This document discusses parts of speech in English. It begins by defining what a part of speech is, which is a category assigned to words based on their syntactic functions. The main parts of speech in English are listed as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Each part of speech is then defined and examples are provided. Types of each part of speech are also defined, such as types of nouns including common nouns, proper nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, and collective nouns. Classroom activities are suggested for teaching parts of speech as well.

1. PART OF SPEECH
By
Tehmina
Mushtaq

2. WHAT IS PART OF SPEECH?
a category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its
syntactic functions. In English the main parts of speech are
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
interjection

3. NOUN
a word (other than a pronoun)
used to identify any of a class
of people, places, or things
( common noun ), or to name a
particular one of these ( proper
noun )

4. TYPES OF NOUNS
Common noun.
Proper noun. ...
Concrete noun. ...
Abstract noun. ...
Collective nouns. ...
Count and mass nouns.

5. CLASS ACTIVITY
The Longest List
Have students break into groups, and have
them make a four-column chart with the titles
“Person," “Place," “Thing," or “Idea." Tell them
that they will have twenty seconds to fill out
each column with as many nouns as they can
think of. This fast-paced noun activity should
take less than two minutes.

6. TYPES OF NOUNS
Concrete Noun
A concrete noun is a noun that can be
identified through one of the five senses
(taste, touch, sight, hearing, or smell). ...
In the sentence above, the noun phone is
a concrete noun: you can touch it, see it,
hear it, and maybe even smell it or taste it.

7. TYPES OF NOUNS
Abstract Noun
a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state
rather than a concrete object,
e.g. truth, danger, happiness.
Collective Noun
a count noun that denotes a group of
individuals (e.g. assembly, family, crew ).

8. TYPES OF NOUNS
Count and mass noun
A mass noun in your home language may
be a count noun in English! If you can put
a number in front of a noun and it makes
sense, it is a count noun. Mass
nouns (also called uncountable nouns or
non-count nouns) are nouns that cannot
be pluralized.

9. PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word that
replaces a noun in a
sentence. Pronouns are
used to avoid repeating
the same nouns over and
over again. ...
Common pronouns includ
e I, me, mine, she, he, it,
we, and us.

10. TYPES OF PRONOUN
Possessive pronouns (e.g., his,
your)
Reciprocal pronouns (e.g., each
other, one another)
Relative pronouns (e.g., which,
where)

11. TYPES OF PRONOUN
Possessive Pronoun
a pronoun indicating possession, for
example mine, yours, hers, theirs.
Reciprocal Pronouns
A reciprocal pronoun is used to express
a mutual action or relationship. There
are two reciprocal pronouns:
Each other
One another

12. CLASS ACTIVITY
Ball Games
Yet another activity would include having a
nerf ball and standing or sitting in a circle.
Randomly toss the ball to the student and
have them say a sentence with at least one
pronoun in it. Once they complete the task
have them toss the ball to another student
and so forth and so forth.

13. TYPES OF PRONOUN
Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronouns are words ending in -
self or -selves that are used when the subject
and the object of a sentence are the same
(e.g., I believe in myself). They can act as either
objects or indirect objects. The nine
English reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself,
himself, herself, oneself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, and themselves.

14. TYPES OF PRONOUN
Indefinite Pronoun
An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or
amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite
pronouns are: all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each,
everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none,
one, several, some, somebody/someone.
•Interrogative Pronoun
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking
questions easy.
The five interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and
whose.

15. ADVERB
a word or phrase that modifies or
qualifies an adjective, verb, or
other adverb or a word group,
expressing a relation of place,
time, circumstance, manner,
cause, degree, etc.
(e.g., gently, quite, then, there ).

16. TYPES OF ADVERB
There are five basic types of
adverbs in the English
language, namely that
of Manner, Time, Place,
Frequency, and Degree. Here
is a brief explanation of the
meaning each has, along with
example sentences using
each type of adverb.

