Transfer of dna between bacterial cell
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•4,179 views
The document discusses three methods of transferring DNA between bacterial cells: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Specifically, it states that antibiotic resistance genes are primarily spread through conjugation, which involves the transfer of DNA via cell-to-cell contact through sex pili. Additionally, several bacterial exotoxins are encoded by genes that are transferred through transduction, which is the transfer of DNA by bacteriophage. The document provides details on the mechanisms and processes of each method of horizontal gene transfer.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Transformation in bacteria
Genetic transformation is the incorporation of naked DNA from the extracellular environment into bacterial cells. There are two types of transformation: natural transformation which occurs naturally in some bacteria, and artificial transformation which is done through chemical, physical, or enzymatic treatment in the laboratory. The basic procedure of transformation involves isolating naked donor DNA, mixing it with competent recipient bacterial cells, and allowing the donor DNA to enter the recipient cells and recombine with the recipient genome.
Conjugation: Discovery, F+, F- and Hfr conjugation, F- genetic crosses
This document summarizes the discovery and mechanisms of bacterial conjugation. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered conjugation in 1946 while experimenting with E. coli strains. They found that when two auxotrophic strains were mixed on minimal media, prototrophs grew, indicating genetic transfer. Bernard Davis provided evidence for direct cell-to-cell contact in 1950 using a filter to separate strains. Conjugation involves an F plasmid transferring via pili from an F+ donor cell to an F- recipient. This can involve the whole chromosome in Hfr cells. The mechanisms of F+, F-, and Hfr conjugation and their genetic crosses are then described.
Gene transfer
It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
The insertion of unrelated, therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells
Gene transfer in bacteria
This document provides an overview of gene transfer in bacteria through three main methods: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria via cell-to-cell contact through sex pili. Transformation refers to the uptake of naked DNA by competent bacterial cells. Transduction is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via bacteriophage. Each method is described in 1-2 paragraphs detailing its history of discovery and basic mechanisms.
Bacterial Conjugation
This document discusses genetic variability and horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. It describes three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer - transduction, transformation, and conjugation. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact via pilus. The process of conjugation is described, where the F+ donor cell transfers single-stranded DNA to the F- recipient cell. If the transfer is successful, it results in production of F+ recombinants that can serve as donor cells for further conjugation. An experiment demonstrating conjugation between HFR and F- E. coli strains on selective media is also summarized.
t4 bacteriohage
This document discusses bacteriophage T4, a virus that infects E. coli bacteria. It has a complex protein coat and large double-stranded DNA genome. T4 uses the host cell's machinery to replicate and kills the host cell. T4 plays a role in cholera and diphtheria by carrying toxin genes that allow the bacteria to cause disease. Bacteriophage may be useful for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria or infections where antibiotics cannot reach. T4 is also used in recombinant DNA technology.
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS
This document discusses transposable elements (TEs), which are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. It covers their discovery by Barbara McClintock in corn in the 1940s. TEs are classified into different types based on their structure and mechanism of movement. The document also examines the mechanisms of transposition, mutagenic effects, regulation, and presence of TEs across bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotes like humans. TEs make up a large fraction of genomes and contribute to genetic variation and disease.
Bacterial conjugation and its application
Bacterial cells rise their level of genetic diversity and overcome their lack of sexuality by horizontal DNA transfer.
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.
Recommended
Transformation in bacteria
Genetic transformation is the incorporation of naked DNA from the extracellular environment into bacterial cells. There are two types of transformation: natural transformation which occurs naturally in some bacteria, and artificial transformation which is done through chemical, physical, or enzymatic treatment in the laboratory. The basic procedure of transformation involves isolating naked donor DNA, mixing it with competent recipient bacterial cells, and allowing the donor DNA to enter the recipient cells and recombine with the recipient genome.
Conjugation: Discovery, F+, F- and Hfr conjugation, F- genetic crosses
This document summarizes the discovery and mechanisms of bacterial conjugation. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered conjugation in 1946 while experimenting with E. coli strains. They found that when two auxotrophic strains were mixed on minimal media, prototrophs grew, indicating genetic transfer. Bernard Davis provided evidence for direct cell-to-cell contact in 1950 using a filter to separate strains. Conjugation involves an F plasmid transferring via pili from an F+ donor cell to an F- recipient. This can involve the whole chromosome in Hfr cells. The mechanisms of F+, F-, and Hfr conjugation and their genetic crosses are then described.
Gene transfer
It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
The insertion of unrelated, therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells
Gene transfer in bacteria
This document provides an overview of gene transfer in bacteria through three main methods: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria via cell-to-cell contact through sex pili. Transformation refers to the uptake of naked DNA by competent bacterial cells. Transduction is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via bacteriophage. Each method is described in 1-2 paragraphs detailing its history of discovery and basic mechanisms.
Bacterial Conjugation
This document discusses genetic variability and horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. It describes three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer - transduction, transformation, and conjugation. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact via pilus. The process of conjugation is described, where the F+ donor cell transfers single-stranded DNA to the F- recipient cell. If the transfer is successful, it results in production of F+ recombinants that can serve as donor cells for further conjugation. An experiment demonstrating conjugation between HFR and F- E. coli strains on selective media is also summarized.
t4 bacteriohage
This document discusses bacteriophage T4, a virus that infects E. coli bacteria. It has a complex protein coat and large double-stranded DNA genome. T4 uses the host cell's machinery to replicate and kills the host cell. T4 plays a role in cholera and diphtheria by carrying toxin genes that allow the bacteria to cause disease. Bacteriophage may be useful for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria or infections where antibiotics cannot reach. T4 is also used in recombinant DNA technology.
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS
This document discusses transposable elements (TEs), which are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. It covers their discovery by Barbara McClintock in corn in the 1940s. TEs are classified into different types based on their structure and mechanism of movement. The document also examines the mechanisms of transposition, mutagenic effects, regulation, and presence of TEs across bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotes like humans. TEs make up a large fraction of genomes and contribute to genetic variation and disease.
Bacterial conjugation and its application
Bacterial cells rise their level of genetic diversity and overcome their lack of sexuality by horizontal DNA transfer.
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.
Transposons in bacteria
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy and paste RNA into DNA, while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste DNA segments. Transposons make up a large portion of many genomes and can cause mutations, but may also create genetic diversity that benefits hosts over time. McClintock received the Nobel Prize for discovering transposons and proposing they play a regulatory role in gene expression.
