This document provides an overview of cellular network technologies from 1G to 4G. It summarizes the evolution from analog 1G networks to digital 2G networks, then to 2.5G and 3G networks with increased data capabilities. 4G networks are described as providing further increased throughput through advanced technologies like OFDMA. Key multiple access technologies like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA used in different generations are explained. Popular cellular standards GSM and CDMA are discussed in detail along with their network architecture and capabilities. The transition from 2G to 2.5G to 3G using technologies like GPRS, EDGE is outlined. The goals and applications of 4G networks are described as fully converged services on a range
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Cellular Networks Presentation in distributed systems, Mobile NetworksAhmad Yar
A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. ..... of the Asia Pacific region · List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa · List of mobile network operators (summary).
Capacity planning(CP) determines operational expenditure, capital expenditure and long-term performance of the system hence it is the most important phase in the life cycle of a cellular system. For the past three decades, capacity planning problems have studied for all generations of the cellular system. So, to increase the capacity of the network in future we focus on small cells of cell structure. Cellular network includes the variety of different cell sizes and types, heterogeneous networks, control, and data plane split architectures, coordinated multipoint, massive multiple inputs multiple outputs.
The objective of this presentation is to focus on traditional deployment reviews and identify future opportunities, challenges, and trends in detail. More specifically we investigate the future capacity planning by reviewing the CP process including its objective input and output parameter to an optimization process and the CP phases.
A Cell phone jammer is a device used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base stations.
It is a device that transmit signal on the same frequency at which the GSM system operates, the jamming is success when the mobile phones are disabled in the area where the jammer is located.
Cellular Networks Presentation in distributed systems, Mobile NetworksAhmad Yar
A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. ..... of the Asia Pacific region · List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa · List of mobile network operators (summary).
Capacity planning(CP) determines operational expenditure, capital expenditure and long-term performance of the system hence it is the most important phase in the life cycle of a cellular system. For the past three decades, capacity planning problems have studied for all generations of the cellular system. So, to increase the capacity of the network in future we focus on small cells of cell structure. Cellular network includes the variety of different cell sizes and types, heterogeneous networks, control, and data plane split architectures, coordinated multipoint, massive multiple inputs multiple outputs.
The objective of this presentation is to focus on traditional deployment reviews and identify future opportunities, challenges, and trends in detail. More specifically we investigate the future capacity planning by reviewing the CP process including its objective input and output parameter to an optimization process and the CP phases.
A Cell phone jammer is a device used to prevent cellular phones from receiving signals from base stations.
It is a device that transmit signal on the same frequency at which the GSM system operates, the jamming is success when the mobile phones are disabled in the area where the jammer is located.
Power Amplifier circuits.
Output stages of types of power amplifier (class A, class B, class AB, class C, class D)
Distortions( Harmonic and Crossover).
Push-pull amplifier with and without transformer.
Complimentary symmetry and Quasi- complimentary symmetry push pull amplifier.
Mobile cellphone battery charging circuit with explanationelprocus
The aim of this project is to automatically disconnect a battery from the mains when the battery gets fully charged.This system can be used to charge partially discharged cells as well.The circuit is simple and consists of AC-DC converter, relay drivers and charge stations.
This handy, pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer can sense the presence of an activated mobile cell phone from a distance of one and-a-half meters. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for Spying and unauthorized video transmission. The circuit can detect the incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if the mobile phone is kept in the silent mode. The moment the Bug detects RF transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks. The alarm continues until the signal transmission ceases. Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB as compact as possible and enclose in a small box like junk mobile case. As mentioned earlier, capacitor C3 should have a lead length of 18 mm with lead spacing of 8 mm. Carefully solder the capacitor in standing position with equal spacing of the leads. The response can be optimized by trimming the lead length of C3 for the desired frequency. You may use a short telescopic type antenna.
In this Presentation explained about the Unit 5 - 4G Networks and Beyond concepts for third year ECE students, which makes very clear to understand all the Generation networks and its features and applications. Hope it will be useful to all student community.
Mobile phone generations (Protocols, Terminology,interfaces)AliVahedifar
A great power point about : 2G/3G/4G/5g/OSI/SS7/GSM/UMTS/SCCP(protocols,stack,interface)
with emphasis on the protocols and interfaces and communication.
We tried to make a regular list of the information provided.
and we tried to make mobile networks easier to train.
High performance browser networking ch7,8Seung-Bum Lee
Presentation material including summary of "High Performance Browser Networking" by Ilya Grigorik. This book includes very good summary of computer network not only for internet browsing but also multimedia streaming.
Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless communication has motivated the exploration of the unutilized frequencies present in the frequency spectrum; this exploration has lead to the use of millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. An Overview
‘Digital Cellular Network
Technologies’
Presented by
Prof. T. L. Singal
National-Level Faculty Development Workshop
“Challenges for Research in Wireless Communication Technologies”
May 21-23, 2012
Chitkara University, Punjab
1
3. Cellular Network Generations
• 1G: First Generation Analog Cellular System
- Analog voice
• 2G: First Digital Cellular System
- Digital voice and messaging
• 2.5 G: Digital Cellular System
- Increase in digital data rates
• 3G: Digital Cellular System with increase in
functionality - Broadband data and Voice over IP
• 4G: Future re-architecting of digital cellular
infrastructure - Increased data throughput
3
4. Examples of 1G and 2G
• First Generation Cellular Networks (1G)
– Analog systems based on FDMA (e.g. AMPS, NMT,
UK-TACS)
• Second Generation Cellular Networks (2G)
– Digital systems based on TDMA and CDMA (e.g.
GSM, TIA/EIA-136, IS-95)
• Second Generation+ Cellular Networks (2.5G)
– Digital systems based on TDMA and CDMA with
higher data rate capabilities (e.g. GPRS, cdma2000)
4
5. Advantages/Disadvantages 1G and 2G Networks
• First Generation Cellular Networks (1G)
– Spotty coverage
• Second Generation Wireless (2G)
– Improved voice quality
– Limited low-speed, circuit-switched data capabilities
• Second Generation Wireless + (2.5G)
– Introduction of packet data
– Higher data rates (up to 144 kbps)
5
6. 3G and 4G
• Third Generation Cellular Networks (3G)
– Digital systems based on TDMA (GSM) and CDMA
with data rate capability upto 2 Mbps (e.g.
WCDMA/UMTS, cdma2000, UWC-136)
• Fourth Generation Cellular Networks (4G)
– Digital systems based on OFDMA and MC-CDMA
with higher data rate capability for advanced
multimedia applications.
6
13. GSM - FDMA and TDMA
Time
7
6
Amplitude
5
4
time slot number
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Frequency
ARFCN
13
14. Structure of a GSM Signal
GSM carriers are spaced 200
KHz apart.
In the BTS downlink signal,
different timeslots belong to
different users - a mobile
listens only to its recurring
timeslots.
The mobile on its uplink
transmits only during its
assigned timeslots.
14
19. Advantages/Disadvantages
- GSM Network
• Advantages
– Can provide roaming services
– Reduces probability of total corruption of speech
– Offers standard protocols between components
• Disadvantages
– Limited data rate capability
– Macrocells affected by multipath signal loss
– Low Capacity
19
21. What is CDMA?
Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA is a spread spectrum system and is directly related to
the number of users accessing the system.
CDMA system allow one-cell frequency reuse and all users
use the entire carrier, all the time. Each user is distinguished
by a Direct Sequence Code during a call.
21
26. CDMA - Advantages
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Easy frequency planning (Frequency reuse of one)
Greater coverage with fewer cells
High capacity without hard blocking limits
Excellent call quality (supports soft handoff)
Inherent privacy due to unique user codes
Lower power transmission
Longer battery life
Tight power control
Technology platform extendable to new services
Providing reliable transport mechanism for data
communications, such as facsimile and internet traffic
26
27. CDMA - Advantages contd…
Dramatically improving the telephone traffic capacity.
Significantly improving the voice quality and eliminating
the audible effects of multipath fading.
Reducing the incidence of dropped calls due to handoff
failures.
Reducing the number of sites needed to support any
given amount of traffic.
Simplifying site selection, thus reducing deployment and
operating costs because fewer cell sites are needed.
Reducing average transmitted power, thereby reducing
interference.
27
28. Capacity Comparisons
– GSM and CDMA
GSM Capacity limit is fixed
at 8 x number of ARFCNs
per cell
CDMA Capacity limit is
„soft‟, Increases with
decrease in quality.
Typically 4-5 times that of
28
a GSM system.
35. 3G air interface technologies
cdma2000
UWC-136
CDMA-based
CDMA-based
TDMA-based
Direct sequence
Multi-carrier
--
Evolution of GSM
Evolution of
IS-95
Evolution of
TDMA
Requires new
spectrum
Could be
Could be
deployed in
deployed in
existing spectrum existing spectrum
WCDMA/UMTS
35
44. Advantages – The 3G Network
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Common worldwide spectrum
Global seamless roaming
Multimedia services on the mobile internet
Flexible, spectrum-efficient network
Enhanced security and performance
Wireline services and quality levels
Rapid introduction of new technology
44
45. Disadvantages – The 3G Network
• Insufficient bandwidth
• Service differentiation
• IP translators are the wrong application and
service model (e.g., WAP, imode, etc.)
