Islamization and trade africa

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Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Lecture # 7 * Islam Today: DemographicsThere are an estimated 1.2 billion Muslims worldwideApproximately 1/5th of the world's population Growth without missionary effortsWhere Do Muslims Live?Only 18% of Muslims live in the Arab world 20% are found in Sub-Saharan Africa 30% in the South Asian region of Pakistan, India and BangladeshThe world's largest single Muslim community is in Indonesia The Top 9: 1) Indonesia, 2) Pakistan, 3) Bangladesh, 4) India, 5) Turkey, 6) Iran, 7) Egypt, 8) Nigeria, and 9) China Two Main Braches of IslamThere are two main branches of Islam today Sunni recognize the male heirs of the first 4 elected (according to Muhammad's instruction) caliphs (or spiritual heads) after Muhammad’s death Shiite recognize the decedents of only the 4th caliphs—Ali (M’s son-in-law & cousin), the only true descendent of Muhammad In all other ways Sunni and Shiite are very similar African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam What is the geography of Africa? How might this geography impact Africans? African Regions Pre-Islamic AfricaExtremely diverse societies developedPolitical unity was difficult because of terrainBantu: primary language spokenOral traditions; very few written recordsMost communities are preliterate (lacking writing system)Animistic and polytheistic religionsPower of natural forces; ritual and worshipDancing, drumming, divination, and sacrificeWitchcraft; cosmologyAncestors are called uponEconomies vary by regionN. Africa: Islamic trade routes and Mediterranean tradeSub-Saharan: agriculture; ironworking; tribes and herdersAfricans exchanged abundant raw materials (esp. salt) for manufactured goods Geography of Africa Africa’s geography was very diverse & Africans were lived differently based on where they lived * Geography of Africa The Sahara is the world’s largest desert & acted as a barrier to separate North Africa from sub-Saharan Africa Early Societies of Africa By 750, North Africans were part of the Islamic Empire, converted to Islam, & shared Arabic culture Early societies of North Africa were influenced by Mediterranean cultures such as the Phoenicians & Romans Early Societies of Africa African societies south of the Sahara were isolated & missed out on the cultural diffusion of the Classical Era Influence of Islam in Africa640-700: Muslims moved west from Arabia across N. Africa to spread IslamRapid conversions by Berbers (Saharan nomads)Spreads along pre-existing caravan routesMaghreb: NW Africa (W of Egypt); Islamized11th-12th centuries: Almoravids and Almohads (ultra-conservative Muslim Berbers) grow in powerReformers: launch jihad (war to spread and protect faith) against “lax” MuslimsAlmohads defeat Almoravids Almohad Caliphate: 1121-1269These groups are essential to the spread of Islam throughout Africa.Why is Islam attractive?Egalitarian; reinforced kings’ authority; equal footing politically/religiously/economica ...

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