Generalized & specialized transduction, transformation and conjugation
This document discusses bacterial conjugation, which is the process of gene transfer between bacterial cells that are in physical contact. It requires the presence of a special F plasmid. During conjugation, a male F+ cell extends sex pili to attach to a female F- cell, and the F plasmid is transferred through this cytoplasmic bridge. Once transfer is complete, both cells are male F+. Conjugation was first presented by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum in 1946 as a process of genetic transfer between bacterial cells.
Phi x 174 phage.
This presentation is about the Phi X 174 phage which include detail information of morphology, life cycle and genome organization of phi X 174 phage.
Transgenic sheep ppt for staff & students
Sheep named Dolly was cloned by transfer of a nucleus from a mammary (Udder) cell of an adult sheep into an egg cell.
mammary cell
Nucleus
insert into
a egg cell
First demonstration of pluripotency (totipotency) of a nucleus of a differentiated adult cell.
Cloning of dolly somatic cell nuclei
clone cattle, sheep, goats, pigs.
nuclear transfer procedures are similar.
Adult donor cells from a variety of cell types(mammary epithelial and ovarian cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes) are isolated
Cultured and genetically modified methods.
individual donor cells are fused to an enucleated oocyte with short-duration electric pulse.
eg: two 2.5 kilovolt /cm pulses for 10microseconds
Used to fuse adult cattle fibroblasts with enucleated oocytes.
The pulses simultaneously induce cell fusion and oocyte activation.
Blastocyst stage before transferred into the uterus of a pseudopregant female.
Confirmed transgene at the time of birth
Surviving animals produced by nuclear transfer are healthy.
There, is a substantial loss of individual before and after birth some of the cloned animals display abnormalities.
Abnormlities such as increased birth weight.
Dna methylation and histone modification of the original donor cell is inappropriate maintained in the cells of the recipient animals.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
DNA Replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
1. DNA replication is the process by which daughter DNA molecules are synthesized from a parental DNA template. It ensures the genetic information is transferred to the next generation with high fidelity.
2. Replication occurs semi-conservatively such that each new double helix contains one strand from the original parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand. It also occurs bidirectionally from an origin of replication.
3. DNA polymerases are the key enzymes that catalyze DNA synthesis. Other important enzymes and proteins include primase, helicase, topoisomerase, ligase, and single-stranded DNA binding proteins. Together they facilitate the initiation, elongation and termination of DNA replication.
Bacterial Conjugation
This document discusses genetic recombination in prokaryotes. It describes three main mechanisms of genetic recombination: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through direct cell-to-cell contact and requires a conjugative plasmid. The document then discusses bacterial conjugation in more detail, covering the history of its discovery, the roles of different plasmids, and the key steps and genes involved in the conjugation process. It also describes three main conjugative processes: F+ conjugation, Hfr conjugation, and resistant plasmid conjugation.
Gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria
This document discusses three mechanisms of gene transfer in bacteria: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves the direct transfer of DNA via a connection tube from a donor to recipient cell. Transformation occurs when environmental DNA is taken up by a competent cell. Transduction is when a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one bacterial cell to another. All three mechanisms are unidirectional and involve recombination of the transferred DNA into the recipient genome.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
Vector and it's properties , types
Vectors are DNA molecules that can deliver foreign DNA into host cells. The main types of vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and phagemids. Plasmids are circular, self-replicating DNA molecules that are commonly used as vectors. Key plasmid vectors include pBR322, which contains antibiotic resistance genes, and pUC18/19, which are smaller and contain an ampicillin resistance gene. Bacteriophage vectors like lambda phage and M13 phage can incorporate larger DNA fragments. Cosmids are hybrid vectors that contain phage and plasmid elements, allowing them to replicate like plasmids. Shuttle vectors contain origins of replication from different species, allowing replication in multiple host
Isolation of antibiotic resistance mutant by replica plating
This document describes the replica plating technique used to isolate antibiotic resistance mutants from a bacterial population. The technique involves spreading bacteria onto a "master plate" containing nutrients. A velveteen cloth is then used to transfer the bacterial colonies onto a "replica plate" containing the same nutrients as well as an antibiotic like streptomycin. Colonies that grow on the replica plate containing the antibiotic represent antibiotic resistant mutants that were selected through this process. The number of resistant mutant colonies can then be counted and compared to the number on the plate without antibiotic. This technique allows for the isolation of antibiotic resistance mutants from a large bacterial population.
Restriction endonucleases
This document discusses restriction enzymes, including their discovery, types, subunits, nomenclature, recognition sequences, properties, and applications. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. There are three main types - Type I cut DNA randomly, Type II cut within or near their recognition sequences, and Type III cut nearby. They are used in gene cloning, protein expression, DNA manipulation, and studying DNA sequences.
Dna repair mechanisms
DNA repair mechanisms in prokaryotes involve direct repair, excision repair, and mismatch repair. Direct repair converts damaged nucleotides directly back to their original structure using enzymes like photolyase. Excision repair removes damaged sections of DNA through base excision repair which removes single damaged bases using glycosylases and AP endonucleases, or nucleotide excision repair which removes short oligonucleotides. Mismatch repair recognizes and fixes errors made during DNA replication by distinguishing the parental DNA strands and excising the newly synthesized strand containing mistakes.
Transposition
transposable element is called transposons.it"s also known as jupping gene . it involves replicative and non replicative mechanism.
Antibody diversity presentation
The document discusses the generation of antibody diversity in the immune system. It explains that there are millions of possible antigens but only a small number of immunoglobulin genes in our genome. Through seven mechanisms, including multiple germline genes, combinatorial V(D)J joining, junctional flexibility, and somatic hypermutation, the immune system is able to generate a diverse repertoire of antibodies against all potential antigens from a limited set of gene segments. These mechanisms operate during B cell development and maturation in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues.
Cosmid
Cosmids are hybrid cloning vectors that combine features of plasmids and bacteriophages. They contain approximately 200 base pairs of DNA from the lambda phage, including the cos site sequence, which allows the vector to be packaged into phage particles and transduced into bacteria like a phage. Cosmids can accommodate large foreign DNA inserts of 35-45 kilobase pairs and are commonly used to construct genomic libraries.
