressed in different ways:
• CP – crude protein
• DP – digestible protein
• MP – metabolizable protein
• DIP – rumen degraded intake protein
• UIP – undegraded intake protein
7. Crude protein (CP): N x 6.26
True or “natural” protein
1. Rumen degraded intake protein (DIP)
Digested in rumen
N ammonia microbial protein
2. Undegradable intake protein (UIP)
(bypass or escape protein)
Not digested in rumen.
Digested postruminally (in small intestines) or
excreted in feces.
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN), e.g. urea
8. By-pass protein
A mix of microbial protein and
bypassed dietary protein is
desired for optimal productivity.
In high-producing animals, it is
recommended that 25-35% of
protein be bypass protein.
20-30 % of the protein in fresh,
high quality forage is bypass
protein.
Supplementing with bypass
protein may improve
productivity and/or increase
resistance to internal parasites.
Bypass Protein sources
Low
Soybean meal
Medium
Cottonseed meal
Dehydrated alfalfa
Distiller’s grains
High
Corn gluten meal
Fish meal
9. Improper feeding of protein to livestock
Not enough protein
Protein deficiency is rare;
most effects are sub-clinical
Impaired reproduction
Reduced growth rates
Reduced hoof and horn growth.
Reduced milk production
Decreased fiber production
Reduced resistance to disease,
especially parasites.
Reduced rumen function
Reduced nutrition absorption
Too much protein
Expensive and inefficient source of energy.
Risk of pizzle rot in males
Can cause metabolic harm
Excess N ammonia UREA (BUN)
Reduces performance, as energy is
required for removal.
Excess protein has been shown to cause
reproductive problems in cattle .
Excess N (in manure) can be an environmental
concern (“a resource out-of-place”)
10. Micronutrients
Required in small amounts: ounces, grams, international units (IU), or parts-per-million (PPM).
Minerals
Macrominerals
Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)
Salt: sodium and chloride (NaCl)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Trace or microminerals
1. Cobalt (Co)
2. Copper (Cu)
3. Fluoride (F)
4. Iron (Fe)
5. Iodine (I)
6. Manganese (Mn)
7. Molybdenum (Mo)
8. Selenium (Se)
9. Zinc (Zn)
Vitamins
Fat-soluble - A – D – E – K
Carotene (green forages) vitamin A
Sunlight Vitamin D
Vitamin E sometimes requires supplementation
Vitamin K synthesized in rumen
Water-soluble - B complex – C
B vitamins synthesized in rumen
Vitamin C synthesized in tissues
11. Possible micronutrient problems
Deficiencies
Calcium and phosphorus
rickets
Calcium
Milk fever
Copper
Various, including
swayback, stringy wool,
hair color
Iodine
Goiter
Magnesium
Grass tetany
Excesses
Calcium
milk fever
Copper (esp. sheep)
Chronic or acute toxicity
Selenium toxicosis
Sulfur - polio
Imbalances
Copper, molybdenum, and sulfur
Copper toxicity or deficiency
Calcium and phosphorus
Urinary calculi
Salt
Lower feed and water
consumption
Selenium and Vitamin E
White muscle disease
Various other problems
Thiamin (B2)
Polioencephamalacia
Zinc
Wool picking, skin problems,
hoof problems
12. Important nutrition interactions
Calcium and phosphorus
Ratio should never go below 1:1
2:1 is ideal for most rations, especially for males
and castrates.
Cobalt and vitamin B12
Copper, molybdenum and sulfur
Molybdenum forms insoluble complex with
copper
Sulfur binds with molybdenum
Nitrogen and sulfur
10:1 to 12:1 ratio is ideal
Energy and protein
Excess protein (N) reduces nutrient absorption
and causes intestinal imbalances.
13. Nutrient requirements of sheep and goats
Vary by
Species
Genetics (type)
Size (weight)
Body condition
Sex
Age
Stage and level of production
Disease
Environment
14. Nutrient requirements vary by species
and genetics
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.10
2.30
Angora Boer Local Dairy Lamb
Energy (TDN) requirements, lb/day
66 lb. intact male kids/lamb
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.66
0.09
+
fiber
growth
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
Mature ewe Meat doe Dairy doe Angora doe
Energy (TDN) requirements, lb/day
132 lb. female, maintenance
+
fiber
growth
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
16. Energy requirements vary by stage
of production
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/day
132-lb. mature non-dairy doe (twins)
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/day
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
17. Protein requirements vary by stage
of production
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Protein requirements, lb/day
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
Protein requirements, lb/day
132-lb. non-dairy doe (twins)
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
18. Mineral requirements vary by stage
and level of production
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
Mineral requirements, g/d
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Maintenance Breeding Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
Mineral requirements, g/d
132-lb non-dairy doe (twins)
Calcium
Phosphorus
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
19. Nutrient requirements vary by level of
production
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
Single Twins Triplets
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/day
132-doe, late gestation
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40
Single Twins Triplets
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/d
176-lb. mature ewe, late gestation
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
20. Nutrient requirements vary by desired level of
performance, e.g. ADG
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
No gain 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/d
44-lb. intact Boer buckling
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0.44 0.55 0.66 0.88
Energy requirements, lb. TDN/d
66-lb. ram lamb, 4 mos. early maturing
Source: Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, 2007
21. Intake
Intake is important for acquisition of
nutrients, especially by grazing livestock
Livestock require amounts of nutrients, not
percentages.
