The document discusses digital footprints and the evolution of communication technologies. It begins by defining a digital footprint as the trail of data left through interactions in the digital world. It then discusses how personal data is collected through various technologies like TVs, phones, internet use, and sensors. This data is dispersed across databases and used for purposes like targeted advertising. The document outlines how communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to current 4G networks. It also discusses how communication cells have decreased in size over time to increase bandwidth and user localization as networks transitioned to use smaller microcells, picocells and femtocells. The future may include an all-IP 5G network with shared infrastructure and the
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
The modern communication system is aimed to reach the real world one environment from virtual world via connecting resources of one with another through social network system. The communication process is aggravated various infrastructural development to reach in this current level such as 3G and 4G communication system.
The term 4G is used by several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G
systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This article presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
The modern communication system is aimed to reach the real world one environment from virtual world via connecting resources of one with another through social network system. The communication process is aggravated various infrastructural development to reach in this current level such as 3G and 4G communication system.
The term 4G is used by several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G
systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This article presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
The industry is set on a race to build the “Fiber in the Sky.” The next-gen mobile standard called the 5G – The fifth generation technology is poised to disrupt and create a new platform that is faster, agile than the 4G’s state-of-the-art also known as the LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks.
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
Here is the link to the complete report on "Wireless Communication Generations"
"https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0BxLQQCpBqGHiaHlvLW1xeEtja2c&usp=sharing"
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
The industry is set on a race to build the “Fiber in the Sky.” The next-gen mobile standard called the 5G – The fifth generation technology is poised to disrupt and create a new platform that is faster, agile than the 4G’s state-of-the-art also known as the LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks.
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
Here is the link to the complete report on "Wireless Communication Generations"
"https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0BxLQQCpBqGHiaHlvLW1xeEtja2c&usp=sharing"
Introduction and Evolution of 4G
System key components of 4G
Applications of 4G
Introduction and Evolution of 5G
Key Concepts & Features of 5G
Application of 5G
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
A person's “digital footprint” reflects how he or she actively participates in the digital universe, including use of the Internet and social networks, e-mail, cell phones, digital cameras and credit cards.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
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Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
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A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
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Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
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4. Definition
A digital footprint is a trail left by interactions in a digital
environment; including the usage of TV, mobile phone,
internet and world wide web, mobile web and other devices
and sensors. Digital footprints provide data on what has been
performed in the digital environment; and are used in
behavioral targeting, personalization, targeted marketing,
digital reputation, and other social media or social graphing
services. In social media, a digital footprint is the size of a
person's "online presence" measured by the number of
individuals with whom they interact. [Wikipedia, 25 Jan 2013]
A person's “digital footprint” reflects how he or she actively
participates in the digital universe, including use of the
Internet and social networks, e-mail, cell phones, digital
cameras and credit cards.
(Source: http://securitysolutions.com/mag/digital_footprint_idc/)
5. What is the problem?
A big amount of personal data is distributed among several
heterogeneous Databases ….
1994: George Orwell publishes the book “1984”;
1997: Wim Wenders directs the movie “The End of Violence”;
2007: Mary Madden, Susannah Fox, Aaron Smith and Jessica
Vitak publishes the book “Digital Footprints”;
2009: Tony Fish publishes the book “My Digital Footprint”;
………………………;
6. Ordinary daily scenario
After waking up, i start zapping on my cable TV;
While eating I surf on my tablet;
I am going to work, while my car (in the background) is
syncing some maintenance data threw a 4G network;
During the trip I get caught by several traffic and surveillance
cameras;
I stop @ an ATM;
I arrive at work, I use my NFC phone to check in;
I start the working day by checking email.
7. Any of you have “googled” your
own name?
47 % of American users have at leas once searched on the
Internet their own name.
Five years ago the number was only 22%.
8. Who profits with that?
The collected data can be used by the several players, in order
to redirect marketing attacks in a one-to-one approach ….
9. How do we handle our personal
problem?
Personal data spread in a non homogeneous form;
Worldwide dissemination;
Complex to be quantified;
Dynamically changing.
Some companies already earn money in Googlewashing…
10. Digital Footprint Scenarios
ATM
Cable TV Interaction
Traffic Control System
Internet tracks
Wired access
Wireless access
2G/ 3G / 4G
Granularity of the cells
14. Internet tracks
Cookies approach;
Spontaneous data spreading;
Surfing tracks;
Social network activities.
