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Ration formulation

The document outlines the formulation of balanced rations for livestock, emphasizing the importance of nutrient requirements, digestibility, and variety of feeds. It provides guidelines on the composition of rations for various animals, including dry matter intake and nutrient ratios. It also discusses methods for least-cost feed formulation and includes information on the nutritional value of different feed ingredients.

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Dr. Pramod Kumar Assistant Professor-cum-Junior Scientist Department Of Livestock Farm Complex Bihar Veterinary College Patna-14 1
Ration- A ration is the feeds offered for a given animal during a day of 24 hours. The feed may given at a time or in proportion at intervals. Balanced Ration- A balanced ration is one that furnishes nutrients in such proportions and amounts that it will properly nourish a given animal for 24 hours(Morrison ,1956) 2
 The ration should have highly digestible feed ingredients.  The ration should be balanced.  The ration must be palatable.  Variety of feeds included in the ration.  The ration should contain enough of mineral matter.  The ration should be fairly laxative.  The ration should be fairly bulky to satisfy the hunger.  The ration should include green fodder.  It is economical in labour and cost. 3
4 Ration formulation depends on The nutrient requirement of the animal. Dry matter intake capacity of the animal. Availability and Chemical composition of feeds ingredients.
5 Animal Dry matter Requirement Zebu Cattle 2.0 -2.5 % Exotic cattle 2.5-3.0 % Buffalo 2.5-3.0 % Sheep 3.0-3.5 % Goat 3.0-4.0 % Dry matter Requirement of different Animals
 Calculate the probable DM intake .  Calculate the nutrient requirements of the animal.  Determine the amounts of available ingredient that must be fed to fulfill the animal’s nutrient requirements. 6 Steps in Formulating a Ration
Total dry matter 7 Partitioning of Dry Matter(given by Haecker ) 2/3 roughage 1/3 concentrate 2/3 dry roughage or 3/4if sufficient legume is available 1/3 green roughage(if green fodder is legume it may be restricted to 1/4 of total roughage ration
Nutrient Cattle/Buffalo Goat Sheep DM 62 76 60 DCP 2.84 3 2.97 TDN 34 30 27.3 ME(Kcal) 122 108 98.0 8 For Maintence Fat % DCP(g) ME (Mcal) TDN(Kg) Ca(g) P(g) 3 40 0.97 0.270 2.5 1.8 4 45 1.13 0.315 2.7 2.0 5 51 1.28 0.370 2.9 2.2 6 57 1.36 0.410 3.1 2.4 For per Kg of Milk Production
For Maintaining animals = 40:60 For Growers and Average Lactators = 50:50 For Heavy Lactators = 60:40 9 Concentrate and roughage Ratio(C:R ratio)
Some information requires for formulation of concentrate mixture Nutrients requirements of various categories of livestock Nutrient value of feed ingredients. Availability of feed ingredients Cost of feed ingredients. Bio-availability of nutrient from the feed ingredients Non-nutrient characteristics of feeds. 10
 Energy Sources eg- maize, wheat bran, DORP  Protein Source 1.Plant protein Source eg- GNC,MOC, 2. Animal source eg- fish meal, meat meal  Mineral Source eg- Limestone, oyster shell  Vitamins eg- decirol ,E care Se 11
1. Pearson Square Method 2. Algebric Equation 3. By using computer/least cost feed formulation/Linear Programming 4. By trial and error method 12
1.When only two feeds are involved 13 Maize 10 Prot ein 40 20 20 10/30 Maize=cp 10% Protein= cp 40% Ration required =cp 20% Maize=20 30 Protein=10 30 2. When two or more feeds are involved. 3.When a fixed percentage of one or more components of the ration.
14 Least Cost Ration- If a ration is balanced using a combination of ingredients with the lowest possible total cost, the resulting mixture is called a least cost ration. Linear programming- The technique employed to calculate least-cost and profits maximizing rations is called linear programming.
15 Important feeds/fodder fodder DCP% TDN% Maize 1.17 16.9 Sudan grass 0.39 11.1 Bajra 1.08 14.8 Oats 2.63 16.7 Cowpea 3.05 11.3 Lucerne 3.24 12.0 Berseem 2.51 11.9
16 concentrate DCP% TDN% Coconut cake 19.76 78.3 Cotton seed cake 17.48 71.6 Groundnut cake 41.75 71.0 Mustard oil cake 27.61 74.2 Linseed cake 30.57 64.6 Seasame cake 38.34 78.2 Rape seed cake 27.83 78.1
17 Grain/seeds/Bran DCP % TDN % Maize 6.31 76.7 Oat 7.07 78.6 Wheat 5.67 83.0 Soybean seed 7.07 78.6 Gram 12.00 73.8 Barley 7.09 75.3 Wheat Bran 6.60 68.85 Rice Bran 7.13 63.5
Thanks 18