M13 and Mu Virus Structure and Life Cycle
The document summarizes the life cycles of M13 and Mu viruses. M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage that infects E. coli. It has a single stranded DNA genome packed inside a protein capsid. It replicates through the attachment to and penetration of host cells, followed by replication of its genome and production of new virus particles. Mu is a temperate bacteriophage that can enter a lysogenic cycle by integrating its double stranded DNA into the host genome. It has an icosahedral head and tail structure and replicates through a "cut and paste" mechanism where its DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Conjugation Microbiology powerpoint presentation
Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact. It was first discovered in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in E. coli K12 strains. The process involves a donor bacterium containing an F plasmid transferring it to a recipient bacterium. The F plasmid encodes for sex pili that allow the transfer of genetic material. During conjugation, the recipient bacterium receives part of the donor's DNA and may gain traits like antibiotic resistance.
transformation
This document discusses bacterial transformation, which is the process by which bacteria take up naked DNA from their environment. There are three main ways bacteria exchange DNA: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up free DNA from their surroundings. Some bacteria have the natural ability to undergo transformation, while others can be artificially induced to become competent through chemical treatments or electroporation. The document outlines the key steps and proteins involved in natural and artificial bacterial transformation.
Animal viruses
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It notes that prokaryotes are simpler cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, having only a cell membrane and cell wall. In contrast, eukaryotes are more complex cells that have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles to carry out specialized functions. Examples given are that all bacteria are prokaryotes, while plants and animals are eukaryotes. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are surrounded by a cell membrane and contain DNA.
BORDETELLA
1) Bordetella pertussis es un cocobacilo gramnegativo que causa tos ferina y presenta factores de virulencia como adhesinas y toxinas.
2) La enfermedad se manifiesta en tres fases: catarral, paroxística con tos convulsiva, y convalecencia. El diagnóstico incluye pruebas de laboratorio como cultivo, PCR e inmunofluorescencia.
3) A nivel mundial la tos ferina sigue siendo un problema de salud pública a pesar de la vacunación, aunque los casos se
More Related Content
What's hot
Transposons in bacteria
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy and paste RNA into DNA, while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste DNA segments. Transposons make up a large portion of many genomes and can cause mutations, but may also create genetic diversity that benefits hosts over time. McClintock received the Nobel Prize for discovering transposons and proposing they play a regulatory role in gene expression.
Generalized & specialized transduction, transformation and conjugation
This document discusses bacterial conjugation, which is the process of gene transfer between bacterial cells that are in physical contact. It requires the presence of a special F plasmid. During conjugation, a male F+ cell extends sex pili to attach to a female F- cell, and the F plasmid is transferred through this cytoplasmic bridge. Once transfer is complete, both cells are male F+. Conjugation was first presented by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum in 1946 as a process of genetic transfer between bacterial cells.
Phi x 174 phage.
This presentation is about the Phi X 174 phage which include detail information of morphology, life cycle and genome organization of phi X 174 phage.
Transgenic sheep ppt for staff & students
Sheep named Dolly was cloned by transfer of a nucleus from a mammary (Udder) cell of an adult sheep into an egg cell.
mammary cell
Nucleus
insert into
a egg cell
First demonstration of pluripotency (totipotency) of a nucleus of a differentiated adult cell.
Cloning of dolly somatic cell nuclei
clone cattle, sheep, goats, pigs.
nuclear transfer procedures are similar.
Adult donor cells from a variety of cell types(mammary epithelial and ovarian cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes) are isolated
Cultured and genetically modified methods.
individual donor cells are fused to an enucleated oocyte with short-duration electric pulse.
eg: two 2.5 kilovolt /cm pulses for 10microseconds
Used to fuse adult cattle fibroblasts with enucleated oocytes.
The pulses simultaneously induce cell fusion and oocyte activation.
Blastocyst stage before transferred into the uterus of a pseudopregant female.
Confirmed transgene at the time of birth
Surviving animals produced by nuclear transfer are healthy.
There, is a substantial loss of individual before and after birth some of the cloned animals display abnormalities.
Abnormlities such as increased birth weight.
Dna methylation and histone modification of the original donor cell is inappropriate maintained in the cells of the recipient animals.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
DNA Replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
1. DNA replication is the process by which daughter DNA molecules are synthesized from a parental DNA template. It ensures the genetic information is transferred to the next generation with high fidelity.
2. Replication occurs semi-conservatively such that each new double helix contains one strand from the original parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand. It also occurs bidirectionally from an origin of replication.
3. DNA polymerases are the key enzymes that catalyze DNA synthesis. Other important enzymes and proteins include primase, helicase, topoisomerase, ligase, and single-stranded DNA binding proteins. Together they facilitate the initiation, elongation and termination of DNA replication.
Bacterial Conjugation
This document discusses genetic recombination in prokaryotes. It describes three main mechanisms of genetic recombination: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through direct cell-to-cell contact and requires a conjugative plasmid. The document then discusses bacterial conjugation in more detail, covering the history of its discovery, the roles of different plasmids, and the key steps and genes involved in the conjugation process. It also describes three main conjugative processes: F+ conjugation, Hfr conjugation, and resistant plasmid conjugation.
Gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria
This document discusses three mechanisms of gene transfer in bacteria: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves the direct transfer of DNA via a connection tube from a donor to recipient cell. Transformation occurs when environmental DNA is taken up by a competent cell. Transduction is when a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one bacterial cell to another. All three mechanisms are unidirectional and involve recombination of the transferred DNA into the recipient genome.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
Vector and it's properties , types
Vectors are DNA molecules that can deliver foreign DNA into host cells. The main types of vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and phagemids. Plasmids are circular, self-replicating DNA molecules that are commonly used as vectors. Key plasmid vectors include pBR322, which contains antibiotic resistance genes, and pUC18/19, which are smaller and contain an ampicillin resistance gene. Bacteriophage vectors like lambda phage and M13 phage can incorporate larger DNA fragments. Cosmids are hybrid vectors that contain phage and plasmid elements, allowing them to replicate like plasmids. Shuttle vectors contain origins of replication from different species, allowing replication in multiple host
Isolation of antibiotic resistance mutant by replica plating
This document describes the replica plating technique used to isolate antibiotic resistance mutants from a bacterial population. The technique involves spreading bacteria onto a "master plate" containing nutrients. A velveteen cloth is then used to transfer the bacterial colonies onto a "replica plate" containing the same nutrients as well as an antibiotic like streptomycin. Colonies that grow on the replica plate containing the antibiotic represent antibiotic resistant mutants that were selected through this process. The number of resistant mutant colonies can then be counted and compared to the number on the plate without antibiotic. This technique allows for the isolation of antibiotic resistance mutants from a large bacterial population.