15. Surfing the web – Wireless
WIRED: Allocated IP gives me a geographical position
WLAN: Several software solutions track the users connected
to an AP.
3G/4G: Databases keep track of geographical position;
19. Some important issues:
To have high rates of transmission you will have always to
deal with:
Noise
Signal attenuation
Interference
Spectrum availability
20. Technical Aspects
Noise
Noise Model
Signal Attenuation
Interference
Multipath
Conclusions
27. Conclusions
So as long as the signal travels in wireless/cable the signal
suffers from attenuation/noise/interference so:
Shorter paths are better
Move into smaller cells Easier user localization
29. What was the evolutionary path in
mobile networks?
Analog approach (1G);
Digital Approach (2G and beyond )
30. Steps in the evolutionary path
1980’s
@ First voice was treated in a similar form to PSTN;
Broadband systems;
Full analog communications;
Voice centric;
Up to 56 Kbps;
Autonomy problems;
Not as portable as desired;
And of course the communication costs…
31. Standards for 1G
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) - Nordic countries,
Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia;
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) - North America
and Australia,;
TACS (Total Access Communications System) - United
Kingdom;
C-450 - West Germany, Portugal and South Africa,
Radiocom 2000 – France;
RTMI - Italy.;
Japan - JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications
System) .
32. Standards for 2G
GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost
all countries on all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for
over 80% of all subscribers around the world. Over 60 GSM
operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency
band (CDMA450).[2]
IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as
simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of
Asia. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM
including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.
PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the
United States and Telus Mobility in Canada
D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA'
in the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have
migrated to GSM.
33. Standards for 3G
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created
and revised by the 3GPP:
W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated
on the 2,100 MHz band. A few others use the 850, 900 and 1,900
MHz bands.
HSPA is an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-
CDMA standard and offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76
MBit/s up. HSPA is backwards compatible with and uses the
same frequencies as W-CDMA.
HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide
theoretical peak data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and
22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air interface
improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO.
Technically though, MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the
"+" enhancements of HSPA+
34. 3GPP Long Term Evolution
(LTE)
The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is
often branded "4G-LTE", but the first LTE release does not
fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements!
LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in
the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is
used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e.
antenna arrays, are used.
IMT specifications are more severe, check this link!
35. Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless
broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro
in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak
data rates of hundred Mbit/s downlink and less then a
hundred Mbit/s uplink.
37. Concept / Evolution of cell
Communication Cell: maximum range of a mobile
communications technology that guarantees the following
objectives:
Acceptable quality communication
Reasonable data flow (uplink / downlink)
Adequate BER
Technological Support
39. Granularity of the cells
Questions?
More users
Spectrum allocation Smaller Communication
Cells …
More Bandwidth
Better S/N
Better BER
Better georeference detection of
each user!
47. WLAN Traffic Offload in LTE (2)
However, this works only for a complete offload, i.e. it is either
possible to communicate over the LTE connection or over the
WLAN connection, but not over (The reason is that in this
architecture the WLAN network is considered as a foreign
network, to which all the data packets are forwarded when there
is a corresponding entry in the binding cache of the HA)
49. What about 5G, 6G ..
All IP network;
Infraestruture shared;
Contents are Multimedia;
Voice is becoming residual;
Unit of communication Gbps;
Massive optical fiber distribution around the cities;
Increasing number of Cellular diffusion systems;
Massive use of “Smart Antenna” technology;
51. More future features ..
With the increasing demand of :
Data traffic;
QoS;
Low latency
Some services are non time critical !
Release resources to time critical services..
59. What about TV / Radio?
Buggles - Video killed the radio star 1979
Now will Youtube kill the TV ?
60. So TV …?
All IP (or future Internet support) will be nothing more then a
multimedia repository ….
We will keep watching the news / sports/ … alive;
But we will see the contents as we want.
E-learning solutions;
E-health solutions;
TV and Computer fusion?
61. Questions ?
Thank you for your time and
patience ..
Justino Lourenço – ISPGaya
http://www.linkedin.com/in/justinolourenco
jml@ispgaya.pt