This document provides an introduction to basic syntactic notions in English, including sentences, their structure, and their main components. It discusses sentences as the basic unit of syntax and how they express predicativity through relations to the speech act, speaker, and reality. Sentences are then classified based on their structure as simple or complex. The main parts of sentences - the subject, predicate, and object - are defined and categorized based on their structure, grammatical type, and position within the sentence. Other sentence elements like attributes, appositions, and adverbial modifiers are also introduced.
All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are:
- Noun
- Verb
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Pronoun
- Conjunction
- Determiner
- Exclamation
- Preposition
Words are the basic elements of language and can be classified into three main groups: lexical words, function words, and inserts. Lexical words are the main carriers of information and include content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Function words indicate meaning relationships and include structural words like determiners, pronouns, auxiliaries, prepositions, and conjunctions.
The document provides an outline for a discourse analysis and grammar course. It includes sections on references, conjunction, theme and rheme, substitution and ellipsis, and tense and aspect. The document defines key terms related to discourse analysis and grammar such as anaphoric and cataphoric references, ideational and textual themes, and nominal, verbal, and clausal ellipsis. It also provides examples to illustrate concepts like conjunction types, theme and rheme, and substitution and ellipsis.
The document provides an analysis of Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem "Jabberwocky" from Through the Looking Glass. It notes that while some words are English, most are nonsense words invented by Carroll. It analyzes the made-up words as stems that refer to things in the real world, while smaller English words provide grammatical categories. Stems and whole words are termed "lexemes" that name or refer, while morphological parts are called "morphemes" that mark grammatical categories. The poem is analyzed as using invented lexemes but real English morphemes to tell a nonsensical story.
This document discusses the key concepts of generative grammar including:
- Generative grammar defines syntactic structures and generates all grammatical sentences of a language using a finite set of rules.
- Syntax is the study of how words are combined into phrases and sentences. Phrases are groupings of words headed by a lexical category.
- Sentences contain lexical categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives as well as functional categories like determiners and auxiliaries.
- Verbs select complements like objects, predicates, and clauses that are required, while adjuncts provide optional details like time and manner.
- Recursion allows categories to embed within each other, generating infinitely long phrases.
This document discusses syntax and sentence structure. It defines syntax as the study of how words are arranged to form sentences based on rules of grammar. Generative grammar refers to the system of rules that allows sentences to be formed. The document also discusses the difference between deep structure, which relates to meaning, and surface structure, which relates to grammar. It describes the basic syntactic units of morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Finally, it discusses structural ambiguity where a single statement can have multiple meanings.
Lecture No. 09 Parallelism in Discourse , lecture No 13 [Autosaved].pptxShoaibNajeeb
Stream of Consciousness in the novel ‘ To The Lighthouse’
Paper The Modernist Literature
Topic Stream of Consciousness in
the novel ‘To The Lighthouse’
Name Avani N. Dave
Roll No. 2
Class M.A. Sem. 3
Submitted to Dr. Dilip Barad
Department of English
MK.Bhavnagar University
Introduction
Virginia woolf, one of the prominent representative Of Modernist novelist in England, has contributed significantly to the development of modern novel in both theory and practice. She abandoned traditional fictional devices and formulated her own distinctive techniques. The novels of woolf tend to be less concerned with outward reality than with the inner life. Her masterpiece, to the Lighthouse, serves as an excellent sample in analyzing woolf’s literary theory and her experimental techniques.
Origin of the Word
The phrase “Stream of Consciousness” was coined by William James 1 to describe the flow of thoughts of the waking mind. Subsequently his phrase began to be used in a literary context to describe the narrative method by which certain novelists have described the unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters, without resorting to objectives description or conventional dialogue. James Joyce was a pioneer in using this technique in his novels of which the best known are Ulysses and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. And this technique was also used by Virginia Woolf. The related phrase “interior monologue” is used to describe the inner movement of Consciousness in a character’s mind. A famous example of the interior monologue is the opening pages of Mrs. Dalloway. The use of devices of the stream of Consciousness and the interior monologue marks a revolution in the form of the novel because through these devices the author can represent the flux of a character’s thoughts, impressions, and emotions and reminiscences, often without any logical Sequence.
Virginia Woolf and To The Lighthouse
When we mention Virginia Woolf’s ‘To The Lighthouse’, it’s very natural to talk about her stream of consciousness technique. In this novel, the structure of external objective events is demised in scope and scale, or almost e completely dissolved. It is composed of the continual activity of characters’ consciousness and shower of impressions. External events occupy little space in the novel the writer as an omniscient narrator has almost completely vanished and almost everything stated appears by the way of reflection in the consciousness of the dramatic characters and the novel does not progress on “what – happens – next” basis, but rather moves forward through a series of scenes arranged according to a sequence of selected moments of consciousness and the techniques to
All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are:
- Noun
- Verb
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Pronoun
- Conjunction
- Determiner
- Exclamation
- Preposition
Words are the basic elements of language and can be classified into three main groups: lexical words, function words, and inserts. Lexical words are the main carriers of information and include content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Function words indicate meaning relationships and include structural words like determiners, pronouns, auxiliaries, prepositions, and conjunctions.