17. TYPES OF ADVERB
Adverbs of degree tell us more about the intensity of the verb in the
sentence, in other words, they describe how much, or to what degree.
They can be categorized as low degree (e.g. somewhat), medium
degree (e.g. fairly), and high degree (e.g. extremely). Adverbs of
degree can also modify adjectives and other adverbs and are placed
before the word they modify. Popular adverbs of degree include:
Almost enough hardly just nearly quite simply
So too
Let's look at some sample sentences:
This short essay is hardly sufficient.
It's simply not enough.
I'm so excited to move to Ireland.

18. TYPES OF ADVERB
Adverbs of frequency let us know how often the verb
occurs. Therefore they mostly modify verbs. These adverbs tend
to appear right before the main verb in the sentence. Popular
adverbs in this category include:
Again always never normally rarely seldom
Sometimes usually
Here they are in action:
I always read a book before bed.
Does he normally walk his dog at this time?
She usually shops at the Korean market in town.

19. TYPES OF ADVERB
Adverbs of manner tell us how, or in what manner, something was
carried out. They mostly modify verbs and can often be found at the
end of a clause. This category comprises the most common adverbs -
the ones that end in -ly. Here are some examples of adverbs of
manner:
Beautifully generously happily neatly patiently
Softly quickly well
And here are some example sentences:
He trimmed the white roses neatly.
I combed my dog's fur carefully because it had lots of tangles.
There's no reason why you can't discuss the topic with me calmly.

20. TYPES OF ADVERB
Adverbs of time detail when the verb took place. We usually see
these kinds of adverbs placed at the beginning or end of a
sentence. Adverbs of time include:
Annually daily monthly recently tomorrow
Weekly yearly yesterday
Here they are at work:
Lately, you've been rude to everyone around.
They recently relocated to Santa Fe.
The morning newspaper arrives daily.

21. VERB + VERB = ACTIVITY
1. Pick up, roll, knock down
2. Find, connect, make
3. Hang, hit, pick up
4. Push, run, smile
5. Open, tolerate, spit, pay, thanks
6. Sing, blow, clap, cut, eat
7. Hook, throw, wait, pull, unhook
8. Call, wait, receive, pay, eat

22. VERB
a word used to describe an action,
state, or occurrence, and
forming the main part of the
predicate of a sentence,
such as hear, become, happen.

24. TYPES OF VERBS
1. Action verbs
2. Modal verbs
3. Auxiliary verbs
4. Irregular verbs
5. Stative verbs
6. Phrasal verbs
7. Transitive verbs
8. Intransitive verbs

25. ACTION VERBS
Action verbs express specific actions and are used any time you want
to show action or discuss someone doing something. It’s important
to remember that the action does not have to be physical.
Action verb examples:
Run Dance Slide Jump Think Do Go Stand Smile
Listen.
The action verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for
easy identification.
I run faster than David.
He does it well.
She thinks about poetry all day long

26. TRANSITIVE VERBS
Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities that relate or
affect someone or something else. These other things are generally direct objects,
nouns or pronouns that are affected by the verb, though some verbs can also take an
indirect object, such as show, take, and make. In a sentence with a transitive verb,
someone or something receives the action of the verb, for example
Love Respect Tolerate Believe Maintain.
The transitive verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
Gary ate the cookies.
The transitive verb is ate, Gary is the subject, because it is Gary who is doing the
eating, and the cookies are the direct object, because it is the cookies that are being
eaten. Other examples:
He kicked John. John punches him. They sold the tickets.
Examples of verbs used with both direct and indirect objects:
They sell him the tickets. In this sentence, the tickets are the direct object
while him is the indirect object.
Mary baked her mother a pie. In this sentence, a pie is the direct object while her