Restriction endonucleases
This document discusses restriction enzymes, including their discovery, types, subunits, nomenclature, recognition sequences, properties, and applications. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. There are three main types - Type I cut DNA randomly, Type II cut within or near their recognition sequences, and Type III cut nearby. They are used in gene cloning, protein expression, DNA manipulation, and studying DNA sequences.
Dna repair mechanisms
DNA repair mechanisms in prokaryotes involve direct repair, excision repair, and mismatch repair. Direct repair converts damaged nucleotides directly back to their original structure using enzymes like photolyase. Excision repair removes damaged sections of DNA through base excision repair which removes single damaged bases using glycosylases and AP endonucleases, or nucleotide excision repair which removes short oligonucleotides. Mismatch repair recognizes and fixes errors made during DNA replication by distinguishing the parental DNA strands and excising the newly synthesized strand containing mistakes.
Transposition
transposable element is called transposons.it"s also known as jupping gene . it involves replicative and non replicative mechanism.
Antibody diversity presentation
The document discusses the generation of antibody diversity in the immune system. It explains that there are millions of possible antigens but only a small number of immunoglobulin genes in our genome. Through seven mechanisms, including multiple germline genes, combinatorial V(D)J joining, junctional flexibility, and somatic hypermutation, the immune system is able to generate a diverse repertoire of antibodies against all potential antigens from a limited set of gene segments. These mechanisms operate during B cell development and maturation in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues.
Cosmid
Cosmids are hybrid cloning vectors that combine features of plasmids and bacteriophages. They contain approximately 200 base pairs of DNA from the lambda phage, including the cos site sequence, which allows the vector to be packaged into phage particles and transduced into bacteria like a phage. Cosmids can accommodate large foreign DNA inserts of 35-45 kilobase pairs and are commonly used to construct genomic libraries.
M13 and Mu Virus Structure and Life Cycle
The document summarizes the life cycles of M13 and Mu viruses. M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage that infects E. coli. It has a single stranded DNA genome packed inside a protein capsid. It replicates through the attachment to and penetration of host cells, followed by replication of its genome and production of new virus particles. Mu is a temperate bacteriophage that can enter a lysogenic cycle by integrating its double stranded DNA into the host genome. It has an icosahedral head and tail structure and replicates through a "cut and paste" mechanism where its DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Conjugation Microbiology powerpoint presentation
Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact. It was first discovered in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in E. coli K12 strains. The process involves a donor bacterium containing an F plasmid transferring it to a recipient bacterium. The F plasmid encodes for sex pili that allow the transfer of genetic material. During conjugation, the recipient bacterium receives part of the donor's DNA and may gain traits like antibiotic resistance.
transformation
This document discusses bacterial transformation, which is the process by which bacteria take up naked DNA from their environment. There are three main ways bacteria exchange DNA: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up free DNA from their surroundings. Some bacteria have the natural ability to undergo transformation, while others can be artificially induced to become competent through chemical treatments or electroporation. The document outlines the key steps and proteins involved in natural and artificial bacterial transformation.
Animal viruses
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
What's hot (20)
Generalized & specialized transduction, transformation and conjugation
Generalized & specialized transduction, transformation and conjugation
Isolation of antibiotic resistance mutant by replica plating
Isolation of antibiotic resistance mutant by replica plating
Viewers also liked
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It notes that prokaryotes are simpler cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, having only a cell membrane and cell wall. In contrast, eukaryotes are more complex cells that have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles to carry out specialized functions. Examples given are that all bacteria are prokaryotes, while plants and animals are eukaryotes. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are surrounded by a cell membrane and contain DNA.
BORDETELLA
1) Bordetella pertussis es un cocobacilo gramnegativo que causa tos ferina y presenta factores de virulencia como adhesinas y toxinas.
2) La enfermedad se manifiesta en tres fases: catarral, paroxística con tos convulsiva, y convalecencia. El diagnóstico incluye pruebas de laboratorio como cultivo, PCR e inmunofluorescencia.
3) A nivel mundial la tos ferina sigue siendo un problema de salud pública a pesar de la vacunación, aunque los casos se
Streptococcus mutans cell
Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium that is the primary cause of tooth decay. It produces acids when metabolizing sugars that cause demineralization of tooth enamel over time. S. mutans adheres to tooth surfaces using enzymes that produce glucans from sucrose, forming dental plaque biofilms. Within biofilms, S. mutans is able to survive acidic conditions produced during acid production, leading to cavities if plaque is not removed. Regular brushing and the use of fluoride and dental sealants can help prevent tooth decay by disrupting biofilms and strengthening enamel.
Clostridia
The document discusses several types of anaerobic spore-forming bacilli including Clostridium species. It describes their morphology, growth characteristics, toxin production and role in various diseases. Specifically, it covers Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, and Clostridium difficile. It notes their clinical significance, including the potent neurotoxins produced by C. tetani and C. botulinum that cause tetanus and botulism respectively.
LEUCOCYTES
This document provides information about white blood cells (leukocytes):
- It describes the main types of leukocytes - granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). It details their morphology, counts, functions and factors that cause their levels to vary.
- The formation (leukopoiesis), regulation and lifespan of white blood cells is explained. Key processes like phagocytosis, respiratory burst and neutrophil recruitment are summarized.
- Specific details are given about each type of leukocyte - their size, nuclear morphology, cytoplasmic granules, functions and causes of increased/decreased counts.
Bacterial transformation
This document discusses bacterial transformation, which is the process of transferring foreign DNA into bacterial host cells. It describes how the pGLO plasmid containing GFP and beta-lactamase genes is used to transform E. coli HB101 host cells. The process involves cutting the plasmid with restriction enzymes, joining it with DNA fragments using DNA ligase, making the host cells competent, and selecting transformed cells on antibiotic-containing media. GFP is used as a reporter to identify transformed cells expressing the plasmid genes.