The document provides an outline for a discourse analysis and grammar course. It includes sections on references, conjunction, theme and rheme, substitution and ellipsis, and tense and aspect. The document defines key terms related to discourse analysis and grammar such as anaphoric and cataphoric references, ideational and textual themes, and nominal, verbal, and clausal ellipsis. It also provides examples to illustrate concepts like conjunction types, theme and rheme, and substitution and ellipsis.
The document provides an analysis of Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem "Jabberwocky" from Through the Looking Glass. It notes that while some words are English, most are nonsense words invented by Carroll. It analyzes the made-up words as stems that refer to things in the real world, while smaller English words provide grammatical categories. Stems and whole words are termed "lexemes" that name or refer, while morphological parts are called "morphemes" that mark grammatical categories. The poem is analyzed as using invented lexemes but real English morphemes to tell a nonsensical story.
This document discusses the key concepts of generative grammar including:
- Generative grammar defines syntactic structures and generates all grammatical sentences of a language using a finite set of rules.
- Syntax is the study of how words are combined into phrases and sentences. Phrases are groupings of words headed by a lexical category.
- Sentences contain lexical categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives as well as functional categories like determiners and auxiliaries.
- Verbs select complements like objects, predicates, and clauses that are required, while adjuncts provide optional details like time and manner.
- Recursion allows categories to embed within each other, generating infinitely long phrases.
This document discusses syntax and sentence structure. It defines syntax as the study of how words are arranged to form sentences based on rules of grammar. Generative grammar refers to the system of rules that allows sentences to be formed. The document also discusses the difference between deep structure, which relates to meaning, and surface structure, which relates to grammar. It describes the basic syntactic units of morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Finally, it discusses structural ambiguity where a single statement can have multiple meanings.
Lecture No. 09 Parallelism in Discourse , lecture No 13 [Autosaved].pptxShoaibNajeeb
Stream of Consciousness in the novel ‘ To The Lighthouse’
Paper The Modernist Literature
Topic Stream of Consciousness in
the novel ‘To The Lighthouse’
Name Avani N. Dave
Roll No. 2
Class M.A. Sem. 3
Submitted to Dr. Dilip Barad
Department of English
MK.Bhavnagar University
Introduction
Virginia woolf, one of the prominent representative Of Modernist novelist in England, has contributed significantly to the development of modern novel in both theory and practice. She abandoned traditional fictional devices and formulated her own distinctive techniques. The novels of woolf tend to be less concerned with outward reality than with the inner life. Her masterpiece, to the Lighthouse, serves as an excellent sample in analyzing woolf’s literary theory and her experimental techniques.
Origin of the Word
The phrase “Stream of Consciousness” was coined by William James 1 to describe the flow of thoughts of the waking mind. Subsequently his phrase began to be used in a literary context to describe the narrative method by which certain novelists have described the unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters, without resorting to objectives description or conventional dialogue. James Joyce was a pioneer in using this technique in his novels of which the best known are Ulysses and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. And this technique was also used by Virginia Woolf. The related phrase “interior monologue” is used to describe the inner movement of Consciousness in a character’s mind. A famous example of the interior monologue is the opening pages of Mrs. Dalloway. The use of devices of the stream of Consciousness and the interior monologue marks a revolution in the form of the novel because through these devices the author can represent the flux of a character’s thoughts, impressions, and emotions and reminiscences, often without any logical Sequence.
Virginia Woolf and To The Lighthouse
When we mention Virginia Woolf’s ‘To The Lighthouse’, it’s very natural to talk about her stream of consciousness technique. In this novel, the structure of external objective events is demised in scope and scale, or almost e completely dissolved. It is composed of the continual activity of characters’ consciousness and shower of impressions. External events occupy little space in the novel the writer as an omniscient narrator has almost completely vanished and almost everything stated appears by the way of reflection in the consciousness of the dramatic characters and the novel does not progress on “what – happens – next” basis, but rather moves forward through a series of scenes arranged according to a sequence of selected moments of consciousness and the techniques to
Morphology is the study of words and their meaningful parts, called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning that cannot be broken down further while retaining meaning. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are classified as either derivational or inflectional based on how they change the word. Derivational morphemes can change the part of speech or meaning of the word, while inflectional morphemes change grammatical properties like number, tense or case without altering the core meaning. Together, morphemes form words and convey meaning
This document discusses fixed expressions in English. It notes there is no agreed upon terminology and definitions can vary. Idioms are defined as multi-word phrases whose meanings are not fully predictable from the individual words. Idioms typically have both a literal compositional meaning and a non-compositional idiomatic meaning. Fixed expressions include idioms and other phrases like proverbs and collocations that vary in their degree of compositionality. Institutionalization, fixedness, and non-compositionality are identified as the main factors in defining fixed expressions, though there is variability. Other criteria mentioned include orthography, syntactic integrity, and phonological properties. Examples of common English idioms and fixed expressions are provided.