27. INTRANSITIVE VERBIntransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. They are different
from transitive verbs because there is no direct object following an intransitive verb.
Intransitive verb examples:
Walk Laugh Cough Play Run
The intransitive verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
For example, We travelled to London.
The intransitive verb is travelled, the subject is we, because we are doing the travelling,
but London is not a direct object because London is not receiving the action of the verb.
Other examples:
I sneeze in the morning. He arrived with moments to spare. Kathryn sat away from the
others. John eats before leaving for school.
The last example shows that the verb eats can be both transitive and intransitive
depending on whether there is a direct object or not. If the sentence read: John eats the
cookies before leaving for school, eats would be transitive as there is a direct object – the
cookies.
By the way, some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive. These verbs include: start,
leave, change, live, stop.

28. AUXILLIARY VERBS
Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs and are used together with a
main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a question or negative.
Common examples of auxiliary verbs include have, might, will. These
auxiliary verbs give some context to the main verb, for example, letting the
reader know when the action took place.
Auxiliary verb examples: Would Should Do Can Did Could
May
The auxiliary verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
I will go home after football practice.
The auxiliary verb will is telling us that the action of the main verb go is
going to take place in the future – after football practice has ended. If the
auxiliary verb will was removed, we get the sentence:
I go home after football practice.
In this case, there is no definite time frame for the action. The sentence
suggests that going home after football practice is just something the

29. I may dance with you later.
We did consider Bryan’s feelings.
Jenny has spoken her final words.
In addition, we can sometimes use the auxiliary very before the
pronoun to make a question:
Might you dance with me later?
Did we consider Bryan’s feelings?
Has Jenny spoken her final words?
Also, auxiliary verbs are used to help form negative statements, with
the use of words like not and never. These will usually split the
auxiliary and main verbs:
I may never dance with you again.
We did not consider Bryan’s feelings.
Jenny has not spoken her final words.

30. STATIVE VERBS
Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an
action. They typically relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses,
states of being, and measurements. The best way to think about stative
verbs is that they are verbs that describe things that are not actions. The
stative verbs are all expressing a state: A state of doubting, a state of
believing, a state of wanting. These states of being are often temporary.
The stative verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
The doctor disagrees with your analysis.
Disagree is a stative verb here, as it describes the doctor’s state of being –
disagreement.
John doubts the doctor’s opinion.
I believe the doctor is right.
She wanted another opinion.

31. MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities,
possibilities, permissions, and obligations.
Modal verb examples: Can Must May Should Would
The modal verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
He can shoot a three-point shot easily.
The auxiliary verb can is expressing an ability, suggesting that shooting a
three-point shot is a skill the subject possesses.
Please note that in the case of should and must in the examples below, the
modal verbs are expressing obligations, whereas would and may are
expressing possibilities.
I should go home. You must not delay. Sally would not recommend the
sushi.
David may be late.

32. PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead, they are combinations of words that
are used together to take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.
There are many examples of phrasal verbs, some of which have colloquial
meanings, such as make up, hand in, bring up, point out, look forward to. Each
time the verb takes the extra word(s) it takes on a new meaning. For
example, make without the up expresses that something is being created,
whereas with make up, the suggestion is that there are some lies or a fantastical
element to the story and make out can mean either to grasp or see something
difficult, or to kiss passionately.
Phrasal verb examples: Run out Go all out Make out Hand out Bring out
Face up Think through
The phrasal verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
Mary looked forward to her high school reunion.
The verb looked has taken on forward to to become a phrasal verb meaning to
be excited about or eagerly await something.
He brought up the same points again and again. Leroy handed in the wallet
to the police.
I make up stories all the time. She pointed out Donald’s mistake.

