[Micro] actinomyces
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This document discusses the phylum Actinobacteria, focusing on the order Actinomycetales. Key points: - Actinomycetales includes large, diverse Gram-positive bacilli that form chains or filaments. They are found worldwide, especially in soil and aquatic environments, and play roles in decomposition, antibiotic production, and occasionally pathogenesis. - Genera discussed include Streptomyces, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Corynebacterium, and Mycobacterium. Nocardia can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. - Characteristics include aerobic growth, branching filaments, and high G+C DNA content. Colonies of
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Actinomycetes are a diverse group of filamentous, gram-positive bacteria. They are classified within the domain bacteria and phylum Actinobacteria. Actinomycetes live predominantly in soil where they help break down recalcitrant compounds. While most species are harmless, some can cause infections in humans called actinomycosis. Important genera include Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomycetes are distinguished from fungi by being prokaryotic, containing peptidoglycan in their cell walls rather than chitin, and having smaller filaments. Diagnosis of actinomycosis involves identifying the pathogen's sulfur granules in biopsy samples
Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that resemble fungi in some ways. They include the genera Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomycetes are commonly found in soil where they aid in decomposition. Many produce important antibiotics like streptomycin. While usually saprophytic, some Actinomycetes can cause disease in humans or animals through inhalation or direct inoculation, often taking advantage of breaks in mucous membranes to infect normally sterile tissues.
Superficial mycosis
1. Superficial mycoses involve infections of the skin and its appendages by fungi including Malassezia species, dermatophytes, and others.
2. Common conditions include pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur presenting as discolored patches, and tinea infections like tinea corporis caused by dermatophytes appearing as scaly rings.
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2. Chromoblastomycosis presents as verrucous plaques or nodules that may ulcerate, caused by dematiaceous fungi transmitted through skin abrasions in tropical regions. Phaeohypomycosis is a related fungal infection characterized by subcutaneous cysts.
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Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that resemble fungi in some ways. They include the genera Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomycetes are commonly found in soil where they aid in decomposition. Many produce important antibiotics like streptomycin. While usually saprophytic, some Actinomycetes can cause disease in humans or animals through inhalation or direct inoculation, often taking advantage of breaks in mucous membranes to infect normally sterile tissues.
Superficial mycosis
1. Superficial mycoses involve infections of the skin and its appendages by fungi including Malassezia species, dermatophytes, and others.
2. Common conditions include pityriasis versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur presenting as discolored patches, and tinea infections like tinea corporis caused by dermatophytes appearing as scaly rings.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves potassium hydroxide microscopy of skin and nail samples to visualize fungal elements, and culture to isolate and identify the causative agent. Topical and oral antifungal drugs are used for treatment.
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This document discusses Actinomycetes and Nocardia. It describes Actinomycetes as transitional forms between bacteria and fungi that resemble both in certain characteristics. Three medically important genera are mentioned: Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomycosis is described as a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Actinomyces that presents with indurated swellings and discharge of sulfur granules. Nocardia is described as aerobic, acid-fast, and a cause of cutaneous and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Streptomyces can cause actinomycotic mycetoma, a subcutaneous infection that can penetrate deeper tissues
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1. Mycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous infection characterized by painless swelling, sinuses, and discharge of characteristic grains. It is mostly caused by fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma) transmitted through skin trauma in tropical areas.
2. Chromoblastomycosis presents as verrucous plaques or nodules that may ulcerate, caused by dematiaceous fungi transmitted through skin abrasions in tropical regions. Phaeohypomycosis is a related fungal infection characterized by subcutaneous cysts.
3. Other fungal infections described include sporotrichosis causing ulcerative nodules along lymphatics, lobomy
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This document discusses subcutaneous mycoses, including mycetoma, sporotrichosis, and botryomycosis. It provides details on the causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. Mycetoma is characterized by tumor-like lesions with draining sinuses and grains discharged from the skin. The causative organisms of mycetoma and actinomycetoma can be identified by examining the grains. Sporotrichosis typically presents as a chancre and lymphangitis following skin inoculation by Sporothrix schenckii. Botryomycosis is a chronic infection characterized by grape-like clusters of bacteria in subcutaneous tissue.