This document provides an overview of structural analysis of English syntax, including definitions of key terms and descriptions of paradigms and other aspects of syntax. It discusses inflectional and derivational paradigms for various parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It also covers intonation patterns, word order, and function words as structural devices used to establish word classes in English.
This document discusses word formation and morphology. It defines key terms like morpheme, word, stem, base, root, affix, and allomorph. It explains that morphology is the study of word formation and structure, including the combination of morphemes. The main processes of word formation are affixation (prefixation and suffixation), compounding, conversion, and reduplication. Prefixes and suffixes can be used to derive new words or change the grammatical form of words. Morphemes have different types and functions in the formation and structure of words.
Different words have different grammatical functions in sentences. These functions are called word classes or parts of speech, which include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, pronouns, conjunctions, and complementizers. Words that denote objects and ideas are called content words, while function words that do not denote objects aid the structure of sentences. Verbs inflect based on tense, person, number and voice to indicate grammatical relationships between subjects and objects.
1. The document defines various linguistic terms related to syntax, semantics, morphology, and other areas of linguistics. It provides definitions and examples for terms like generative grammar, language acquisition, morphology, phonology, and others.
2. The document also defines terms specifically related to syntax and morphology, such as adjunct, adverb, affix, aspect, auxiliary verb, bound morpheme, clause, coordination, derivation, and others. Examples are provided for each term.
3. Finally, the document defines terms related to semantics and pragmatics, like antonymy, assertion, cancel an implicature, compositionality, connotation, contradiction, coreference, and others. Each term
This document provides an overview of linguistic concepts and theories of language that are relevant to language teaching. It discusses the key areas of linguistics including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It also outlines several theories of language such as structuralism, transformationalism, functionalism, and interactionism that have influenced approaches to language teaching. Theories of second language acquisition discussed include behaviorist learning theory. The document aims to inform language teachers about the underlying linguistic knowledge and theoretical frameworks that can inform how they teach different elements of the target language.
The document summarizes concepts related to English morphology, grammatical categories, and basic semantic relations. It defines key terms like morpheme, free and bound morphemes, root and stem. It also explains grammatical categories of person and tense. Finally, it provides examples of basic semantic relations such as paraphrase and contradiction. Participants then discuss how understanding these concepts can enhance their role as English teachers.
This document provides an introduction to the structure of the English language. It discusses analyzing language at various levels, including words, meanings, syntax, morphology, sounds, and written forms. Some key points:
- Morphology is the study of how morphemes (the smallest units of meaning) are combined to form words. Morphemes can be free-standing words or affixes like prefixes and suffixes.
- Words are organized into classes (parts of speech) based on how they function in phrases, clauses, and sentences. The main classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.
- Closed word classes like determin
This document discusses word structure and morphology. It defines key terms like morpheme, affixes, roots, and allomorphs. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning or function. Words can consist of a single morpheme or multiple morphemes. Affixes are bound morphemes that can be added to word roots or stems to change the word's meaning or function. Roots and stems carry the core meaning of words. Variations in the forms of morphemes are called allomorphs. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts of word structure and morphology.
This document discusses morphology, which is the study of morphemes and how they combine to form words. It defines a morpheme as the smallest unit of meaning and outlines the criteria that morphemes must meet. The document explains that morphemes can be free or bound, and that bases and affixes are two types of morphemes. Specifically, it states that bases carry the principal meaning of a word and that prefixes, suffixes, and infixes are kinds of affixes that occur before, after, or within a base, respectively.
This document discusses different types of phrases that serve as constituents in sentences. It defines a constituent as an element or component that is considered part of a construction, with words making up phrases and phrases making up sentences. The document then provides formulas and examples for different types of phrases, including noun phrases, verb phrases (finite and non-finite), adjective phrases, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, and appositive phrases. It explains how each type of phrase is formed and the function it serves within a sentence.
The document discusses the sentence and utterance as linguistic units. It defines the sentence as an abstract theoretical unit that expresses predication, while the utterance is the actual use of a sentence in speech. It also describes the main categories of the utterance based on its informative structure, including the theme (given information) and rheme (new information). Finally, it discusses textual deixis and how deictic markers help locate elements in a text relative to the speaker, addressee, time, and place.
This document defines and compares key concepts in reading and writing skills. It defines text as a piece of written or spoken language, while discourse is defined as a longer stretch of language, such as a conversation or story. Sentences are groups of words that express a complete thought, and can follow subject-verb or subject-verb-object patterns. Coherence refers to how ideas in a text are logically connected and arranged to aid comprehension.
This document provides information on parts of speech in the English language. It discusses the 8 parts of speech - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For each part of speech, the document provides the definition, examples, and sample sentences. It also discusses other grammar topics like the sentence, kinds of sentences, subject and predicate, and articles. The summary is below:
The document defines and provides examples of the 8 parts of speech in English - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. It also discusses topics like the structure of a sentence, the different kinds of sentences, and how to identify the subject and
The document discusses parts of speech and parts of a sentence in English. It defines parts of speech as classifications of words according to their relations to each other and things they represent. The traditional eight parts of speech in English are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Parts of a sentence include the subject, predicate, object, and complement. Words can be organized into sentences, clauses, phrases, and modifiers based on their grammatical functions.
This document discusses the 5 main components of language according to linguists: morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It provides details on each component, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. Morphology is the study of word structures and formation. Phonology is the study of sounds in a language. Syntax establishes rules for sentence structure. Semantics deals with meaning. Pragmatics examines how context contributes to meaning beyond what is literally said. The document serves as an overview of the main elements of human language.
Morphology is the study of how words are formed from smaller meaningful units called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning or function. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other elements. Morphology examines the rules for combining morphemes, such as affixing prefixes and suffixes, to form new words. It also analyzes the relationship between word structure and meaning.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Morphology is the study of words and their meaningful parts, called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning that cannot be broken down further while retaining meaning. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are classified as either derivational or inflectional based on how they change the word. Derivational morphemes can change the part of speech or meaning of the word, while inflectional morphemes change grammatical properties like number, tense or case without altering the core meaning. Together, morphemes form words and convey meaning
This document discusses fixed expressions in English. It notes there is no agreed upon terminology and definitions can vary. Idioms are defined as multi-word phrases whose meanings are not fully predictable from the individual words. Idioms typically have both a literal compositional meaning and a non-compositional idiomatic meaning. Fixed expressions include idioms and other phrases like proverbs and collocations that vary in their degree of compositionality. Institutionalization, fixedness, and non-compositionality are identified as the main factors in defining fixed expressions, though there is variability. Other criteria mentioned include orthography, syntactic integrity, and phonological properties. Examples of common English idioms and fixed expressions are provided.
This document provides an overview of structural analysis of English syntax, including definitions of key terms and descriptions of paradigms and other aspects of syntax. It discusses inflectional and derivational paradigms for various parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It also covers intonation patterns, word order, and function words as structural devices used to establish word classes in English.
This document discusses word formation and morphology. It defines key terms like morpheme, word, stem, base, root, affix, and allomorph. It explains that morphology is the study of word formation and structure, including the combination of morphemes. The main processes of word formation are affixation (prefixation and suffixation), compounding, conversion, and reduplication. Prefixes and suffixes can be used to derive new words or change the grammatical form of words. Morphemes have different types and functions in the formation and structure of words.
Different words have different grammatical functions in sentences. These functions are called word classes or parts of speech, which include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, pronouns, conjunctions, and complementizers. Words that denote objects and ideas are called content words, while function words that do not denote objects aid the structure of sentences. Verbs inflect based on tense, person, number and voice to indicate grammatical relationships between subjects and objects.
1. The document defines various linguistic terms related to syntax, semantics, morphology, and other areas of linguistics. It provides definitions and examples for terms like generative grammar, language acquisition, morphology, phonology, and others.
2. The document also defines terms specifically related to syntax and morphology, such as adjunct, adverb, affix, aspect, auxiliary verb, bound morpheme, clause, coordination, derivation, and others. Examples are provided for each term.
3. Finally, the document defines terms related to semantics and pragmatics, like antonymy, assertion, cancel an implicature, compositionality, connotation, contradiction, coreference, and others. Each term
This document provides an overview of linguistic concepts and theories of language that are relevant to language teaching. It discusses the key areas of linguistics including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It also outlines several theories of language such as structuralism, transformationalism, functionalism, and interactionism that have influenced approaches to language teaching. Theories of second language acquisition discussed include behaviorist learning theory. The document aims to inform language teachers about the underlying linguistic knowledge and theoretical frameworks that can inform how they teach different elements of the target language.
The document summarizes concepts related to English morphology, grammatical categories, and basic semantic relations. It defines key terms like morpheme, free and bound morphemes, root and stem. It also explains grammatical categories of person and tense. Finally, it provides examples of basic semantic relations such as paraphrase and contradiction. Participants then discuss how understanding these concepts can enhance their role as English teachers.
This document provides an introduction to the structure of the English language. It discusses analyzing language at various levels, including words, meanings, syntax, morphology, sounds, and written forms. Some key points:
- Morphology is the study of how morphemes (the smallest units of meaning) are combined to form words. Morphemes can be free-standing words or affixes like prefixes and suffixes.
- Words are organized into classes (parts of speech) based on how they function in phrases, clauses, and sentences. The main classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.
- Closed word classes like determin
This document discusses word structure and morphology. It defines key terms like morpheme, affixes, roots, and allomorphs. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning or function. Words can consist of a single morpheme or multiple morphemes. Affixes are bound morphemes that can be added to word roots or stems to change the word's meaning or function. Roots and stems carry the core meaning of words. Variations in the forms of morphemes are called allomorphs. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts of word structure and morphology.
This document discusses morphology, which is the study of morphemes and how they combine to form words. It defines a morpheme as the smallest unit of meaning and outlines the criteria that morphemes must meet. The document explains that morphemes can be free or bound, and that bases and affixes are two types of morphemes. Specifically, it states that bases carry the principal meaning of a word and that prefixes, suffixes, and infixes are kinds of affixes that occur before, after, or within a base, respectively.
This document discusses different types of phrases that serve as constituents in sentences. It defines a constituent as an element or component that is considered part of a construction, with words making up phrases and phrases making up sentences. The document then provides formulas and examples for different types of phrases, including noun phrases, verb phrases (finite and non-finite), adjective phrases, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, and appositive phrases. It explains how each type of phrase is formed and the function it serves within a sentence.
The document discusses the sentence and utterance as linguistic units. It defines the sentence as an abstract theoretical unit that expresses predication, while the utterance is the actual use of a sentence in speech. It also describes the main categories of the utterance based on its informative structure, including the theme (given information) and rheme (new information). Finally, it discusses textual deixis and how deictic markers help locate elements in a text relative to the speaker, addressee, time, and place.
This document defines and compares key concepts in reading and writing skills. It defines text as a piece of written or spoken language, while discourse is defined as a longer stretch of language, such as a conversation or story. Sentences are groups of words that express a complete thought, and can follow subject-verb or subject-verb-object patterns. Coherence refers to how ideas in a text are logically connected and arranged to aid comprehension.
This document provides information on parts of speech in the English language. It discusses the 8 parts of speech - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For each part of speech, the document provides the definition, examples, and sample sentences. It also discusses other grammar topics like the sentence, kinds of sentences, subject and predicate, and articles. The summary is below:
The document defines and provides examples of the 8 parts of speech in English - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. It also discusses topics like the structure of a sentence, the different kinds of sentences, and how to identify the subject and
The document discusses parts of speech and parts of a sentence in English. It defines parts of speech as classifications of words according to their relations to each other and things they represent. The traditional eight parts of speech in English are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Parts of a sentence include the subject, predicate, object, and complement. Words can be organized into sentences, clauses, phrases, and modifiers based on their grammatical functions.
This document discusses the 5 main components of language according to linguists: morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It provides details on each component, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. Morphology is the study of word structures and formation. Phonology is the study of sounds in a language. Syntax establishes rules for sentence structure. Semantics deals with meaning. Pragmatics examines how context contributes to meaning beyond what is literally said. The document serves as an overview of the main elements of human language.
Morphology is the study of how words are formed from smaller meaningful units called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning or function. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other elements. Morphology examines the rules for combining morphemes, such as affixing prefixes and suffixes, to form new words. It also analyzes the relationship between word structure and meaning.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. 1. Sentence as a basic unit of syntax
2. The expression of syntactic relations
3. The classification of sentences
according to their structure
4. One-member sentences
3. 1. Sentence as a basic unit of
syntax
A sentence is a structural unity built in
accordance with one of the patterns
existing in a given language.
All the sounds of a sentence are united by
typical intonation. All the meanings are
interlaced according to some pattern to
make one communication.
4. A communication is a directed thought.
Much in the same way as the position of a
point or the direction of a line in space is
fixed with the help of a system of
coordinates, there exists a system of
coordinates to fix the position or direction
of a thought in speech.
5. The act of speech is the event with which
all other events mentioned in the sentence
are correlated in time. This correlation is
fixed in English and other languages
grammatically in the category of tense and
lexically in such words as now, yesterday,
tomorrow, etc.
6. The speaker is the person with whom
other persons and things mentioned in the
sentence are correlated. This correlation is
fixed grammatically in the category of
person of the verb and lexico-
grammatically in such words as I, you, he,
she, it, they, student, river, etc.
7. Reality is either accepted as the speaker
sees it, or an attempt is made to change it,
or some irreality is fancied. Compare: The
door is shut. Shut the door. If the door
were shut … The attitude towards reality is
fixed grammatically in the category of
mood and lexically or lexico-grammatically
in words like must, may, probably, etc.
8. The three relations – to the act of speech,
to the speaker and to reality – can be
summarized as the relation to the
situation of speech.
The relation of the thought of a sentence
to the situation of speech is called
predicativity.
Predicativity is an essential part of the
content of the sentence.
9. The sentence can thus be defined as a
communication unit made up of words
(and word-morphemes) in conformity with
their combinability, united by predicativity
and intonation
10. Within a sentence, the word or
combination of words containing the
meaning of predicativity may be called the
predication, the grammatical employment
of predicativity (предикація – граматичне
втілення предикативності).
12. The main parts of the sentence are those
whose function it is to make the
predication. They are the subject and the
predicate of the sentence.
The subject tells us whether the
predication involves the speaker (I, we …),
his interlocutor (you …) or some other
person or thing (he, John, the forest, …).
13. He is listening to music.
He was seen listening to music.
Mary saw Peter listening to music.
14. For the English language of great
importance is the word order. The word
order is crucial for differentiating the
subject and the predicate, the subject and
the object etc. Such a heavy grammatical
load of the word order leads to the idea
that its possibilities to be used not for
grammar purposes are very limited ones.
15. 3. The classification of
sentences as to their structure
Sentences with only one predication are
called simple sentences.
Those with more than one predication
have usually the name of composite
sentences.
In a composite sentence each predication
together with the words attached is called
a clause.
16. Composite sentences with coordinated clauses
are compound sentences, e.g.: She is a very
faithful creature and I trust her.
Composite sentences containing subordinated
clauses are complex sentences, e.g.: If I let this
chance slip, I am a fool.
In a complex sentence we distinguish the
principal clause (I am a fool) and the
subordinate clause (If I let this chance slip) or
clauses.
17. The clauses of a composite sentence may
be joined with the help of connective
words (syndetically) or directly, without
connectives (asyndetically).
A simple sentence or a clause containing
some words besides the predication is
called extended. An unextended
sentence (clause) contains no other parts
but the subject and the predicate.
18. A sentence (clause) with several subjects
to one predicate or several predicates to
one subject is called a contracted one.
The dominating type of sentence (clause),
with full predication, i.e. containing both
the subject and the predicate, is called a
two-member sentence (clause). All other
types are usually called one-member
sentences (clauses).
19. 4. One-member sentences
Common for both languages are the following types
of one-member sentences:
1) Nominative sentences, e.g.: Thomas, Sir. A man of
facts and calculations.
2) Imperative sentences, e.g.: Come here at once.
3) Infinitive sentences, e.g.: To be lonely and to grow
older and older.
20. Two-member sentences
1) Impersonal sentences
2) Indefinite-personal sentences They say he is
out.
3) Generalizing-personal You mustn't change
horses in the mid-stream.
4) Sentences with unchangeable predicate-
words It is necessary to go home (I must go
home).
21. 5) Sentences with adverbs of the type (речення з
прислівниками): He is rather jolly now.
6) Sentences with unchangeable verbal predicate forms
in -но, -то Under white birches a Cossack was killed.
7) Different types of sentences with the subject which is
not named or is avoided to be named And he wasn’t
seen there any more. They say, you can come.
22.
23.
24. The subject
the independent member of a two-member
predication, containing the person
component of predicativity;
defined as a word or a group of words
denoting the thing we speak about;
can be a word, a syntactical word-
morpheme (in English – there, it) or a
complex .
26. THE SUBJECT /structure/
SIMPLE
expressed by a single
word form
The sun is bright.
COMPLEX
expressed by a
predicative
construction*
It is important for us
to come early.
CLAUSAL
expressed by a clause
What we are to talk
about is a problem to
me.
PHRASAL
expressed by a phrase
To do it again was
easy.
27. THE SUBJECT /grammatical types/
NOTIONAL
denotes or points out a person or non-person
FORMAL
PERSONAL MEANING DEMONSTRATIVE
MEANING
IMPERSONAL
it denotes various states of nature, things,
time, distance, measurement (the idea is
in the Predicate)
It's snowing. It turned out to be right.
EMPHATIC
It is/was N/Pr who …
It was he who had to close the door.
It is you who is always late.
It was you who has fallen.
INTRODUCTORY / IT, THERE/
introduces the notional subject, expressed
by an infinitive, gerund, infinitive (it) or
gerund phrase, predicative construction,
clause
It is important to study English. = To
study English is important (these
sentences can be transformed)
There was silence for a moment.
First, there is what we might call a
pattern.
DEFINITE
expressed by nouns, noun-pronouns,
cardinal & ordinal numerals,
infinitives, gerunds, non-predicative
phrases
Crying will do you no good.
INDEFINITE
/THEY/
denotes an indefinite group of persons
excluding the speaker
They say, …
GENERALIZED
/ONE, WE, YOU/
denotes all people including the
speaker
One has one's dignity.
28. THE PREDICATE
SIMPLE
COMPOUND OF MIXED STRUCTURE
DOUBLE
VERBAL PROPER
(a V in a synthetic or analytical form)
He speaks English.
PHRASEOLOGICAL
(a phraseological equivalent of a V denoting one
action)
to give a book,
to pay a visit
He takes care of his granny.
NOMINAL
[link V]+[Predicative(Prv)=a nominal
part:N/Adj/Num/PrN/Adv/I/G]
He was a captain.
It is getting dark.
We were five in the class.
It was he.
Everybody is in.
His first thought was to run.
Her job was cleaning it all in time.
VERBAL
[Finite form]+[Verbal/Adj]
ASPECT
phasal V+I/G
1)(beginning: to begin, to start, to commence,
to set about, to take to, to fall to, to come)
She started singing.
2)(duration: to go on, to keep, to proceed, to
continue)
She kept singing.
3)(repetition:would,used
She used to sing every evening.
4)(cessation: to stop, to give up, to finish. to
leave off, to cease)
She gave up singing.
MODAL
modal part+I/G
1) modal V He had to
go.
2) modal expression
(to be able, to be allowed, to be
willing, to be anxious, to be
capable, to be going to etс.)
She was allowed to leave.
3) both
He must be willing to go.
MODAL NOMINAL
modalV+linkV+Prv
Jane must feel better pleased than ever.
She could not be happy.
MODAL ASPECT
modalV+phasalV+I/G
You ought to stop doing that.
He can’t continue training.
ASPECT/PHASAL NOMINAL
V+linkV+ Prv
He was beginning to look desperate.
George began to be rather ashamed.
OF DOUBLE ORIENTATION
Mrs. Bacon is said to be very ill.
Walter seems to be unhappy.
(compound nominal; 2 actions)
The moon was shining(1) cold and bright(2).
to die, to leave, to lie, to marry, to return,
to rise, to sit, to stand, to shine etс.
My daughter sat(1) silent(2).
She married(1) young(2).
OF DOUBLE ORIENTATION
2 parts: attitude of speaker+action
The plane is reported to have been lost.
1)intransitive V of seeming or chancing: to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen, to chance
etс.
He seemed to understand.
2)passive verbs (some)
(saying: to say, to declare, to state, to report, to rumour)
(mental activity: to believe, to consider, to expect, to find, to know, to mean, to presume, to
regard, to suppose, to think, to understand)
(perception: to feel, to hear, to see, to watch)
3)phrases with modal meaning: to be sure, to be likely, to be certain etс.
He is likely to come.
29. The predicate
The simple predicate
the member of a predication containing the
mood and tense (or only mood)
components of predicativity;
can be a word or a syntactical word-
morpheme (in English – does, will).
30. The compound nominal
predicate
In English the linking verb be is never omitted
since it is caused by the necessity to finish the
sentence structurally.
31. The compound verbal predicate
Modal, formed by combining of the modal verbs with
the infinitive: We can speak English.
Aspect, in which the auxiliary part points towards the
beginning, end, continuation, repetition or becoming of
some action performed by the subject: She began
singing. Nominal-verbal modal predicate, in which the
infinitive is attached to the compound nominal
predicate, the nominal part of which is expressed by
adjective or participle and points towards relation to
the action expressed by the infinitive: I am obliged to
do my best.
32. The object
1) according to the type of connection with
a verb or some other governing word –
prepositional object and non-prepositional
object;
2) according to the grammatical meaning –
direct and indirect objects.
33. THE OBJECT /structure/
SIMPLE
expressed by a single
w-form or by a w-
form preceded by a
formal word
I don't know this.
PHRASAL
expressed by a phrase
I've brought a lot of
news.
When did you talk to
Miss Mary Smith?
CLAUSAL
expressed by a clause
He was amazed by
what he saw there.
COMPLEX
expressed by a
predicative complex*
Nobody knew of his
being absent from town.
34. THE OBJECT /grammatical types/
NOTIONAL FORMAL /IT/
DIRECT
non-prepositional, follows Vtr, Adj, St
and completes their meaning
I wrote a poem.
Who saw him leave?
COGNATE
non-prepositional, attached to Vintr;
expressed by a N semantically related to
the root of this V
He smiled the smile of joy.
INDIRECT
follows V, Adj, St
EMPTY
with no meaning
An hour late we made it up.
INTRODUCTORY
DIRECT
after: to take, to understand, etc
I understand it that you are ready.
NON-DIRECT
after: to count on, to depend on, to
insist on, to object to
Mary objected to it that the children
should be taken with them.
NON-RECIPIENT
attached to Vintr, Adj, St by
means of a preposition
One must always hope for the
best.
RECIPIENT
attached only to Vtr either without a
preposition or by the prepositions
to/for
PREPOSITIONAL
He gave this book to Mary.
NON-PREPOSITIONAL
He gave the boy two dollars.
35. The attribute
English is not agreed with a word it modifies (the
only exception are the attributes expressed with
the help of demonstrative pronouns this and
that, which are agreed with the word they modify
in number, compare: this book – these books).
36. THE ATTRIBUTE
HEADWORD
a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character
I like that red car as well as this black one.
ITS POSITION to the headword
CLOSENESS with the headword
PREPOSITION
What is he doing in this small dirty flat?
POSTPOSITION
A voice inside said that it was a man I
saw yesterday.
DETACHED
Tired after a happy day, we came home.
NON-DETACHED
Peter is a born painter.
Overcome the difficulty of doing it!
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
SIMPLE
Most of the people
dancing were
women.
PHRASAL
My mother and
father's room is
upstairs.
COMPLEX
There's no need for
you to leave so
early.
CLAUSAL
A man who won a million
dollars yesterday is my
neighbour.
37. THE APPOSITION
HEADWORD: a noun, a nominal phrase or sometimes a clause
Beyond the villa, a strange looking building, began the forest. I admire her, a
very pretty creature.
ITS POSITION to the
headword
CLOSENESS with the headword
PREPOSITION
Doctor Smith was known to
everyone.
POSTPOSITION
Mr. Smith, the local doctor, was
known to everyone.
NON-DETACHED/CLOSE
Sir Peter was upset. Mount Everest is
the highest.
Overcome the difficulty of doing it!
DETACHED/LOOSE
Dr. Smith, my predecessor, was
there.
38. The adverbial modifier
place,
time,
manner,
measure and degree,
reason,
purpose,
result,
condition,
concession,
attending circumstances (in English).
39. THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER
HEADWORD:
the predicate verb: John spoke in a whisper.
the predicate group: He read the poem aloud.
the whole sentence: In the evening the gathered again.
OBLIGATORY
the sentence structure demands it or its absence changes the meaning of the V
(after: to behave, to act, to treat; to live, to dwell, to wait, to last, to weigh; to put,
to take, to send; to come, to go, to arrive, to return, to step, to sit, to lie, to stand)
Bred went to the library. He behaved bravely. John lives in London. Put the book
into the bag.
STRUCTURAL TYPE
NON-OBLIGATORY
He arrived early by car.
SIMPLE: We started early.
PHRASAL: We started at 5 in the morning.
COMPLEX: John sat with his elbows on the table.
CLAUSAL: When the cat is away, the mice will play.
SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE CIRCUMSTANTIAL
MANNER
(how? in what way? by what
means?) She dances badly,
but energetically.
She walked fast.
COMPARISON
than, as, as if, though; like
A mountain is higher than a
hill.
DEGREE
(how much? to what extend?)
The story is extremely long.
MEASURE
(length, time, weight, money, tº)
He walked 5 miles.
The tº went down 10 degrees.
TIME The meal over, they went into the library.
PLACE We live nearby, 3 miles away.
CONDITION in what case? But for you I wouldn't do it.
CONCESSION in spite of what? With all his faults, I like him.
RESULT +too, enough … It is too cold to go out.
EXCEPTION but, except, save, but for, apart from, aside from, with the exclusion of Everybody was present except me.
PURPOSE what for? He came to help us.
CAUSE/REASON why? for what reason? She couldn't come because of her illness.
ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES He came to Paris to die.
40. Complex parts of the sentence
1) Complex Object (with the Infinitive, Participle I,
Participle II, Gerund, non-Verbal), e.g.:
She wants him to study better.
2) Complex Subject (with the Infinitive, Participle I,
Participle II, non-Verbal), e.g.:
The delegation was reported to have already arrived.
3) For-to-Infinitive Construction, e.g.:
For you to do this is of the utmost importance.
4) Absolute Constructions/Prepositional Constructions
(with Participle I, Participle II, Infinitive, non-Verbal), e.g.:
She was staring at him, her hands trembling with fear.
5) Gerundial Predicative Construction, e.g.:
He was aware of her being constantly late for her job.