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![Eimeria spp. Coccidia
• Can use McMaster technique to
determine fecal oocyte count
(FOC). [small egg]
• Small ruminants can be infected
by many different species of
Eimeria.
• Small ruminants harbor their
own species of Eimeria and there
is no cross-infection.
• Not all strains of coccidia are
disease causing or equally
pathogenic (speciation
warranted).
• A FOC of 5000 with appropriate
signs may be noteworthy, if](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/showmethesigns-240119201608-356fcf4e/85/Show-me-the-signs-27-320.jpg)
Show me the signs
This document outlines the various internal parasites that can infest small ruminants, including helminths and protozoa such as nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and coccidia, detailing their life cycles, symptoms, and diagnosis methods. Key parasites like Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (black scour worm), and Teladorsagia circumcincta (brown stomach worm) pose significant threats to animal health, leading to conditions such as anemia and reduced productivity. Recommendations for diagnosis include clinical signs, fecal analysis, and post-mortem evaluations to identify specific infections and their impact on the animals' health.
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More from University of Maryland Extension Small Ruminant Program
Show me the signs
- 1. Show Me theSigns Symptoms to Look for When Your Animal is Infested with Internal Parasites SUSAN SCHOENIAN Sheep & Goat Specialist Emeritus University of Maryland Extension sschoen@umd.edu
- 2. Small ruminants canbe infected with many different kinds of internal parasites. In fact, they usually harbor MIXED infections. Helminths “worm-like” parasites 1. Nematodes Roundworms Strongyles**** 2. Cestodes Flatworms - Tapeworms 3. Trematodes Flukes Single cell protozoa 1. Coccidia**** 2. Giardia 3. Cryptosporidium
- 3. Nematodes - Roundworms PRIMARY 1.Haemonchus contortus Barber pole worm**** 2. Teladorsagia circumcincta Brown stomach worm 3. Trichostrongylus colubriformis Bankrupt or black scour worm SECONDARY – MUCH LESS IMPORTANT • Cooper’s worm Cooperia spp. • Hookworms Bunostonum phlebotomum • Lungworms Dictycaulus filaria Muellerius capillaris Protostrongyles reufescens • Meningeal worm*** Parelaphostrongylus tenuis • Nodule worm Oesophagostumum spp. • Thicknecked intestinal worm Nematodirus spp. • Threadworm Strongyloides spp. • Whipworm Trichuris ovis
- 4. Haemonchus contortus Barber poleworm • Most common worm parasite affecting small ruminants • Also, most pathogenic • Blood sucking parasite that lives and develops in abomasum. • Short, direct life cycle • Ability to survive adverse weather by going into arrested state (hypobiosis). • Prolific egg layer • Thrives in warm, moist weather.
- 5. Haemonchus contortus Barber poleworm DIAGNOSIS • Clinical symptoms • Fecal analysis • Post-mortem SYMPTOMS • Can be acute or chronic • Anemia: blood and protein loss Pale gums and conjunctiva FAMACHA© 3, 4, and 5 • “Bottle jaw” (not all animals) Sub-mandibular edema • Weakness and debilitation • Loss of weight and body condition • Death, sometimes sudden • Not diarrhea (scours)
- 6. Trichostrongylus colubriformis Bankrupt orblack scour worm • One of the three most common worm parasites affecting small ruminants; usually part of mixed infection. • Invisible or small parasites of the small intestines; difficult to see with naked eye. • Live and develop in small intestines. • Not as prolific as barber pole worm • Similar life cycle as barber pole worm