33. IRREGULAR VERBSIrregular verbs are those that don’t take on the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past
participle verbs. Unfortunately, there are hundreds of irregular verbs in the English language.
But don’t worry, while many are used often, the majority are not in common usage – or if they
are, you will use them so often you will learn them quickly. Some of the most common irregular
verbs include: say, make, go, take, come, know and see.
Irregular verb examples: Eat Think Bring Hold Bear Buy Lay Catch Drive
Paid Feel Redo
The irregular verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
I take my time when I go to the shops (present tense) I took my time when I went to the
shops (past tense) Julie makes cake for the classroom (present tense)
Julie made a cake for the classroom (past tense)
She sees a silhouette shaped like a man in the window (present tense) She saw a
silhouette shaped like a man in the window (past tense)
We come to Aunt Jane’s for Thanksgiving each year (present tense) We came to Aunt
Jane’s for Thanksgiving each year (past tense).
You should also remember that auxiliary verbs ‘do’ and ‘have’ are also irregular verbs:
I do agree. He does it often. We have done our homework early. They do their
homework on Fridays.
I have a suspicion about Fran Fran has a devious look. We have no money left. They
have had a cough twice this winter.

34. ADJECTIVE
Adjectives are words that describe
or modify other words, making
your writing and speaking much
more specific, and a whole lot
more interesting. Words like small,
blue, and sharp are descriptive,
and they are all examples of
adjectives.

35. ADJECTIVE NAME GAME
Number of People: Between 6-30
Materials: None
Activity Level: None
Risk Level: Low
The participants are formed in a circle and each group member is
required to think of an adjective that describes him/her AND rhymes
or starts with the same letter as their first name (facilitator choice).
For example, “Silly Sally” or “Jumping John”. Each group member will
yell out that new name and from there, the group will go around the
circle. The second person would then repeat the first person’s name
and then state their adjective and name. The third would then say the
first, the second, and so on. The game continues until everyone in the
circle has gone. It is also a good idea for the facilitator or whoever
needs to remember the names the most to go LAST!

36. TYPES OF ADJECTIVEDescriptive Adjectives
Quantitative Adjectives
Proper Adjectives
Demonstrative Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives
Interrogative Adjectives
Indefinite Adjectives
Articles
Compound Adjectives
Numbers Adjectives

37. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES
A descriptive adjective is a word which describes nouns and
pronouns. Most of the adjectives belong in this type. These adjectives
provide information and attribute to the nouns/pronouns they modify
or describe. Descriptive adjectives are also called qualitative
adjectives.
Participles are also included in this type of adjective when they
modify a noun.
Examples:
I have a fast car. (The word ‘fast’ is describing an attribute of the car)
I am hungry. (The word ‘hungry’ is providing information about the
subject)
The hungry cats are crying.
I saw a flying Eagle.

38. QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES
A quantitative adjective provides information about the quantity of
the nouns/pronouns. This type belongs to the question category of
‘how much’ and ‘how many’.
Examples:
I have 20 bucks in my wallet. (How much)
They have three children. (How many)
You should have completed the whole task. (How much)

39. Proper Adjectives
Proper adjectives are the adjective form of proper nouns. When proper
nouns modify or describe other nouns/pronouns, they become proper
adjectives. ‘Proper’ means ‘specific’ rather than ‘formal’ or ‘polite.’
A proper adjective allows us to summarize a concept in just one word.
Instead of writing/saying ‘a food cooked in Chinese recipe’ you can
write/say ‘Chinese food’.
Proper adjectives are usually capitalized as proper nouns are.
Example:
American cars are very strong.
Chinese people are hard workers.
I love KFC burgers.
Marxist philosophers despise capitalism.

40. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
A demonstrative adjective directly refers to something or someone.
Demonstrative adjectives include the words: this, that, these, those.
A demonstrative pronoun works alone and does not precede a noun,
but a demonstrative adjective always comes before the word it
modifies.
Examples:
That building is so gorgeously decorated. (‘That’ refers to a singular
noun far from the speaker)
This car is mine. (‘This’ refers to a singular noun close to the speaker)
These cats are cute. (‘These’ refers to a plural noun close to the
speaker)
Those flowers are heavenly. (‘Those’ refers to a plural noun far from
the speaker)

41. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES
An interrogative adjective asks a question. An interrogative adjective
must be followed by a noun or a pronoun. The interrogative
adjectives are: which, what, whose. These words will not be
considered as adjectives if a noun does not follow right after them.
‘Whose’ also belongs to the possessive adjective type.
Examples:
Which phone do you use?
What game do you want to play?
Whose car is this?

42. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES
An indefinite adjective describes or modifies a noun unspecifically.
They provide indefinite/unspecific information about the noun. The
common indefinite adjectives are few, many, much, most, all, any,
each, every, either, nobody, several, some, etc.
Examples:
I gave some candy to her.
I want a few moments alone.
Several writers wrote about the recent incidents.
Each student will have to submit homework tomorrow.

43. Articles
Articles also modify the nouns. So, articles are also
adjectives. Articles determine the specification of nouns.
‘A’ and ‘an’ are used to refer to an unspecific noun, and
‘the’ is used to refer to a specific noun.
Examples:
•A cat is always afraid of water. (Here, the noun ‘cat’
refers to any cat, not specific.)
•The cat is afraid of me. (This cat is a specific cat.)
•An electronic product should always be handled with
care.

44. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
When compound nouns/combined words modify other nouns, they
become a compound adjective. This type of adjective usually
combines more than one word into a single lexical unit and modifies
a noun. They are often separated by a hyphen or joined together by a
quotation mark.
Example:
I have a broken-down sofa.
I saw a six-foot-long snake.
He gave me an “I’m gonna kill you now” look.

45. NUMBERS ADJECTIVES
When they’re used in sentences, numbers
are almost always adjectives. You can tell
that a number is an adjective when it
answers the question “How many?”
The stagecoach was pulled by a team
of six
He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and
was sick afterwards.

46. We visited the museum, where we saw ____________ artifacts.
 A lot of
 Ancient
 John’s
 A room filled with
Please get me a bag of ____________ apples.
 Interesting
 Ripe red
 Oranges and
 Real
The president sat in a _______________ chair.
 Important
 Barber’s
 Funny
 Leather
________________ weather is the norm in San Francisco.
 Blue
 Big
 Foggy
 The best

47. Answer Key:
A – We visited the museum, where we
saw ancient artifacts.
B – I received two awards at the
ceremony today.
B – Please get me a bag of ripe
red apples.
D – The president sat in
a leather chair.
C – Foggy weather is the norm in San
Francisco.

48. THE DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES
There are three degrees of adjectives: Positive, comparative,
superlative.
These degrees are applicable only for the descriptive adjectives.
Examples:
Positive degree: He is a good boy.
Comparative degree: He is better than any other boy.
Superlative: He is the best boy.

49. PREPOSITION
a word governing, and usually preceding,
a noun or pronoun and expressing a
relation to another word or element in the
clause, as in ‘the man on the platform’,
‘she arrived after dinner’, ‘what did you do
it for ?’.

50. ICE-BREAKING ACTIVITY
Whose story is it?
Start by writing your funniest or weirdest story
on a small piece of paper. It has to be a true
one, no colouring! Then fold the paper up and
drop it into a bowl or other container. The
facilitator or the person leading the program
randomly reads every story & the group has to
guess who the writer is. This is a great way to
get to know each other and find out new things,
even if you’ve worked together for a long time.

51. PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word used to
link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to
other words within a sentence. They
act to connect the people, objects,
time and locations of a
sentence. Prepositions are usually
short words, and they are normally
placed directly in front of nouns.

52. TYPES OF PREPOSITION
Preposition of time
Preposition of place
Preposition of
movement

53. PREPOSITION OF TIME
Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after.
They are used to help indicate when something happened, happens or will
happen. It can get a little confusing though, as many different prepositions
can be used.
Prepositions of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
For example:
I was born on July 4th, 1982.
I was born in 1982.
I was born at exactly 2am.
I was born two minutes before my twin brother.
I was born after the Great War ended.