Planificación Social
La planificación social es el uso de teorías y métodos de planificación para un sistema social que consiste en infraestructura material, estructura social y superestructura. Tiene varias fases como planeamiento, preparación, ejecución y evaluación. Sirve para minimizar la incertidumbre ante falta de información válida. Los consejos comunales permiten que la comunidad formule, ejecute, controle y evalúe políticas públicas. La contraloría social controla de manera organizada la gestión gubernamental para transparencia y honradez.
Limites geográficos de la república bolivariana de venezuela222
El documento describe los límites geográficos de Venezuela. Venezuela limita al norte con el Mar Caribe, Estados Unidos, Países Bajos, República Dominicana, Francia y Trinidad y Tobago. Por el este limita con el océano Atlántico, Guyana y Granada. Por el sur limita con Brasil. Por el oeste limita con Colombia. La constitución venezolana establece que el territorio y espacios geográficos de Venezuela corresponden a los límites de la antigua Capitanía General de Venezuela, con modificaciones resultantes
27 28 105 fa13 transcription and translation skel
The document summarizes transcription and translation in bacteria and eukaryotes. It describes the central dogma where DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into protein. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation involves initiator tRNAs bringing amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together into a polypeptide chain. Eukaryotic transcription and translation are more complex than prokaryotes with mRNA processing and separate transcription/translation.
Staining Techniques in Microbiology
The document discusses various staining techniques used in microbiology, including Gram staining, acid-fast staining, and simple staining techniques. Gram staining differentiates bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative groups based on differences in their cell wall structure and how they retain or release crystal violet dye. Acid-fast staining uses a carbolfuchsin primary stain to identify acid-fast bacteria that resist decolorization by acid-alcohol, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Simple stains like Loeffler's methylene blue and diluted carbol fuchsin are also discussed, which provide contrast but do not differentiate bacterial types.
Cropping assignment
this presentaion , is cropping pictures , i used my favorite rappers , and thing i like
Vishvas resume template-19
This document contains profile information about an individual including their education history and work experience. It also includes advertisements for Project Management certification courses offered by CODOCA MTVCOLA MARKETING ADVERTISING AND OUTSOURCING PRIVATE LIMITED and mentions a fundraising campaign called Mission Vishvas to provide funds for social causes like orphanages and charitable trusts.
New microsoft offFinancing Education: School Finance in Nepalce power poin...
This document discusses education financing in Nepal. It provides background information on education financing, including that it involves allocating tax revenue and other resources to different levels and types of education. It also outlines UNESCO's objectives for education financing, which are to ensure access and equity, improve efficiency and institutional capacity, and enhance quality and relevance. Tables show Nepal's national budgets and amounts allocated to education from 2062/63 to 2068/69, with education allocations ranging from 15.98% to 17.34% of budgets. The document concludes that while Nepal spends large amounts on education, achievements have not been satisfactory, and priorities should include spending more on basic education, ensuring transparency and fiscal discipline, and providing educational loans and
Mission vishvas-resume template-1
The document appears to be promotional materials from Vishvas Yadav, Program Director of CODOCA MTVCOLA MARKETING ADVERTISING AND OUTSOURCING PRIVATE LIMITED. It promotes their Project Management certification and fundraising campaign called Mission Vishvas, which aims to provide funds to over 500 NGOs, orphanages, charitable trusts and cancer care organizations. It provides contact information for Vishvas Yadav and urges readers to contact him for more information on participating in the certification program or Mission Vishvas campaign.
Resume template 3
Vishvas Yadav is the program director of C.M.M.A.A.O. Pvt. Ltd. Project Management Institute. The document advertises project management certification courses at a cost of 5500 INR and promotes the "Mission Vishvas" fundraising campaign for orphanages, NGOs, and charitable trusts. It provides contact information for Vishvas Yadav and repeatedly mentions the fundraising campaign and certification courses.
Pmp pmi-resume template19
This document appears to be a profile for an individual named Vishvas Yadav who is the Program Director of C.M.M.A.A.O. Pvt. Ltd. Project Management Institute. It includes information about his education and work experience. It also discusses a fundraising campaign called "Mission Vishvas" to provide funds for social causes like orphanages, NGOs, and charitable trusts.
PES 2013 - Social License to Operate: How to Get It, and How to Keep It
The document discusses social license to operate, which refers to a community's acceptance of a company's project or presence. It examines what social license is, provides examples of companies that have successfully obtained social license, and discusses principles for earning social license such as communication, engagement, responsibility and ensuring community benefits.
Project charter v1b cmmaao pmi pmp
The document is a project charter for a Project Management Certification program being offered by C.M.M.A.A.O.Pvt.Ltd. Project Management Institute. It provides an overview of the certification, including that it costs 5500 INR and can increase earnings by 25%. It identifies Vishvas Yadav as the Program Director and provides contact information. The charter also includes sections on the project description, goals, schedule, scope, management and governance, resources, and assumptions.
How to RSS Feed in Search Engine Optimization and their Benefits.
RSS stands for "Really Simple Syndication" (or) “Rich Site Summary”. It is a way to easily distribute a list of headlines, update notices, and sometimes content to a wide number of people. It used to organize those headlines and notices for easy reading.
Its used to keep track of their favorite websites.
Cmmaao minicharter-pmi-pmp
This document outlines plans for a fundraising campaign called "Mission Vishvas" to provide funds to over 500 NGOs, orphanages, charitable trusts, and cancer care organizations. It notes that 50% of profits from the sale of research papers/white papers by CODOCA MTVCOLA MARKETING ADVERTISING AND OUTSOURCING PRIVATE LIMITED will be donated to these organizations after taxes. Contact information is provided for organizations to provide their bank details to receive donations. The campaign is launched on the 33rd birthday of the company co-founder Mr. Vishvas Yadav to help create a poverty-free and employment-filled India.
Viewers also liked (20)
Limites geográficos de la república bolivariana de venezuela222
Limites geográficos de la república bolivariana de venezuela222
New microsoft offFinancing Education: School Finance in Nepalce power poin...
New microsoft offFinancing Education: School Finance in Nepalce power poin...
PES 2013 - Social License to Operate: How to Get It, and How to Keep It
PES 2013 - Social License to Operate: How to Get It, and How to Keep It
How to RSS Feed in Search Engine Optimization and their Benefits.
How to RSS Feed in Search Engine Optimization and their Benefits.