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Fungi are a separate kingdom from plants and animals that play an important role in decomposition. Dermatomycoses are fungal infections of the skin, hair, or nails caused by dermatophytes from three genera: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Dermatophytes are transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected skin or hair. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of skin or hair samples in potassium hydroxide or culturing samples on growth media. Treatment depends on the severity but may include topical imidazole creams for mild cases or oral antifungals like griseofulvin for more severe or persistent infections.
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Laboratory diagnosis of fungal diseases involves specimen collection, microscopy, culture, and immunological and molecular testing. Specimens are collected based on infection site and may include skin, hair, nails, sputum, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. Microscopy of specimens using techniques like potassium hydroxide preparation, Gram stain, and calcofluor white stain allows visualization of fungal elements. Culture on media like Sabouraud's dextrose agar is used for isolation and identification based on macroscopic and microscopic colony characteristics. Immunological tests detect antibodies or antigens, while molecular methods like PCR provide accurate identification directly from specimens or cultures.
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Spore forming aerobic organisms, Causative agent of “ANTHRAX”.
Gram positive bacilli, Bamboo stick appearance. Responsible to cause cutaneous, pulmonary, intestinal anthrax by producing anthrax toxin. M' Fadyean's Reaction presumptive diagnostic method in animals.
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This document discusses various concepts related to bacterial infection and virulence factors. It begins by defining key terms like infection, disease, signs and symptoms. It then describes the different types of hosts and modes of transmission of infectious agents. It discusses the concepts of reservoirs, carriers and zoonotic infections. The major sections cover the epidemiology of infections, modes of transmission including direct and indirect, and routes of entry of pathogens. The last section provides details on various bacterial virulence factors that enhance pathogenicity like adherence factors, invasion factors, toxins and mechanisms of biofilm formation.
Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive bacteria that can cause infections in humans. Important genera include Actinomyces, Nocardia, and Actinomadura. Actinomyces causes actinomycosis, presenting as cervicofacial abscesses with draining sinuses. Diagnosis involves microscopy of pus showing club-shaped granules and filaments. Nocardia are environmental bacteria that can cause pulmonary or disseminated nocardiosis in immunocompromised individuals. They are acid-fast and form colonies on culture. Actinomadura is a common cause of actinomycetoma, presenting as subcutaneous nodules and sinuses in the
Superficial mycoses
Pityriasis versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by Malassezia furfur. It produces hypopigmented, hyperpigmented, or scaly macules on the trunk and neck. Diagnosis involves scraping skin lesions and examining under a microscope using potassium hydroxide, which reveals short hyphal fragments and clusters of yeast. Wood's lamp examination shows pale yellow-white fluorescence of lesions. M. furfur is normally present on human skin but overgrowth causes pityriasis versicolor. The fungus can be cultured using Sabouraud dextrose agar covered with oil, as M. furfur requires lipids for growth.
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- Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that can cause gas gangrene. It produces several potent toxins and enzymes.
- It forms central or subterminal spores and appears as large bacilli on microscopy. It turns meat pink on culture but does not digest it. It causes target hemolysis on blood agar.
- Gas gangrene is a serious infection caused by C. perfringens that involves muscle tissue necrosis and gas formation. It presents with increasing pain, edema, and tissue blackening. Other Clostridium species such as C. septicum can also cause gas gangrene.
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Fungal infections can affect hair in various ways. The document discusses three main types: Piedra, caused by fungi that form nodules on the hair shaft; White piedra caused by Trichosporon species forming white or gray nodules; and Black piedra caused by Piedra hortae forming hard black nodules. It also discusses dermatophyte infections including Tinea capitis, Favus, Kerion and Tinea barbae that are caused by fungi like Trichophyton and Microsporum. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of hair and cultures. Treatment involves antifungal medications like griseofulvin or newer azoles depending on the specific
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This document discusses several methods for classifying viruses:
1. The Holmes classification from 1948 grouped viruses into 3 categories based on their host organisms.
2. The LHT classification from 1962 categorized viruses based on their physical and chemical properties like nucleic acid composition and capsid structure. It divided viruses into DNA and RNA subgroups.