Livestock requirements are based on the
dry matter (moisture-free) content of the
feed source.
Feedstuffs vary considerably in their dry
matter content (percentage).
Fresh-growing forages usually have a low
dry matter content compared to more
mature pastures and most harvested feeds.
Intake can be a limiting factor on pasture-
based diets.
22. Factors affecting intake
Palatability
Flavor and texture
Foraging behavior
bite size and bite rate
Chemical characteristics of feed
alkaloids, endophyte, tannins, and terpenes
Forage quality, density, and availability
Dietary energy and fiber content
Fiber Intake
Physiological stage of animal
Temperature
temperature metabolic rate
Supplementation
23. How to increase intake
Keep forage in vegetative
stage through grazing
management.
Diversify pasture composition
to include several grass species
and around 30% legumes.
Maintain a dense pasture so
animals will take larger bites.
Supplementation
25. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Winter (January) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry periodLactation Early gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
26. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Winter (January) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry periodLactation Early gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
27. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Winter (January) lambing/kidding (twins)
DryLactation Early gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
28. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Winter-born lambs and kids
Winter
born
Wean
29. Growing and finishing
Winter-born lambs and kids
Winter
born
January February March April May June July August September October November December
1. Sell at Easter
2. Market by July 1
3. Hold for Muslim holiday
Wean
30. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
spring (APRIL) lambing/kidding (twins)
DryLactation
Early
gestation
Late
gestation Breeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
31. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
spring (APRIL) lambing/kidding (twins)
DryLactation
Early
gestation
Late
gestation Breeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
32. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
spring (APRIL) lambing/kidding (twins)
DryLactation
Early
gestation
Late
gestation Breeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
33. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Spring-born lambs and kids
Spring
born
Wean
34. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Spring-born lambs and kids
Spring
born
Wean
1. Sell at weaning
2. Hold over summer
3. Put on feed
4. Forage option
35. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Spring-born lambs and kids
Spring
born
Wean
36. January February March April May June July August September October November December
Growing and finishing
Spring-born lambs and kids
Spring
born
Wean
37. 1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Fall (September) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry LactationEarly gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
38. Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Fall (September) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry LactationEarly gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
Wean
39. Energy requirements of ewes/does, lbs. TDN/day
Fall (September) lambing/kidding (twins)
Dry LactationEarly gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
40. September October November December January February March April May
Growing and finishing
Fall-born lambs and kids
Fall
born
Wean
41. Growing and finishing
Fall-born lambs and kids
Fall
born
Wean
September October November December January February March April May
1. Sell at Christmas
2. Put on feed
3. Forage options
42. September October November December January February March April May
Growing and finishing
Fall-born lambs and kids
Fall
born
Wean
43. Supplementation: when is it necessary?
The purpose of supplementation is to provide required nutrients that are not being supplied by the forage diet.
Determine which nutrient is limiting and
supplement that one first.
Supplementing energy is helpful on
vegetative, well-managed pastures for
more efficient utilization of forage protein
(especially for high producing animals).
Supplementing with protein is necessary
on low-quality pasture and rangeland or
when continuously grazing temperate
warm-season pastures.
The added production should cover the
cost of supplementation.
Feed + delivery + labor
44. Who to supplement and why?
Ewes and does
Improve BCS
Flushing
Late gestation
Early lactation
Lambs and kids
To improve growth rates
To improve parasite tolerance
To finish for market
To reach target markets
To develop replacement females
Other reasons for supplemenation
As a carrier for
Minerals
Coccidiostats
Antibiotics
MGA
Natural “dewormers”
Nematode-trapping fungus *
Sericea lespedeza pellets to help
control parasites
During drought conditions or
inclement weather.
To stretch the pasture resource.
45. Supplemental feeding
Supplementation
The animal eats the
supplement and
pasture intake is not
reduced.