Similar to Transfer of dna between bacterial cell
Genetic transfer
This document summarizes three types of DNA transfer between bacterial cells: conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA from a donor to recipient cell via direct contact through a conjugation pilus. Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage virus transfers a piece of bacterial DNA into a new host cell. Transformation is when a bacterium takes up naked DNA from its environment. The transfer of genetic material allows for the spread of antibiotic resistance and exotoxin genes between bacteria.
horizontal gene transfer PPT.pptx
This document provides information about horizontal gene transfer through various mechanisms like transformation, transduction, and conjugation. It discusses that horizontal gene transfer is the transmission of genes between organisms independently of vertical descent or reproduction. The key mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria are transformation (uptake of naked DNA from environment), transduction (transfer via bacteriophages), and conjugation (direct cell-to-cell contact via plasmids or pili). Horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in the evolution and adaptation of bacteria by allowing them to acquire new traits from other species.
Microbial genetics
This document is an introduction to microbial genetics presented by Dr. Hamima Hasnat. It discusses various topics including mutations, which can occur through base substitutions, frameshifts, or transposons. DNA can be transferred within bacterial cells through transposons or programmed rearrangements. Between cells, DNA transfer occurs through conjugation, transduction involving bacteriophages, or transformation of naked DNA. Conjugation involves plasmid transfer through pilus contact. Transduction integrates bacterial DNA into phages. Transformation takes up extracellular DNA. Recombination integrates donor DNA into recipients.
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic informati.pdf
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these similar
and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes?
b) Explain how genes in phages are mapped. (This is different from the above question)
Solution
Ques-1: What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic information? How are these
similar and how are they different? How can they be used to map bacterial genomes?
Answer:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer is the transfer of genes between two
organisms that are phylogenetically unrelated but can readily exchange genes by conjugation or
transduction or transformation. HGT commonly occurs in prokaryotes and it plays a key role in
their evolution. HGT accelerates evolution.
Horizontal gene transfer: 1. conjugation, 2. transformation; 3. transduction
Similarities & differences:
Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genomes by between bacteria by the routes that does
not involve parent-offspring transmission. Conjugation, transduction and transformation are the
three mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
In the above case, it has clearly illustrated that the conditions, which can successfully prevents
transduction and abolish transfer of chromosomal DNA from one bacterial cell to another by
generalized transduction with P22 bacteriophage. Initially recipient cell- surface receptors are
important for the attachment of the bacteriophage (P22) and finally spikes of phage enable
bacterial membrane to lyse finally incorporate phage genome into the bacterial cell for
integration. Therefore, for efficient transduction, presence of recipient cell- surface receptors is
essential in the culture otherwise, bacteria exert resistant effects to the phages.
Transformation type of gene transfer occurs between bacteria. The genes released by dead
bacteria can be transferred to the live bacteria, and get integrated into its genome, which results
in genetic recombination of the host.
Transduction is also involving the genetic material transfer, but this needs bacteriophage as
media. The bacteriophage infects the bacteria in lytic cycle and releases the new virions, the
capsids of some of these virions carry the bacterial DNA fragments into the new host bacteria,
followed by genetic recombination of the host bacteria.
Conjugation: It is the transfer of genetic material from cell to cell by means of direct contact or a
bridge like structure. Bacterial conjugation needs the conjugation tube for genome transfer, both
transduction and transformation does not need this.
Mapping the genome -mechanisms
F factor is mainly pertaining to a class of conjugate plasmids, which meticulously originated to
control sexual functions in prokaryotes via fertility inhibition. The origin of F-factor is mainly
with most common functional segments such as gene traJ, Ori, OriC. The structure of this F
factor contains OriT for origin of transfer and acts as a starting point for gene transmission.
Gene Transfer
Gene transfer can occur through three main mechanisms in bacteria: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves bacteria taking up naked DNA from other bacteria that has been released into the environment. Transduction uses bacteriophages to transfer bacterial DNA between cells. Conjugation requires an F plasmid and occurs when an F+ bacteria transfers DNA to an F- bacteria via a sex pilus. All three mechanisms allow for genetic recombination and variation between bacterial cells.
Recombination in Prokaryotes Transformation, conjugation, transduction
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on recombination in prokaryotes. It discusses the three main types of genetic recombination that occur in prokaryotes: transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves the uptake of extracellular DNA by a recipient cell. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA through cell-to-cell contact between a donor and recipient cell. Transduction involves the transfer of bacterial DNA by bacteriophages. Specific examples like Griffith's transformation experiment and Davis' U-tube experiment are described to illustrate these different mechanisms of genetic recombination in prokaryotes.
Bacterial gene transfer
This document summarizes three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA by competent bacteria through homologous recombination. Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell contact via pilus. Transduction occurs when genes are transferred from a host bacterium to a bacteriophage virus and then delivered into another host during viral infection. These three processes allow bacteria to exchange genetic material laterally aside from vertical descent.
Bacterial genetics- gene mapping by recombination
Bacterial genomes contain a single circular chromosome as well as smaller circular plasmids. Genetic recombination in bacteria can occur through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Conjugation involves the direct transfer of DNA from a donor to recipient bacterium through cell contact and formation of a cytoplasmic bridge. Lederberg and Tatum's experiments provided early evidence of genetic recombination in bacteria by showing that auxotrophic bacterial strains could exchange genes to become prototrophic.
Horizontal gene transfer with gene mapping
This document discusses horizontal gene transfer and gene mapping in prokaryotes. It begins by defining horizontal gene transfer as the movement of genetic information between independent organisms, as opposed to vertical gene transfer between parents and offspring. The three main types of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes are transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Gene mapping can be performed using these horizontal gene transfer mechanisms to determine the relative locations of genes on the bacterial chromosome.
Recombination in prokaryotes, introduction, types
This document summarizes a student's seminar presentation on recombination in prokaryotes. It introduces the three main types of genetic recombination that occur in prokaryotes: transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves the uptake of extracellular DNA. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA through cell-to-cell contact. Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage carries bacterial genes from one host cell to another. The mechanisms and key discoveries of each type of recombination are also outlined.
Recombination in prokaryotes, introduction, types
This document summarizes a student's seminar presentation on recombination in prokaryotes. It introduces the three main types of genetic recombination that occur in prokaryotes: transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Transformation involves the uptake of extracellular DNA by a cell. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA through cell-to-cell contact between two bacteria mediated by plasmids. Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage carries DNA from one bacterium to another. The mechanisms and key discoveries related to each type of recombination are discussed.