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Actinomycetes are a group of gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments and resemble fungi. They include the genera Actinomyces, Norcardia, and Streptomyces. Actinomyces are anaerobic bacteria that are part of normal oral and gut flora and can cause actinomycosis, a chronic suppurative infection. Nocardia are partially acid-fast aerobic bacteria that are opportunistic pathogens commonly causing nocardiosis, a lung infection or disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Actinomycetes play an important environmental role in soil decomposition and are a major source of antibiotics produced industrially.
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Bacterial pathogenesis is a multi-step process involving the acquisition of virulence genes through bacterial conjugation, sensing environmental changes to regulate virulence genes, and damaging host tissues through various mechanisms. Key steps include sticking to host cells through adhesins, scavenging nutrients like iron, avoiding the immune system through stealth mechanisms, and spreading through host tissues and organs. Virulence is a spectrum, and determining whether a microbe causes disease requires fulfilling Koch's postulates or establishing links between the pathogen, recognized disease syndromes, and the patient's condition.
[Micro] chemical sterilizaton
The document discusses various methods for cleaning and disinfecting medical equipment. It describes four main steps for clinically cleaning instruments: rinsing with cold water, applying detergent and scrubbing, rinsing with warm water, and drying before sterilization. It then discusses different levels of disinfection/sterilization required based on the intended use of equipment and potential for contact with bodily fluids or tissues. Various classes of disinfecting agents are outlined, including their mechanisms of action and appropriate uses. Specific chemical disinfectants and sterilization methods like ethylene oxide and hydrogen peroxide are also explained.
[Int. med] cerebrovascular accident from SIMS Lahore
This document discusses stroke, including definitions, types, risk factors, symptoms, assessments, and treatments. It defines stroke as a reduction in blood flow to the brain caused by a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel. The main types are ischemic (blockage) and hemorrhagic (rupture). Risk factors include age, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, smoking, and family history. Symptoms depend on the affected brain region but may include weakness, confusion, visual issues, and severe headache. Assessments involve neurological exams, CT scans, and lab tests. Treatments focus on restoring blood flow, controlling blood pressure, preventing complications, and rehabilitation.
[Gen. surg] immunity and surgery from SIMS Lahore
Power point presentation Slides Presented in Lectures at Services institute of Medical Sciences Lahore
Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema
Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema was a dean of international relations at Quaid-i-Azam University and director of the National Defense University in Islamabad. He found Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory relevant to sustainable economic development and advocated for Pakistan's slow development. As an international relations analyst, he emphasized national interest and maintaining the right balance of international friends and networks to develop developing economies.
[Gen. surg] tumours from SIMS Lahore
Tumours can be benign or malignant. Malignant tumours grow rapidly, invade nearby tissue, lose cell differentiation, and can metastasize to other parts of the body. Tumours are diagnosed through history, examination, investigations, and histopathology. Tumour markers in the blood can indicate the presence or type of tumour. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and palliative care to ease symptoms. Prognosis depends on the extent of spread, appearance under the microscope, anatomical location, and patient's general health. Screening tests can detect some cancers early in asymptomatic people.
[Int. med] history taking from SIMS Lahore
This document provides guidance on taking a patient's medical history. It outlines the key components of a history, including introduction, presenting complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, treatment history, and family/social history. For each section, it describes the important information to gather and objectives. For example, for presenting complaint, it aims to identify issues needing elaboration and relate symptoms to body systems. The history of present illness should provide a logical conclusion/provisional diagnosis. Examining past medical issues can provide clues and influence diagnosis and treatment. A thorough history is important for understanding the patient's condition.