54. The above makes it seem quite difficult, with five different prepositions
used to indicate when something happened. However, there is a set of
guidelines that can help decide which preposition to use:
For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the
preposition in:
I first met John in 1987.
It’s always cold in January
Easter falls in spring each year.
The Second World War occurred in the 20th century.
We eat breakfast in the morning.
For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on.
We go to school on Mondays, but not on Sunday
Christmas is on December 25th.
Buy me a present on my birthday.
For times, indicators of exception and festivals, use the preposition at:

55. Families often argue at Christmas time.
I work faster at night.
Her shift finished at 7pm.
Before and after should be much easier to understand than the other
examples of prepositions of time. Both are used to explain when something
happened, happens or will happen, but specifically in relation to another
thing.
Before I discovered this bar, I used to go straight home after work.
We will not leave before 3pm.
David comes before Bryan in the line, but after Louise.
Other prepositions of time could include: During, about, around, until and
throughout.
The concert will be staged throughout the month of May.
I learned how to ski during the holidays.
He usually arrives around 3pm.
It was about six in the morning when we made it to bed.
The store is open until midnight.

56. PREPOSITION OF PLACE
To confuse matters a bit, the most common prepositions to indicate time – on,
at, in – are also the most common prepositions to indicate position. However,
the rules are a little clearer as place prepositions are a more rigid concept than
time prepositions.
Prepositions of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
The cat is on the table.
The dogs are in the kennel.
We can meet at the crossroads.
The guidelines can be broken down as follows:
On is used when referring to something with a surface:
The sculpture hangs on the wall.
The images are on the page.
The specials are on the menu, which is on the table.

57. In is used when referring to something that is
inside or within confined boundaries. This could
be anything, even a country:
Jim is in France, visiting his aunt in the hospital.
The whiskey is in the jar in the fridge.
The girls play in the garden.
At is used when referring to something at a
specific point:
The boys are at the entrance at the movie
theater.
He stood at the bus stop at the corner of Water
and High streets.

58. Lot’s of other prepositions of place, such
as under, over, inside, outside,
above and below are used in English. There is,
however, a lot less confusion as they refer to
rigid positions rather than abstract ones.
The cat is under the table.
Put the sandwich over there.
The key is locked inside the car.
They stepped outside the house.
Major is ranked above corporal.
He is waving at you from below the stairs.

59. PREPOSITION OF MOVEMENT
Prepositions of movement are quite easy to understand as they are
less abstract than prepositions of place and time. Essentially, they
describe how something or someone moves from one place to another.
The most commonly used preposition of movement is to, which
usually serves to highlight that there is movement towards a specific
destination.
Prepositions of movement examples in the following sentences are in
bold for easy identification.
He has gone on vacation to France.
She went to the bowling alley every Friday last summer.
I will go to bed when I am tired.
They will go to the zoo if they finish their errands.

60. Other more specific prepositions of movement include: through, across, off, down and into. These
prepositions can sometimes get mixed up with others. While they are similar, they have individual
meanings that add context to the movement.
Across refers to moving from one side to another.
Mike travelled across America on his motorcycle.
Rebecca and Judi are swimming across the lake.
Through refers to moving directly inside something and out the other end.
The bullet Ben shot went through the window.
The train passes through the tunnel.
Into refers to entering or looking inside something.
James went into the room.
They stare into the darkness.
Up, over, down, past and around indicate directions of movement:
Jack went up the hill.
Jill came tumbling down after.
We will travel over rough terrain on our way to Grandma’s house.
The horse runs around the track all morning.
A car zoomed past a truck on the highway

61. CONJUNCTION
a word used to connect clauses or sentences or
to coordinate words in the same clause
(e.g. and, but, if ).
In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech
that connects words, phrases, or clauses that
are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions.
EXAMPLE
I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like
washing dishes afterward. Sophie is clearly
exhausted, yet she insists on dancing till dawn.