Ambe 101 @ lec 7,8
This document discusses the concepts of genetics and genetic variation in bacteria. It explains that bacteria can inherit genetic traits from parents but also exhibit variability through mechanisms like mutation, adaptation, genetic recombination, and gene expression changes. The document also outlines several genetic elements in bacteria, like plasmids and transposons, that allow for genetic transfer and variation.
genetic variations
Genetic variations can arise in bacteria through several mechanisms:
1. Point mutations or DNA rearrangements can occur spontaneously during DNA replication.
2. DNA can be transferred between bacteria through transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA. Transduction involves transfer via bacteriophages. Conjugation involves direct contact between bacteria.
3. These mechanisms allow for acquisition of new genes and increase genetic diversity, which can provide advantages like antibiotic resistance but also influence bacterial pathogenesis.
Modes of Gene Transfer
There are three main modes of gene transfer: transformation, transfection, and transduction. Transformation involves the natural uptake of foreign DNA by a cell. Transfection is the deliberate introduction of genetic material into animal cells. Transduction uses viruses to transfer genes between bacterial cells. It can occur through a lysogenic or lytic phase. Conjugation is also discussed, which involves the direct contact and temporary exchange of genetic material between two bacterial cells.
Bacterial genetics
Bacterial genetics involves the study of bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, transcription, translation, replication, and genetic variation. Bacteria store DNA in circular chromosomes and small plasmids. Transcription and translation allow genes to be expressed. Replication duplicates genetic material. Bacteria undergo genetic variation through mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction, allowing them to adapt. Genetic engineering uses bacteria to produce recombinant proteins for research and medical purposes like vaccines.
transduction and transfection
This document summarizes transduction and transfection techniques used to introduce foreign DNA into bacterial and animal cells. It discusses that transduction involves the transfer of DNA between bacteria using bacteriophages, occurring through either the lytic or lysogenic cycle. Generalized transduction transfers random bacterial DNA, while specialized transduction transfers specific DNA depending on phage location. Transfection introduces nucleic acids into animal cells using physical or chemical methods like lipofection, electroporation, or particle bombardment to open pores for DNA uptake. Lipofection uses cationic lipids to form DNA-lipid complexes, while electroporation uses an electric field to create membrane pores.
Genetic recombinatione
This document discusses various methods of genetic recombination including transformation, conjugation, transduction, and protoplast fusion. It provides definitions and examples of key terms. Transformation involves the direct uptake of exogenous DNA by a cell. Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. Transduction is the transfer of genes between bacteria mediated by bacteriophages. Protoplast fusion involves fusing plant protoplasts using electric shock or chemicals to produce somatic hybrid plants. The document also discusses applications of these techniques such as gene cloning, production of monoclonal antibodies, and genetic engineering.
Gene transfer mechanisms
- Griffith's experiment showed that a non-pathogenic strain of bacteria could be transformed into a pathogenic strain after exposure to heat-killed pathogenic bacteria. This indicated the presence of a "transforming principle" that could alter the bacteria's genetic properties.
- Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty identified DNA as the molecule responsible for bacterial transformation. They showed that DNA is the genetic material that is able to transform one type of bacteria into another through uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA.
- Transformation, transduction, and conjugation are mechanisms by which prokaryotes can transfer genetic material between each other. Transformation involves taking up free DNA from the environment, while conjugation involves direct transfer of DNA through
DNA recombination in prokaryotes
This seminar discusses DNA recombination in prokaryotes. DNA recombination allows for the exchange of genetic material between bacteria through three main processes: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacteria. Transduction occurs when genes are transferred from one bacteria to another inside a bacteriophage virus. Conjugation is the direct transfer of genes through physical contact between "F factor" bacteria. These processes generate genetic diversity within bacterial populations.
Similar to Transfer of dna between bacterial cell (20)
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic informati.pdf
1a- What are three ways that bacteria can exchange genetic informati.pdf
Recombination in Prokaryotes Transformation, conjugation, transduction
Recombination in Prokaryotes Transformation, conjugation, transduction
6-BACTERIAL GENETICS DNA AND RNA FOR MEDICAL STUDENT
6-BACTERIAL GENETICS DNA AND RNA FOR MEDICAL STUDENT
More from mah neem mah
Human genome project
The document discusses the principal aims and applications of the Human Genome Project. The three main aims are to improve human genetics research infrastructure, establish DNA sequence as the interface between human and model organism biology, and improve DNA analytical biochemistry. Key applications discussed are molecular medicine like disease diagnosis, and using microbial genomes to research waste control and environmental cleanup. It provides examples of how genome sequencing is advancing fields like medicine, biotechnology, and environmental applications.
Genetics of glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss and blindness. It is caused by increased fluid pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure) which can damage the optic nerve. The front of the eye produces fluid that normally drains out, but in glaucoma the fluid drainage is blocked causing pressure to rise. Glaucoma often affects older adults but can occur at any age. Risk factors include family history, age over 40, high eye pressure, diabetes, and eye injuries. Treatment options are eye drops, laser surgery, or microsurgery to improve fluid drainage from the eye.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses viruses or nanotechnology to deliver working genes to replace defective genes that cause disease. It can be used to treat monogenic disorders caused by single gene defects as well as more complex disorders. There are three main types of gene therapy - germline gene therapy alters genes in egg and sperm cells and passes the changes to future generations; somatic gene therapy only alters genes in the patient's own body; and gene delivery methods like viruses must be used to safely introduce new genes. While gene therapy holds promise for treating many genetic diseases, there are also risks like immune reactions that require further research.
Infectious disease
This document discusses infectious diseases. It defines key terms like disease, infection, pathogen, and host. It describes Koch's postulates for determining the cause of a specific disease. It explains that diseases are caused by microbes like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. It discusses how infectious agents cause disease through toxins, invasion, and immune responses. It classifies diseases by duration, location, and timing. Influenza is provided as an example infectious disease. The document also covers transmission of diseases, reducing spread, emerging diseases, and infectious diseases as a cause of death.
RT PCR
This document provides an overview of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), including its objectives, introduction, history, principle, protocol for one-step and two-step RT-PCR, technical issues, and literature applications. RT-PCR is a technique that allows detection and quantification of mRNA by first converting RNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase, then exponentially amplifying the cDNA using PCR. It is often used to detect gene expression and distinguish between infectious and non-infectious viruses or variants in samples. Care must be taken to prevent contamination during sample preparation and RT-PCR.