[Int. med] the sensory system from SIMS Lahore
This document provides guidance on assessing sensory function through physical examination. It describes testing various sensory modalities like light touch, pain, temperature, vibration and position sense. Key areas to evaluate are the limbs, trunk and face. Abnormal findings could indicate lesions in the spinothalamic tract, posterior columns or parietal lobes. The assessment involves systematic testing from normal to abnormal areas to map any sensory deficits.
[Pharma] receptors
Receptors are molecules that undergo changes in shape when binding to a ligand, altering the function of biological systems. There are different types of receptors, including cell membrane receptors such as serpentine receptors (GPCRs) that couple to G proteins like Gs, Gi, Gq and Go, and receptors coupled to ion channels or enzymes.
[Behav. sci] psychosocial aspects of health by SIMS Lahore
Power point presentation Slides Presented in Lectures at Services institute of Medical Sciences Lahore
[Micro] bacterial genetics (12 jan)
This document discusses several topics relating to bacterial genetics including:
1. Bacterial genetics involves studying genes and their expression through phenotypes like antibiotic resistance. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites and plasmids are genetic elements capable of independent replication.
2. DNA is double-stranded with complementary bases that form hydrogen bonds. RNA is single-stranded and differs from DNA by containing uracil. Genes are segments of DNA that carry information for a biochemical function.
3. Prokaryotes like bacteria have a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes within a nucleus. Transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes but separated in eukaryotes.
[Int. med] dyspnoea from SIMS Lahore
1. Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, can be caused by conditions affecting the heart, lungs, blood, chest wall, or nerves and muscles controlling breathing.
2. Physical examination may reveal signs related to cardiac failure like crackles, wheezing indicating lung disease, or skeletal abnormalities restricting the chest wall.
3. Tests like chest x-ray, EKG, blood gases, and pulmonary function tests help identify the cause by showing findings related to conditions like pneumonia, COPD, pulmonary embolism, or heart failure.
[Micro] aspergillus
This document summarizes Aspergillus, a ubiquitous fungus with several species that can cause disease in humans. It describes the morphology and life cycle of Aspergillus, noting that its airborne conidia can reach the lungs and cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. It outlines the different clinical forms of aspergillosis, including allergic forms and risk factors. Diagnosis involves microscopy and culture of specimens. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like itraconazole and amphotericin B. Prevention focuses on avoiding exposure to conidia for at-risk groups.
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[Micro] actinomyces
- 1. ATINOMYCETES PHYLUM: Actinobacteria Sub class: Actinobacteridae Order: Actinomycetales
- 2. ACTINOMYCETES • Large, wide, diverse group of Gram positive bacilli • Form chains or filaments • World-wide distribution • in soil esp. Streptomyces & aquatic environment • Decompose organic matter aerobically; mineralize it; Bio-degradation & Role in carbon • Industrial Producers of anti-biotics eg tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides • Role as Pathogens
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS • Most aerobes, few AnO2 • Gram positive • High G & C content • Grow on and below agar • Cells remain together after division to form elongated chains 1 um in width; may branch • Extent varies: short chains. Filaments,coccobacil • Form mycelia & asexual conidia • Thin walled, asexual structures