- 7. Trichostrongylus colubriformis Bankrupt orblack scour worm DIAGNOSIS • Clinical signs • Fecal egg analysis • Post mortem SYMPTOMS • Generally asymptomatic • As part of mixed infections, contribute to symptoms of animals with barber pole worm infections. • Attach to the intestinal wall causing abrasion and destruction. • Damage the villi of the small intestines • Reduced nutrient absorption has not been demonstrated • Severe infections • Reduced feed intake • Reduced weight gain • Reduced milk production • Death is rare
- 8. Teladorsagia circumcincta Brown stomachworm • One of top-three worms affecting small ruminants; usually part of mixed infection. • Small, reddish-brown worm • Lives and develops in abomasum • Not as prolific as barber pole worm • Short, direct life cycle • Similar life cycle as barber pole worm
- 9. Teladorsagia circumcincta Brown stomachworm DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL SIGNS • As part of mixed infections, contribute to symptoms of animals with barber pole worm. • Diarrhea (scours) • Reduced appetite • Reduced wool and milk production • Reduced weight gains • Emaciation • Sometimes, death • Clinical symptoms • Fecal analysis • Post-mortem
- 10. Other roundworms • Hookworms Bunostonumphlebotomum • Cooper’s worm Cooperia spp. • Nodule worm Oesophagostumum spp. • Thicknecked intestinal worm Nematodirus spp. • Threadworm Strongyloides spp. • Whipworm Trichuris ovis https://www.wormx.info/otherworms
- 11. Other roundworms • Usually,not very pathogenic • Usually, part of mixed infections • Usually, small numbers. • Can worsen symptoms of animals infected with other parasites (most likely scenario): diarrhea and anemia. • Rarely problems by themselves. • Diagnosis by fecal analysis. https://www.wormx.info/otherworms
- 12. Eimiera spp. Coccidia • Single-cellprotozoan parasite • Spread oral-fecal route • Host-specific: not even sheep and goats share same coccidia species. • Not all species of coccidia cause disease or are as pathogenic. • Affects mostly young animals, 1-6 months of age. • Adults mostly immune, but carriers. • As important as barber pole worm.
- 13. Eimiera spp. Coccidia SUB-CLINICAL •Reduction in productivity: feed conversion and growth CLINICAL • Diarrhea (scours) from green and slimy to bloody • Straining (can lead to rectal prolapse) • Dullness • Anorexia • Abdominal pain • Rough hair coat • Wasting: loss of weight and body condition • Sometimes death DIAGNOSIS • History/signs/age • Fecal oocyte analysis • Post-mortem
- 14. Moniezia expansa: Tapeworms • Flat, ribbon-likeworm. • Only worm visible in feces. • Indirect life cycle; requires intermediate host to complete its life cycle (pasture mites). • Immunity developed at early age. • Adults mostly immune. • Usually, non-pathogenic. • Usually, no benefit to treatment.
- 15. Moniezia expansa: Tapeworms Diagnosis •Segments in manure and eggs in fecal sample mean that animal is infected, but not necessary that it requires treatment. Signs • Usually, no signs – not even sub-clinical Clinical • Pot belly • Dullness • Poor growth • Weight loss • Diarrhea (scours) • Colic • Constipation • Alter gut mobility and predispose lambs/kids to enterotoxemia • Intestinal blockages (death)
- 16. Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Meningeal worm,deer or brain worm • Parasite of white tail deer. • Sheep, goats, and camelids are abnormal hosts • Indirect life cycle; requires an intermediate host to complete its life cycle (snail or slug) • Small ruminants ingest infective third stage larvae. • Mature larvae migrate out of the stomach to spinal cord (CNS).
- 17. Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Meningeal worm,deer or brain worm DIAGNOSIS • Fecal exam not useful; dead end host • Cerebrospinal fluid collection • Grazing history • Physical signs • Post-mortem SYMPTOMS • Signs depend on the number and location of migrating larvae. • Almost any central nervous system sign is possible. • Progressive posterior paralysis is most common symptom. • In goats, skin lesions that cause intense rubbing and biting are common.
