This document provides information about different types of sentences and verbs in English grammar. It discusses: 1. Transitive verbs which take a direct object, intransitive verbs which do not take a direct object, and intensive/linking verbs which link the subject to a subject complement. 2. Complex transitive verbs which require both a direct object and an object complement to identify a quality of the direct object. 3. Ditransitive verbs which can be followed by two objects, one receiving the action and one directed towards. 4. Prepositional verbs which combine a verb and preposition to create a new verb with distinct meaning. 5. Examples are provided for each type along with exercises

1. Types of sentences
TEST No. 3: Nov. 18
PROJECT: NOV 25 Y DIC 2
TIME: 2 weeks
Tasks: 1 (not for grading purposes)
Assignment 3: due date: November 13. (25 POINTS)
TEST 3: NOVEMBER 18
First week. Types of sentences
1. Transitive verb group
A transitive verb is one that is used with an object: a noun, phrase,
or pronoun that refers to the person or thing that is affected by the action of
the verb. In the following sentences, admire, maintain, and love are
transitive verbs:
I admire your courage.
We need to maintain product quality.
She loves animals.
2. Intransitive verb group
An intransitive verb is simply defined as a verb that does not take a direct
object. There's no word in the sentence that tells who or what received the
action. While there may be a word or phrase following an intransitive verb,
such words and phrases typically answer the question "how". Most
intransitive verbs are complete without a direct object.
3. intensive verb group
Intensive verbs are commonly known as linking verbs, or copular verbs. The
have the following structure: Subject+Linking Verb+Subject Complement. The
Subject Complement can be a noun, (i.e., a predicate nominal), an adjective
(i.e., a predicate adjective) or an adverb (i.e., adverbs of time or place, and
prepositional phrases.
he is my doctor.
He is my teacher.
She is nice.
Those people are married.
He seems young.
You look good.
Sam is in the car.
The party is tomorrow.

2. An "intensiveverb" – usually called a linking verb or a copular verb – is one
which is used to describeits subject. Examples are verbs like be, seem,
appear, look, become. After theverb wecan use a noun or noun phrase, an
adjective, or a prepositional phraseas a subjectcomplement in sentences
like these:
Jack is the president.
Jack looks tired.
Jack is in his office
"Intensive" in this case means to focus in, intensely, on one thing: the subject
4. Complex transitive
In English grammar, a complex transitive is a verb that requires both
a direct object and another object or an object complement.
In a complex-transitive construction, the object complement identifies a
quality or attribute pertaining to the direct object.
Complex transitive verbs in English include believe, consider, declare, elect,
find, judge, keep, know, label, make, name, presume, pronounce, prove, rate,
regard, and think.
Note that verbs often belong to more than one category. For
example, made can function as a complex transitive (as in "Her thoughtless
remarks made him unhappy") and also as an ordinary transitive
verb ("She made a promise").
The adjective or noun phrase that qualifies or renames the object that
appears before it is sometimes called an object predicate or object
predicative.
Examples
 During the night leprechauns painted the barn green.
 The judge declared the man guilty on two counts.
 Jack found his brother's behavior deplorable.
 Elena Kagan clerked for Thurgood Marshall and has
long considered him a hero.
 When the Congress unanimously elected George Washington
president, he accepted reluctantly.
 "This man had made her happy and made her miserable, but he was
dependable." (Allison Brennan, Compulsion. Minotaur Books, 2015)
 "Men have called me mad, but the question is not yet settled, whether
madness is or is not the loftiest intelligence." (Edgar Allan Poe,
"Eleonora," 1842)

3.  "We called him Mother Superior on account of the length of his
habit." (Mark "Rent-boy" Renton, Trainspotting, 1996)
· Meaning in Transitives and Complex Transitives
· "[M]any of the verbs that appear in complex transitive clauses will also
appear in transitive clauses without an object complement; but when they
do, there is a change of meaning.
· Think about the different meanings of the verb in the following pairs of
sentences:
· (49a) Transitive: Ahmed found the professor.
(49b) Complex transitive: Ahmed found the professor marvelous!
(49c) Transitive: Hojin considered the matter.
(49d) Complex transitive: Hojin considered the matter a waste of time."
The Relationship Between the Two Complements of a Complex Transitive
"A complex transitive verb has two complements, an argument NP [noun
phrase] direct object and either a predicate NP or an AP [adjective phrase].
(5a) We considered Sam [direct object] our best friend [predicate noun
phrase].
(5b) They elected Mrs. Jones [direct object] president of the PTA [predicate
noun phrase].
. . . There is a special relationship between the two complements of
a complex transitive verb. The predicate NP or AP says something about or
describes the direct object, just as the predicate NP that is a complement of a
linking verb describes the subject. The predicate NP or AP is
either currently true of the direct object or comes to be true of the direct
object as a result of the action of the verb. Part of the meaning conveyed by
(5a), for example, is that Sam is our best friend.
5. Ditransitive verbs
A ditranstive verb can be followed by two objects, one of which has the
action of the verb done to it and the other of which has the action of the verb
directed towards it. ... In the sentence "I sent Victoria a letter", "send" is
ditransitive
6. Prepositional verbs
A prepositional verb is an idiomatic expression that combines a verb and
a preposition to make a new verb with a distinct meaning. Some examples of
prepositional verbs in English are care for, long for, apply for, approve of, add
to, resort to, result in, count on, and deal with. Examples:
She is waiting for him
I believe in God

4. I care for you
He is knocking at the door
Practice No1. Underline the constituents that appear after the verb in these
sentences, and
say the type of verb group.
1. The staff sent the general a message the day before the elections
2. They will buy her a nice card for Christmas
3. Ramon found his jokes extremely funny
4. Paul found Thomas a nice companion
5. They glanced at the falling acrobat
6. It was a very interesting play
7. The students saw the rat in the hallway near the cafeteria
8. Mary painted her nails light blue
9. The main witnesses for the murder case disappeared last night.
10. She cares for you.
Second week. Read this short information by Catherine Anderson
about Tree diagrams. Take into account the following information to
draw trees.
We’re about to start looking into how sentences are organized in our mental
grammar. Before we do that, we need to be familiar with a particular kind of
notation called a tree diagram. We’ll see that, within each
sentence, words are grouped into phrases. Phrases can be grouped together
to form other phrases, and to form sentences. We use tree diagrams to
depict this organization. They’re called tree diagrams because they have lots
of branches: each of these little lines that join things in the diagram is a
branch.
Every place where branches come together is called a node. Nodes indicate a
set of words that act together as a unit: each node corresponds to a group of
words called a constituent, which you’lllearn about in another unit. If a node
has no daughters, we call it a terminal node.
Within a tree diagram, we can also talk about the relationships between
different parts of the tree. Every branch joins two nodes. The higher one is
called the mother, and the lower one is called the daughter. A mother can
have more than one daughter, but each daughter has only one mother. And,
as you might expect, if two daughters have the same mother, then we say
that they’re sisters to each other.

5. Having this vocabulary for tree diagrams will allow us to talk about the
syntactic relationships between the parts of sentences in our mental
grammar.
ü Complements of the verb are sisters of the verb group
ü Modifiers are sisters of the verb phrase
Examples
Ate is sister of the bone
It is a transitive verb group because it takes the bone as its direct object. It
answers the question: what did the dog eat?
Another example:
Here, in the park is a PP which modifies a man, it does not complement the
verb saw, it is not a sister of the Verb group.
We will practice more of this in the meeting