- 4. GRAM SMEAR
- 5. SUB –ORDER ACTINOMYCINEAE • Straight or slightly curved rods • AnO2 or Facultative An02 • Exist in oral/ nasal mucosa • A israelli • A bovis • Cause infection, trauma, surgery of: face, oral cavity, teeth, neck, thorax, abdomen
- 6. SUB 0RDER CORYNEBACTERINEAE • Corynebacterium • Mycobacterium • Nocardia/ Rhodococcus SUB-ORDER 3 Genera • STREPTPMYCINIAE • Aerial hyphae; form spores
- 7. ACID-FAST CLASSIFICATION 1. TRUE ACID FAST: Mycobacteria 2. WEAK ACID-FAST: Nocardia Rhodococcus 3. ACID-FAST NEGATIVE Streptomyces Actiomadura
- 11. MORPHOLOGY • Aerobic • Cell wall: shorter chained mycolic acids • Growth Media: many ; Several days—weeks • Colonies: Heaped, irregular, waxy • Colour: white—orange---red • Gram : positive • Acid-fast: weak; more with 1-4% H2SO4 • Enzymes: catalase positive, urease positive • Praffin: digested
- 16. Genus: NOCARDIA • N nova • N farcinica • N asteroides • N brasiliensis • Form filaments; aerial hyphae, fragment to coccobacilli • Cause different diseases • Unique drug susceptibility: R to Ciprofloxacin • Pathogens; non pathogenic • World-wide in soil and water
- 17. PATHOLOGY • Inhalation • Pulmonary infection: • Acute • Chronic • Dissemination: brain, skin • Not transmitted between person to person d/d: Streptomyces; they are non-pathogenic • Rapid-growing Mycobacteria; mcroscop/macro
- 18. PATHOGENESIS OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION Impaired cell –mediated immunity • 1. corticosteroids • 2. Organ transplant • 3. AIDS • 4. TB • 5. ALCOHOLISM
- 19. CLINICAL FEATURES • CHRONIC LOBAR PNEUMONIA • Fever • Weight loss • Chest pain • D/D: TB, other infections • Pulmonary consolidation, abscess formation • NO granuloma, caeseation, • Spread: BRAIN, skin, kidney, eye
- 20. LAB DIAGNOSIS • Sputum • Pus • CSF • Biopsy • Gram stain: positive bacilli, coccobacilli, branching filaments • AFB: modified stain • Growth: most media • Serology: not useful
- 24. Caesin hydrolysis ; Nocardia negative
- 25. 12 Strepto; 3 N brasiliensis; 9 N asteroides
- 26. PYRUVATE AGAR: white colonies
- 27. Sabourad’s agar
- 28. TREATMENT • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxsazole • If no response • Amikin • Imepenem • Minocycline • Linezolid • Cefotaxime • Surgical drainage; resection • Nocardia NOT inhibited by Ciprofloxacin
- 29. EMERGING ACTINOMYECETES • OPPORTUNISTIC: IMMUNO-COMPROMISED • GORDONIA • Tsukamurella • Stain: Modified acid-fast stain positive • Gram: coryne-form; no branch • Colonies: orange, wrinkled • Non-sterile sources as sputa: disregard as flora/contaminants
- 30. Tsuka-murella • White- orange colonies • Stain: long, straight or curved rods IDENTIFICATION: • Genera: cell wall fatty-acid analysis • Gene sequencing: 16SrRNA
- 31. Infections: • Post-op wound • Blood-stream through catheter • Ear • Pulmonary T/M: • Gordonia: Vanco, carbepenems, linezolid Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones • Tsuka murella: SXT, fluoroquinolones, clarithromycin, carbepenems
- 32. Madura medurae • Morphology: • Pale orange, pink or red, waxy, heaped and folded. Dry, irregular and tough. • Grows very slowly (may take more than 4 weeks to grow). Adhere to agar. • First found in Madura, India. Produces branching bacilli, non-acid-fast.
- 33. Madura medurae
- 34. d/d ACTINOMYCOSIS • Due to AnO2 • Gram positive
- 35. Causative bacteria • N asteroids • N brasiliensis: AFB • Streptomysessomaliensis • Actinomadura madurae • IDENTIFY: biochemically • chromatographically Early T/m: various combinations • Streptomycin, SXT, dapsone
- 36. STREPTOMYCES • Sabourad’s • White, chalky, dry,hard • Adhere to medium; do not get off • Sometime brittle, break easily • Earthy smell
- 37. STREPTOMYCES
Editor's Notes
- fragmentation
- SMALL,ROUND, WHITE TO ORANGE, GRITTY , ADHERE TO MEDIUM; GET OFF WITH DIFFICULTY
- WHITE CHALKY