Substitution
Some of the
supplement is
substituting for pasture.
Pasture intake drops.
Saved pasture may be
your goal.
Complementation
• A good supplement
increases the animal’s
intake of dead pasture
or crop residue.
46. Types of supplements
Salt
Minimum recommendation
Mineral mixes
General recommendation
Nutritional tubs, blocks
Costly, but labor-saving
Hay
Common practice
Grain
Usually most economical
Sericea lespedeza pellets
Help control parasites
High fiber feeds
Ideal for grazing ruminants
47. Supplementation with fibrous by-product feeds
Permissible under USDA Grass-fed Standards
>18% CF < 70% TDN 5.5% Fat
Feedstuff
CF
(fiber, %)
TDN
(energy, %)
CP
(protein, %)
Fat
(EE, %)
Almond hulls 16 59 5.0 3.3
Cottonseed hulls 48 45 5.0 1.9
Oat hulls 32 40 4.0 1.5
Peanut hulls 63 22 7.0 1.5
Soybean hulls 38 77 13.0 2.6
Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, 2007
Roughage feeds are low in starch and thus do not create the negative associative effects in the
rumen that are often created when the forage diet is supplemented with feed grains.
48. Mineral supplementation for grazing livestock
Free choice supplementation generally recommended
Low-cost “insurance” to provide adequate
mineral nutrition.
Because soils differ in mineral content from
place to place, it is difficult to recommend a
mineral mix that is suitable for all farms.
Can test soil, feed, water, and/or tissues to
determine specific mineral needs of livestock.
Use species-specific mineral mixes.
Loose mineral mixes are better than blocks for
sheep and goats.
Keep mineral mixes dry.
Don’t let mineral feeder(s) run out.
Make sure all animals get minerals; may need
multiple feeders placed around pasture.
49. Evaluating the nutritional program in a
pasture-based production system
Forage
1. Quality
Forage test to determine likely
quality of animals’ diet.
2. Quantity
Estimate forage yield
1) Clip-and-weight
2) Plant height and density
Animal
1. NIRS fecal profiling
► Have feces analyzed to determine
quality of forage diet consumed
by animals.
2. Evaluate animals
1) Health
2) Performance
3) Body condition scoring (BCS)
50. Sampling to determine quality of
diet consumed by grazing livestock
Forage
Sample pasture to determine likely
quality of animals’ diet.
Fill gallon-size bag with forage
sample.
Take sample when animals first
have access to pasture.
Observe animals to see what
plants they are consuming.
Tear plant at grazing level.
Sample entire pasture.
Mix sample.
Send to lab (can freeze)
Feces
Sample feces to determine quality of
diet (forage component) animals
consumed in previous 36-48 hours.
Collect pooled fecal sample after
animals have been grazing pasture
for at least 48 hours.
Collect samples from ~10% of flock or
herd.
Fill quart-size back with feces.
Keep cool (can freeze).
Send to a lab.
52. 2014 Western Maryland pasture-
based meat goat performance test
Date Composition CP DOM DOM:CP
June 19 Cool season 16.7 46.9 2.8
June 29 Cool season 19.0 50.0 2.6
July 3 Cool season 21.2 50.1 2.4
August 7 Warm season 21.5 47.4 2.2
August 14 Warm season 21.8 44.0 2.0
August 20 Warm season 18.4 38.3 2.1
NIRS Analysis, Grazingland Animal Nutrition Lab
53. Animal monitoring: Body condition scoring
One the most practical and important tools
available to livestock producers.
Used to monitor nutritional program and
health of flock/herd.
Cannot determine body condition without
handling (touching) animals.
A scoring system of 1 to 5 (with 0.5
increments) is usually used for sheep
and goats.
Extremely thin with no fat reserves, 1
Healthy animals, 2.5 to 4
Very over-conditioned (obese) animal, >4.5
54. Suggested resources
2015 Winter webinar series: pasture management for small ruminant producers
http://www.sheepandgoat.com/recordings.html#pasture
Ruminant Nutrition for Grazers (NCAT-ATTRA)
http://extension.usu.edu/rangelands/files/uploads/Ruminant%20Nutrition/Ruminant%20nut
rition%20grazing.pdf
Certified forage testing laboratories
http://www.foragetesting.org/files/2013_Certified_Labs.pdf
Grazing Animal Nutrition (GAN) Lab
http://cnrit.tamu.edu/ganlab/
Energy converter
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/java/LivestockSystemMgt/Conversion/energy.htm
This presentation
http://www.slideshare.net/schoenian/sheep-goat-nutrition
55. THANK YOU. QUESTIONS? COMMENTS?
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu