This document provides an overview of wireless cellular technologies and career opportunities in the field. It discusses the evolution of cellular standards from 2G to 4G, including the technologies, architectures, and frequency bands used. It also covers recent trends like SDN, IoT, NFV, and big data. Finally, the document outlines various career paths in telecommunications networks, equipment manufacturing, software, and other industry domains.

1. Wireless Cellular TechnologiesWireless Cellular Technologies
and Career Opportunitiesand Career Opportunities
Ganesh Mali
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2. 2G Generation Cellular Technologies2G Generation Cellular Technologies
 GSM,CDMA are major implementation worldwide of cellular
networks and there are some customized versions
implementations of these used in China & Japan mainly.
 2G technologies were majorly focused circuit switched voice, SMS
& low speed data.
 It used in core SS7 (Signaling System 7 ) and in access GSM /CDMA
radio access.
 GSM is widely implemented compared to CDMA worldwide,
there are many reasons for it.
 Some are :
 CDMA Proprietary technology by Qualcomm,
 Was not user friendly in initial phase.
 India has both the cellular technologies offered by communication
providers.
 Frequency band used : 800,900,1800,1900 Mhz
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3. GSM/CDMA ArchitectureGSM/CDMA Architecture
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4. 2.5 G Generation technologies2.5 G Generation technologies
 GSM was enhanced for somewhat higher speed of
data communications with introduction of packet
switched data technology in GSM network
architecture.
 Technologically changes were on core network to
integrate IP networks into GSM network.
 Many people call it as 2.5G/2.75G which were giving
download speed up to 256 to 386 Kbps.
 Technologies used were GPRS & EDGE in GSM &
in CDMA 1X CDMA
 These use the same GSM/CDMA frequency band in
optimized way for data.
 Protocol used : GTP, TCP/IP & RADIUS
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5. GPRS& EDGE architectureGPRS& EDGE architecture
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6. Defining 3G & technologies usedDefining 3G & technologies used
 IMT 2000 are recommendations by ITU-T for defining 3G :
“It is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a
minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and
384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle.”
 3GPP : Release 99 first defined UMTS as 3G technology evolving
from GSM.
UMTS versions: HSDPA,HSUPA,HSPA,HSPA+
 3GPP2 : Defined nearly same time 1x EV-DO & CDMA 2000
Versions CDMA : EVDO Rev 0 ,EVDV,EVDO Rev B
 Frequency Band : 2100 (IMT) and 2G ones are reused in some
countries
 Protocols used : TCP/IP, RADIUS/Diameter, SS7.
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7. 3G network Architecture3G network Architecture
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8. LTE (Long Term Evolution)LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Features:
LTE is defined in 3GPP release 8 and LTE advanced is
defined in release 10
Expected speeds with LTE are Peak download rates up
to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s
VoLTE (Voice Over LTE)
Simpler architecture
Low latency
High speed with good quality of experience
Protocols used will be TCP/IP ,SIP, RTP, Diameter etc.
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9. Technology detailsTechnology details
 It uses protocols : SIP, RTP, Diameter
extensively based on TCP/IP model.
 It is not backward compatible with
predecessor 3G HSPA technologies.
 LTE is the natural upgrade path for
carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks
and CDMA2000 networks.
 In core it will use EPC(Evolved Packet
core) part of NGN. Detailed in later
slides.
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10. LTE architectureLTE architecture
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11. IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
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12. Defining 4GDefining 4G
Key features of IMT-AdvancedKey features of IMT-Advanced
ITU-R M.[IMT-TECH] August 8, 2008ITU-R M.[IMT-TECH] August 8, 2008
• A high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while
retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of services and
applications in a cost-efficient manner
• Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks
• Capability of interworking with other radio access systems
• High-quality mobile services
• User equipment suitable for worldwide use
• User-friendly applications, services and equipment
• Worldwide roaming capability
• Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and
applications (100 Mbps for high and 1 Gbps for low mobility
were established as targets for research)
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13. Major contenders for 4GMajor contenders for 4G
September 2009, the technology proposals
were submitted by 3GPP and others to the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
as 4G candidates. Following two technologies
were emerged as contenders
LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e.
WiMAX)
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14. Is LTE AdvancedIs LTE Advanced
TRUE 4G ?TRUE 4G ?
 Not 100 % but YES it meets major requirements of IMT
advanced.
 ITU has officially accepted LTE advanced as 4G technology
recently. However whole ecosystem will evolve over the
period in coming releases from 3GPP.
 There are two versions of LTE advanced defined by 3GPP :
 TDD-LTE Advanced
 FDD-LTE Advanced
 After lot of competition & discussions on various forums , it
looks like TDD-LTE has own the game and its accepted by
many Big telecom player as 4G technology choice.
 E.g.: Sprint ,T-Mobile, AT &T, Vodafone etc.
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15. Snapshot of how the Access & CoreSnapshot of how the Access & Core
network is changing from 2G,3G tonetwork is changing from 2G,3G to
LTE & 4GLTE & 4G
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16. Latest trends in industryLatest trends in industry
 SDN (Software Defined Networks)
Software-defined networking (SDN) is an approach to
computer networking that allows network
administrators to manage network services through
abstraction of lower-level functionality. This is done by
decoupling the system that makes decisions about where
traffic is sent (the control plane) from the underlying
systems that forward traffic to the selected destination
(the data plane).
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17. Latest trends in industryLatest trends in industry
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 IOT(Internet Of Things)
 Is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software,
sensors and connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value and service by exchanging
data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices

18. Latest trends in industryLatest trends in industry
 NFV network function virtualization :
is a network architecture concept that proposes using IT
virtualization related technologies to virtualize entire
classes of network node functions into building blocks
that may be connected, or chained, to create
communication services.
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19. Latest trends in industryLatest trends in industry
 Big Data:
Big data is a broad term for data sets so large or
complex that traditional data processing applications are
inadequate.
Challenges include analysis, capture, search, sharing,
storage, transfer, visualization, and information privacy.
The term often refers simply to the use of predictive
analytics or other certain advanced methods to extract
value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data
set.
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20. Career Opportunities In ICTCareer Opportunities In ICT
Telecommunications /Network Domain:
Core networks(SS7, TCP/IP,MPLS etc.) planning,
installation, testing, assurance.
Skills : CCNA/CCNP certification, network knowledge.
Access Network( Radio network,WLL,
Ethernet, DSL, ATM, FTTx) planning, installation,
testing, assurance.
Skills : Access network knowledge.
Data Centre profiles :DB installation and
maintenance, OS installation and maintenance.
Skills : DB and OS certifications.
Legal, business analyst for CPs, OEMs.
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21. Career Opportunities In ICTCareer Opportunities In ICT
OSS(Operations Software
Systems)/BSS(Business Support Systems)
Business Analyst/presales/Solution designer
Skills : Good domain knowledge, Communication Skills,
SDLC knowledge.
Developer/Software consultant:
Skills : Good knowledge of software languages.
Testing professional:
Skills : Software testing knowledge, good understanding
of software language.
Live Application Support
Skills: Functional knowledge of domain.
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22. Organizations Domain wiseOrganizations Domain wise
 Communications Provider/Telecom Service provider:
Vodafone, Airtel, Idea, Reliance, BSNL,British Telecom, AT
&T, Verizon, Sprint, China Mobile, so on.
 Original Equipment Manufactures/Vendors
Huawei, Alcatel Lucent, ZTE, CISCO, Ciena, HP, Ericsson
 Network provider:
Alcatel Lucent, NSN, British Telecom etc.
 OTT(Over The Top)/Content Provider:
Mobile Apps providers, Facebook, Whatsapp, Google.
 OSS/BSS consultant/provider:
Amdocs, Clarity, Tekelec, CSG International etc.
 OSS/BSS managed services
Accenture, Infosys, TechM, Wipro, HCL
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23. AcronymsAcronyms
GSM : Global System for Mobile
Communications
IMT: International Mobile
Telecommunications
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service AP: Access Point
UMTS : Universal Mobile
Telecommunications system
eNodeB Enhanced Node B
HSPA: High Speed Packet Access S-GW: Serving Gateway
LTE : Long Term Evolution EPS: Evolved Packet System
NGN : Next Generation Network Wi-Max: Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access
EDGE :Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution
3GPP/3GPP2: 3rd
Generation partnership
Program /3rd
Generation partnership Program 2
SIP : Session Initiation Protocol ICT : Information and Communications
Technology
RADIUS : Remote Access Dial In User 09/09/15 23

24. THANKYOUTHANKYOU
FORYOURTIMEFORYOURTIME
Any Q ?
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