This document discusses the evolution of cellular networks from early 1G analog networks through 2G and 3G digital standards. It describes how 3G networks provided higher data speeds and new capabilities compared to previous standards. 3G was based on IMT-2000 standards and provided speeds from 144kbps to 2Mbps. The document then outlines some of the technical components and requirements of 4G networks, including that they will require new spectrum to support higher data rates and all-IP networks. Overall, it traces the progression of cellular standards and capabilities.

1. 3G Networks
IS 373
James Grate
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2. Cellular Standards
 “Generations”
• Early
 1G – analog, for voice only
 2G – digital, for voice
• Converts analog into digital before modulating
and transmitting
• Most cellular providers currently use this
technology
• Now
 Change in the needs of communication
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3. Evolution from 2G to 3G
 GPRS
• Best-effort packet switched service used
for data transfer.
• Provides data rates from 56 kbps up to
114 kbps.
 EDGE
• Evolved from GPRS.
• Can be used for packet switched
applications.
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4. Introduction of 3G
 Created by NTT docomo.
 Commercially launch on Oct 1, 2001
in Japan.
 Commercially released by major US
service provider Verizon Wireless in
Oct 2003.
 Based on ITU standards, primarily
IMT-2000.
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5. 3G Improvements
 Basic telephone with data
communication
 Higher speeds
• 144kbps to 348 kbps at driving speeds
• 384 kbps outside when still or slow
• 2Mbps to 14.4Mbps while or inside
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6. 3G Standards
 6 Air/Radio Interfaces
• W-CDMA
• CDMA 2000
• TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA
• EDGE
• DECT
• WiMax
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7. Composition of 3G Networks
 Layered Network
• Top: Service Layer
• Middle: Control Layer
• Bottom: Connectivity Layer
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8. Privacy and Security
 User Authentication
 Network Authentication
 Device Authentication
 Data Monitoring
 End to End

9. Reliability and Robustness
 Cost of Service & Phones.
 Different Service Standards and
Costs.
 Cost vs. Revenue.
 Lack of Mobile Users.
 International Obstacles.
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10. Interoperability and Support
 3G Enabled Devices
 3G Networks
 The Standard (IMT-2000)
 ITU and Member Support
• National Members
• ITU
• Carriers

11. Maintainability and Ease of Use
 3G Enabled Devices
 3G Networks
 The Standard (IMT-2000)

12. 4G
 Technology that allows you to
connect anywhere
 Automatic access technology
switches while maintaining TCP
connections
 System support for voice and video
over IP
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13. 4G Possibilities
Competitors for 4G
 Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
• 4G path for Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access/Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (W-CDMA/UMTS)
 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)
• 4G path for CDMA2000 operators
 IEEE 802.16m
• WiMax
All based on… OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) designed for 100+Mbps in wide-area
mobile apps
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14. Progressing to 4G
 HSDPA/HSUPA
• High-Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet
Access
• “3.5G” – considered so because of high
speeds
 WiMax
• Some say this can also be 4G (Sprint)
• With OFDMA, this is faster than other
ways of connecting in 3G
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15. 4G Requirements
 High Quality of Service (QoS)
• Video and other services require this
• IP/MPLS can be used to guarantee this
 Spectrum
• 4G requires 20MHz or more in a swath
of spectrum
• Limited, mobile communications already
have allocated spectrum!
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16. 4G Spectrum
 700 Mhz band
• Benefit
 60% fewer cell sites
• Downside
 More customers = More $
 New frequency? New handsets/devices!
• US Federal Communications Commission
 Part of the band has been set aside for public
safety priority access
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17. 4G Implementation
 New, all-IP network
 LTE
• MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
 Higher data rates with multiple antennas
 More reliability
 CDMA supporters (Verizon) may switch
 Pseudo wires
• 60% less expensive then TDM or ATM
per bit
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18. 4G Conclusion
 Until 4G is officially defined, the idea
behind it is to predict what end users
want
• Knowing that, networks need to be able
to deliver the desired services in high
quality.
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19. References
 Kurose, James F. and Keith W. Ross. Computer Networking: A Top-
Down Approach Featuring the Internet. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson
Education, 2005.
 Luna, Lynnette. "The Long Road to 4G." Telephony (11 Dec.
2007): 12-18. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van Houten
Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A
N=28053259&site=ehost-live>.
 THRYFT, ANN. "3G WIRELESS DATA: about to break?." EDN 53.23
(13 Nov. 2008): 40-48. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van
Houten Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A
N=35457796&site=ehost-live>.
 Kaplan, Peter. “Verizon and AT&T dominate airwaves auction.”
Reuters. 20 March 2008. 3 May 2009
<http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN2042023
420080320?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews>
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20. Questions?
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