• Wrong architectural model for IP data
45
46. KEY APPLICATIONS
• Current: ~10 kb/s, circuit/packet
– Fax
– Short-messaging
– Being evolved to ~50-100 kb/s peak rate
• Needed to make wireless data attractive:
– Web Browsing - downlink bandwidth hungry
– FTP or Emails with file attachment - both links
• 3G: “Multimedia,” mainly packet
– Wide-area, low mobility, 384 kb/s
– Wide-area, high mobility, 144 kb/s
– Indoor, 2 Mb/s
• Beyond 3G ?
47. Radio Technology Evolution
• High Speed Services
– Nominal Rates:
•
•
•
•
At least 144 kbps macrocell
At least 384 kbps outdoor pedestrian
At least 2 Mbps indoor
=> 1-2 Mbps or higher in macrocell
– Support emerging IP-based services
• Real-time and non real-time
– Optimized for packet-switched operation
• Support appropriate QoS definitions
• Data and multimedia services
48. Technology Evolution to IMT2000 Radio Access
Existing
New
SpectrumSpectrum
EDGE/GPRS
GSM
IMT-2000
Systems
GSM+
GPRS
UMTS/
W-CDMA
PDC
TDMA
(IS-136)
CDMA
(IS-95)
TDMA
IS-136+
UWC-136 HS
(EDGE)
CDMA 3G-1X cdma2000
?
?
54. Positions and Challenges for 4G
• Wireless Data is king
– Direction: design for data and IP - not voice circuits
• Wide variety of wireless link technologies; 2G/3G,
wireless LAN, MANETs, PANs, wireless sensor networks;
new radio 4G technologies will emerge
– Direction: IP over every radio link
• Multitude of mobile devices; sensors, watches, pagers,
pocket PCs, etc.
– Direction: IP on every mobile device
54
56. • Fully converged services
Personal communications, information systems, broadcast,
entertainment and a wider range of services available conveniently,
securely and in a manner reflecting the user’s personal preferences.
• Ubiquitous mobile access
The dominant mode of access will be mobile, accounting for fully
converged services, including mobile access to commercial and
retail services.
• Diverse user devices
The user will be served by a wide variety of low-cost mobile devices
to access content conveniently and seamlessly. Devices will interact
with users in a multi-sensory manner.
56
57. • Autonomous networks
4G systems will be highly autonomous adaptive networks capable of
self-management of their structure to meet users’ changing and
evolving demands, for both services and capacity. Efficient and costeffective use of the radio spectrum will be an essential element of their
operation.
• Software dependency
Intelligent Mobile Agents will exist throughout the networks and in
user devices, acting continually to simplify tasks and ensure
transparency to the user. These Mobile Agents will act at all levels,
from managing an individual user’s content preferences, to organizing
and reconfiguring major elements of networks.
57
58. Advantages - The 4G Network
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Improved Spectral Efficiency
Improved quality of service
Increased data throughput
Broadcast and Cellular Network Convergence
Adaptive and Reconfigurable Systems
Advanced Antenna Technologies
Creation of new business models for operators
58
65. T. L. Singal graduated from National Institute of
Technology, Kurukshetra in 1981 . He began his
illustrious career with Avionics Design Bureau at
HAL, Hyderabad and worked on design and
development of Air-Route Surveillance Radar
Communication System. Then he led R&D group in
a Telecom company and successfully developed
Multi-Access Wireless Communication Systems.
He executed international assignment as Senior Network Consultant
with Flextronics International Inc. USA during 2000-02. He was
associated with Nokia, AT&T, Cingular Wireless and Nortel
Networks, for optimization of 2G/3G Cellular Networks in USA.
Since 2003, he is in teaching profession in engineering colleges in
India. He has number of technical research papers published in
the IEEE Proceedings, Journals, and International/National
Conferences. He has authored two text-books `Wireless
Communications’ and `Analog & Digital Communications’,
65
published by renowned publisher Tata McGraw-Hill.
66. References
T L Singal, Wireless Communications,
ISBN: 978-0-07-068178-1,
Tata McGraw-Hill, First Edition, 2010.
www.mhhe.com/singal/wc
66