62. TYPES
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
Subordinating
Conjunctions

63. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join
words, phrases, and clauses of equal
grammatical rank in a sentence. The most
common coordinating conjunctions are for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can remember
them by using the mnemonic device FANBOYS.
Example
I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch. We needed a
place to concentrate, so we packed up our
things and went to the library. Jesse didn’t have
much money, but she got by.

64. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Subordinating conjunctions join independent
and dependent clauses. A subordinating
conjunction can signal a cause-and-effect
relationship, a contrast, or some other kind of
relationship between the clauses. Common
subordinating conjunctions are because, since,
as, although, though, while, and whereas.
Sometimes an adverb, such as until,
after, or before can function as a conjunction.
EXAMPLE
I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.

65. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of
conjunctions that work together. Some
examples are either/or,
neither/nor, and not only/but also.
EXAMPLE
Not only am I finished studying for
English, but I’m also finished writing my
history essay.

66. INTERJECTIONS
An interjection is a word or expression
that occurs as an utterance on its own and
expresses a spontaneous feeling or
reaction. It is a diverse category,
encompassing a number of different parts
of speech, such as exclamations, curses,
greetings, response particles, hesitation
markers and other words.

67. INTERJECTIONS
Here are the basic kinds of interjection words and phrases:
Interjections for Greeting. ...
Interjections for Joy. ...
Interjections for Approval and Praise. ...
Interjections for Surprise. ...
Interjections for Grief/Pain. ...
Interjections for Bidding Farwell. ...
Interjections for Expressing Doubt or Hesitation.

68. 1. INTERJECTIONS FOR GREETING
These interjection are used to indicate
emotion of warmth towards the other
person when they meet. These
include: Hello! , Hey! , Hi! Etc. For
example,
Hey! Good to see you today.
Hello! I am Jane.
Hi! Would you like to have a cup of coffee?

69. 2. INTERJECTIONS FOR JOY
These interjection are used to indicate
immediate emotion of happiness on a
sudden happy event that occurred. These
include: Hurrah! , Hurray! , Wow!,
Yippee Etc. For example,
Hurray! My team won the game.
Wow! I passed the exam.
Hurrah! We’ve got another day off.

70. 3. INTERJECTIONS FOR APPROVAL
AND PRAISE
These interjection are used by the speaker
when he expresses a strong sense of approval
and agreement on something that happened.
These include: Bravo! , Brilliant! , Well done! Etc.
For example,
Well done! You got the job.
Bravo! He made the goal.
Brilliant! You scored 99% percent in the exams.

71. 4. INTERJECTIONS FOR SURPRISE
These interjection are used by the speaker
when he expresses a strong sense of surprise
on something that happened. These
include: Ha! , Hey! , What! , Oh! , Ah! , Eh!,
Gosh, Wow, Whoa Etc. For example,
What! His mother died!
Ah! I got promoted.
Eh! That sounds so disgusting.

72. 5. INTERJECTIONS FOR GRIEF/PAIN
These interjection are used by the speaker
when he expresses a strong emotion of
grief on something unfortunate that
happened. These
include: Alas! , Ah! , Oh! , Ouch! Etc. For
example,
Alas! He is dead.
Ouch! I hurt my foot.
Ah! The pain of injection.

73. 6. INTERJECTIONS FOR BIDDING
FARWELL
These interjection are used by the
speaker to bid farewell or say good-
bye. These include: Bye!, good-bye!,
farewell! Etc. For example,
Good-bye! we are leaving.
Bye! I have to leave for now.

74. 7. INTERJECTIONS FOR
EXPRESSING DOUBT OR
HESITATION
These interjection are used by the speaker
when they are unsure and thinking of what
to say next. These include: Hmm, Uh,
Er Etc. For example,
Hmm, I am not really sure what happened.
Do you remember, uh, how used to play
this game.
Um, I think she has a question.