- 18. Lungworms: large andsmall LARGE LUNGWORMS Dictycaulus filaria • Most pathogenic lungworm • Different from one that infects cattle • Not widespread problem in US. SMALL LUNGWORMS 1. Muellerius capillaris 2. Protostrongyles reufescens More pathogenic than M. capillaris, but less than D. filaria Indirect life cycles; require intermediate host to complete life cycle (snail, slug). More common in goats than sheep. Differentiate species by larvae
- 19. Lungworms DIAGNOSIS • Difficult todiagnose by yourself • Biosecurity Can be introduced by other animals Deer infected by same lungworms Camelids can be infected by same lungworms as sheep, goats, and cattle. • Clinical signs: not every animal that coughs or has a snotty nose has lungworms Diagnostic testing (by veterinarian) • Identify larvae in feces • Worms found during autopsy • Nodules on lungs SYMPTOMS • In most cases, no outward signs of disease. • Sub-clinical: reduced milk production, lower growth rates, and weight loss. • Only in severe infections, do lungworms cause disease • Parasitic (verminous) pneumonia or bronchitis • Coughing • Difficulty breathing • Secondary bacteria could cause death
- 20. Fasciola hepatica, Fascioloidesmagna Liver fluke • Problematic in low, lying wet areas. • Not common to Mid-Atlantic. • Indirect life cycle involving snails. • Immature flukes migrate through the liver. • Adult flukes reside in bile ducts of the liver
- 21. Fasciola hepatica, Fascioloidesmagna Liver fluke DIAGNOSIS • Clinical signs • Finding eggs in the feces using sedimentation technique. • Blood samples • Post-mortem SYMPTOMS • Can be acute, sub-acute, or chronic • Unthriftiness • Lethargy • Weight loss • Reduced gains • Poor fleece quality • Anemia • Sometimes, bottle jaw • Sometimes death
- 22.
- 23. Fecal analysis ROUTINE FECALANALYSIS 1. Qualitative Mix feces with flotation solution What most veterinarians do (for dogs/cats) Results are usually positive or negative Sometimes use +++ signs to indicate general level of infection. 2. Quantitative Uses known amount of feces and flotation solution. Determines eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Method, you need to use, whether you do it yourself or have someone else do it. LABORATORY TESTS 1. DrenchRite Larval Assay Pool fecal sample Determine fecal egg count (Hatch eggs) - identifies species from larvae Determine resistance to dewormers 2. Coproculture Identifies species from larvae 3. Lectin staining Determines portion of H. contortus eggs
- 24. Trichostrongylidae family 1. Haemonchus contortus Barberpole worm 2. Teladorsagia circumcincta Brown stomach worm 3. Trichostrongylus colubriformis Bankrupt or black scour worm • Fecal egg counts are usually for strongyle-type worms. • Results are often expressed as % H. contortus + % Teladorsagia/Trichostrongylus. • These eggs look similar and must be hatched in order to accurate identify species (from larvae). Three main worms affecting small ruminants.
- 25. Less important 1. Hookworms (similar-looingto trichs) Bunostonum phlebotomum 2. Cooper’s worm Cooperia spp. 3. Nodule worm Oesophagostumum spp. 4. Thicknecked intestinal worm Nematodirus spp. (large egg) 5. Threadworm Strongyloides spp. 6. Whipworm (football shaped) Trichuris ovis 1 3 2 4 5 6
- 26. Other parasites 1. Tapeworms Triangular-shapedeggs Egg packets visible in feces 2. Meningeal worm Dead end host – NO eggs in feces Could test spinal fluid 3. Liver flukes Use sedimentation technique 4. Lungworms Identify first stage larvae instead of egg Need to use Baermann technique 1 3 4
- 27. Eimeria spp. Coccidia •Can use McMaster technique to determine fecal oocyte count (FOC). [small egg] • Small ruminants can be infected by many different species of Eimeria. • Small ruminants harbor their own species of Eimeria and there is no cross-infection. • Not all strains of coccidia are disease causing or equally pathogenic (speciation warranted). • A FOC of 5000 with appropriate signs may be noteworthy, if
- 28. Two primary parasiteconcerns BARBER POLE WORM COCCIDIA
- 29. Questions? Comments? SUSAN SCHOENIAN Sheep &Goat Specialist Emeritus University of Maryland Extension sschoen@umd.edu www.wormx.info www.sheepandgoat.com www.sheep101.info facebook.com/MDSmallRuminant/