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
Gene sequencing
Next generation DNA sequencing technologies have several key differences from traditional Sanger sequencing. They amplify DNA libraries in vitro instead of cloning into bacteria, determine sequences through nucleotide addition to the complementary strand rather than chain termination, and sequence many spatially segregated and amplified templates simultaneously in a massively parallel way without needing physical separation.
cell adhesion molecules
This document discusses cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are glycoproteins located on cell surfaces that help cells stick to each other and their surroundings. CAMs are classified into five major families: cadherins, Ig superfamily CAMs, selectins, integrins, and mucins. Cadherins are calcium-dependent and form connections between cells called desmosomes. Selectins help with inflammation and lymphocyte homing. Integrins facilitate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and are composed of alpha and beta subunits. Malfunctions in CAMs can lead to conditions like breast cancer and leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome.
Transpozones
Transposons are DNA elements that can move ("transpose") within genomes. They were discovered by Barbara McClintock in her studies of maize. There are two classes of transposons: retrotransposons which move via an RNA intermediate, and DNA transposons which move directly from DNA to DNA. Transposons make up a large portion of human and other eukaryotic genomes and can cause genetic mutations, rearrangements, and horizontal gene transfer, aiding genomic change and evolution. They also sometimes carry antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria. Cells tightly regulate transposon movement to maintain genetic stability.
Bioabsorbalbe coronary stents
Bioabsorbable stents are manufactured from materials that dissolve in the body over time. They serve the same purpose as traditional metal stents by expanding a blocked blood vessel, but eventually degrade so the vessel is freed from the scaffold. Polymer-based materials like PLLA and absorbable metals such as magnesium alloys are being tested. Bioabsorbable stents could overcome limitations of permanent metal stents by eliminating risk of late thrombosis and local inflammation once dissolved. Several types are currently in clinical trials and projected to gain significant market share as they receive FDA approval.
Diabeticretinopathy30 3-2011-121109075116-phpapp01
Aldose reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway. Under hyperglycemic conditions seen in diabetes, increased aldose reductase activity leads to sorbitol accumulation which is implicated in diabetic complications like retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy progresses through mild, moderate, and severe nonproliferative stages before reaching the proliferative stage where new abnormal blood vessels form that can hemorrhage. It is a leading cause of blindness and its treatment involves controlling blood sugar, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy.
Macro n megaevolution
This document discusses macroevolution, megaevolution, and speciation. It defines macroevolution as changes that occur at or above the species level, such as the evolution of feathers in birds. Megaevolution refers to major evolutionary transitions, such as the change from single-celled to multicellular organisms. Speciation is the formation of new species, which can occur through mechanisms of allopatric, parapatric, or sympatric speciation as populations become reproductively isolated. Intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanisms that can lead to speciation include ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical and gametic isolation.
Power plants in pakistan
The document discusses different types of power plants in Pakistan. It describes five main types: thermal power plants, hydropower plants, wind power plants, solar power plants, and nuclear power plants. Thermal power plants generate electricity by heating water into steam to spin turbines connected to generators. Hydropower plants use the gravitational force of falling or flowing water through dams to generate electricity. Wind power plants convert kinetic energy from wind into electrical energy using wind turbines. Solar power plants transform solar energy into electricity using solar cells or by focusing light to power engines. Nuclear power plants derive power from controlled nuclear fission to heat water and spin turbines.
More from mah neem mah (13)
Diabeticretinopathy30 3-2011-121109075116-phpapp01
Diabeticretinopathy30 3-2011-121109075116-phpapp01
Recently uploaded
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Recently uploaded (20)
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Transfer of dna between bacterial cell
- 1. TRANSFER OF DNA BETWEEN BACTERIAL CELLS
- 2. TRANSFER OF DNA BETWEEN BACTERIAL CELLS The transfer of genetic information from one cell to another is occur by three methods: # CONJUGATION # TRANSFORMATION # TRANSDUCTION http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/microbiome/resistance/
- 3. Medical Viewpoint From a medical viewpoint, the most important two consequences of DNA transfer are: That antibiotic resistance genes are spread from one bacterial gene to another primarily by CONJUGATION AND That several important exotoxins are encoded by bacterial genes and are transferred by TRANSDUCTION
- 4. CONJUGATION Definition: It is the process of gene transfer via sex pili between cells of opposite mating types that are in physical contact (cell-to-cell) with each other.
- 5. CONJUGATION METHODOLOGY: Requires the presence of a special plasmid called the F plasmid. Bacteria that have a F plasmid are referred to as F+ or male. Those that do not have an F plasmid are F- or female. The F plasmid consists of 25 genes that mostly code for production of sex pilli. A conjugation event occurs when the male cell extends his sex pilli and one attaches to the female. This attached pilus is a temporary cytoplasmic bridge through which a replicating F plasmid is transferred from the male to the female. When transfer is complete, the result is two male cells. When the F+ plasmid is integrated within the bacterial chromosome, the cell is called an Hfr cell (high frequency of recombination cell).
- 6. Conjugation in E. coli
- 9. Transduction • Transfer of DNA by mean of bacteriophage. • Bacterial DNA is incorporated into virus particle and is carried into recipient cell during infection. • Phage DNA integrated into cell DNA and cell acquire new trait (lysogenic conversion). • Non-pathogenic change into pathogenic. • Diphtheria toxin, botulinum toxin, cholera toxin and erythrogenic toxin are encoded by bacteriophages and is transferred by transduction.
- 11. Transformation • Transformation is a transfer of DNA from one cell to another. • DNA is injected into the nucleus of eukaryotic cell is called transfection. Transfection (used in genetic engineering procedures) • DNA extracted from encapsulated smooth pneumococci transform non capsulated rough pneumococci.
- 13. Recombination Once the DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell by one of three processes just described, it can integrate into host chromosome by recombination. Types of Recombination There are two types of recombination: Homologous recombination Nonhomologous recombination
- 14. Homologous recombination, in which two pieces of DNA that have extensive homologous regions pair up and exchange pieces of DNA by breakage and reunion. Homologous Recombination https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homologous_recombination_in_Tn3_transposon.png
- 15. Nonhomologous Recombination Nonhomologous recombination in which little if any homology is necessary. http://homepage.usask.ca/~vim458/advirol/SPCV/evolution/evolution.html
- 16. Thank you