This document discusses the generation of wind energy, including historical developments, classifications of wind turbines, and various modes of power generation. It outlines the components of wind turbines, their design, operation, and the principles of aerodynamics involved in energy extraction. Moreover, it highlights advantages and challenges associated with wind energy, including its renewable nature, economic competitiveness, and irregular availability.

1. MOHAMMED SHAHARZAD M.K
SHANID.P
SINJNA V.S

2. HOW WIND IS GENERATED?
• Wind is caused by the uneven energy
distribution and rotation of the Earth.
 Heat
 Pressure gradients
 Motion
Wind generation

5.  Then in China wind mills were used to raise water for
irrigation and sea water for production of salt.
 In 1854 Daniel Halladay in US introduced a wind pump
and used for irrigation and industrial applications.
 In 1880 P. La’cour used wind mill as a source of
electricity.
 In 1929 French engineer Darreius built an aero
generator.
 In 1974 NASA constructed and operated a wind
generator of 100kW capacity.
 In 1987 US firms generated a 2.5MW generator

6. CLASSIFICATION OF WIND TURBINES
1.Based on alignment of rotor axis
Horizontal axis turbine
Vertical axis turbine

8. 2.Based on the force utilised
 Lift type wind turbine
 Drag type wind turbine
• Forces are transmitted from a moving fluid to
an object in the flow stream
Lift = the force component perpendicular to the
original flow direction
Drag = the force component in line with the original
flow direction

9. α = low
DRAG TYPE
α = medium
<10 degrees
α = High
Stall!!
LIFT TYPE

10. DRAG TYPE
LIFT TYPE
Low speed turbines
High speed turbines
Rotor shaft torque is
comparatively high.
Rotor shaft torque is
comparatively low.
Greater blade area is required
Aerofoil type blades are
required to minimize the
effect of drag forces
Blades are fabricated using
curved plates
Blades are having high
thickness to chord ratio to
produce high lift

11. 3. Based on generation
Small ( 10 kW)
• Homes
• Farms
• Remote Applications
(e.g. water pumping,
telecom sites)
Intermediate
(10-250 kW)
• Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power
Large (250 kW - 2+MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
KidWi
nd
Projec
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www.
kidwi

12. WIND TURBINEMAIN
COMPONENTS

13. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROTORS
Multiblade Type
Propeller Type
Savonious Type
Darrieus type

14. MULTIBLADE TYPE
ROTOR
• Sheet metal blades.
• Width of blade increases
outward.
• Blade is fixed at inner and
outer end.
• No. of blades 12-18.

15. PROPELLER TYPE
• 2 or 3 aerodynamic blades.
• Blades made od fibre glass
reinforced plastic.
• Diameter of rotor 2-25 m.

16. SAVONIOUS TYPE
• It has 2 or more identical
hollow semi cylinders
fixed to vertical axis.
• Rotor rotates due to
pressure difference
• Driving torque is drag
type, so large starting
torque.
• Suitable for water
pumping.

17. DARRIEUS TYPE
• 2 or 3 thin curved blades.
• Both end of blade attached to
vertical shaft.
• Operates for wind from any
direction.
• Driving force is lift torque.
• Used for electricity generation.

18. IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO WIND TURBINE
•
•
•
•
Rotor
Blades
Hub
Propeller

19. • Leading edge
• Trailing edge
• Chord line
Aerofoil shape of blade
• Mean line
• Angle of attack
• Pitch angle

20. WIND ENERGY EXTRACTION
 Extract energy from wind stream by converting the
KE of wind to rotational motion required to operate
an electric generator.
 On interaction of free wind on turbine rotor, the wind
transfers part of energy into rotor and speed of wind
reduces.

21. AERODYNAMIC OPERATION OF WIND TURBINE
Airfoil:Cross section of wind turbine
blades
Lift:Pressure difference between top
and the bottom surface of blade
result
in a force
called
aerodynamic lift that cause airfoil
to rise. This lift cause rotation of
blade about the hub
Drag:A Force perpendicular to lift force
also act on blades which impede
the blade rotation .this force is
called drag force.

22. WIND POWER
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
Effect of air density,
Effect of swept area, A
Effect of wind speed, V
Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the
circle swept by the rotor (m2).
• Wind power would increase four
times if rotor diameter is doubled.
• Wind power increases eight times
if wind speed is doubled.
R

23.  More wind speeds
 Less noise pollution
 Less visual impact
 Difficult to install and maintain
 Energy losses due long distance transport

24. TURBINE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

25. Blades:
Important part that extract wind Energy
Light weight and good strength
Fabricated with aircraft industry technique.
Made of Fiberglass reinforced polyester
Structured for creating optimum lift.
Rotor:
Combination of blade and hub assembly
Pitch control of blades:
A system where the pitch angle of blade changes according
to the wind speed for efficient operation
Brakes:
Aerodynamic and Mechanical braking are used for over
speed protection , speed control , power control and
emergency stop.
Low speed shaft:
shaft connected directly to rotor to the gear.

26. Gear box:
 Mechanical power generated by rotor blade is
transmitted to the generator through two stage gear box
 Provided for increasing shaft speed.
Generator:
 Used for converting mechanical power to electric
power.
 Commonly used generators are PMSG,SEIG,DFIG.
Controller:
 Microprocessor based controller monitor wind speed ,
direction of wind , power output and take proper yaw ,
pitch rotations.
Anemometer & wind wane:
 Used for wind speed and direction monitoring.
Nacelle:
 Housing of generator, the gear box, yawing
mechanism,etc.

27. High speed shaft:
 Shaft connected between gear box and generator
Yaw drive and yaw motor :
 Yawing is done using two yawing motors
meshed with big toothed wheel mounted on tower.
 Yaw control continuously tracks and keep rotor axis in
wind direction.
 At high wind machine is stopped by turning the rotor
axis right angle to wind direction.
Tower:
 Modern turbine are mounted on tubular towers

28. MODES OF WIND POWER
GENERATION
1) Standalone mode
2) Backup mode like wind diesel
3) Grid connected mode

29. STANDALONE MODE
 Decentralized application of wind energy
 Individual consumer install their own wind turbine
 Used for powering domestic appliances battery
charging, water pump etc.
 Capacity ranges between 2.5—5Kw
 Most suited for remote mountainous areas.

30. BACK UP MODE LIKE WIND-DIESEL
 DG is used for maintaining 24 hrs. power supply ,since wind
power is intermitted
 Used in areas ina ccessible to grid,hosptals,miltary
installations

31. GRID CONNECTED WIND TURBINE
GENERATORS
 Generated power is distributed among nearby customers
and excess power exported to grid.
 Electric energy is purchased from grid when there is no
wind

33. Cut in Speed: It is the wind speed(14m/s)
at which the turbine output begins.
Rated Speed: It is the Speed at which the
turbine is designed to generate rated
power
Cut out Speed: When the speed reaches
upper limit (25m/s) the turbine stops to
generate power

38. 
Renewable source of energy

Free of fuel cost

Supply power to remote areas

Public opinion is in favor of wind power generation
rather than nuclear generation

Cost effective

Economically competitive with other modes of
generation

Reliable and has been used for ages

40.  Low energy density.
 Available at selected graphical location.
 Wind speed being variable , wind energy is irregular.
 Wind turbine design is complex.
 Requires storage batteries which contribute
environmental pollution.
 Capital intensive.

41. REFERENCES
1. Renewable Energy Sources And Emerging
Technologies,
D.P Kothari,K.C
Singal,Rakesh Ranjan
2. .
3. www.renewableenergyworld.com.

42. THANK YOU