An alternate and eco-friendly energy source with a detailed explanation of types of turbines, their components along with the type of generator used, different wind farms, and production in India along with advantages and disadvantages.
A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into Mechanical energy that can be either used directly to run the Machine or to run the generator to produce electricity.
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
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1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
Wind Power Plant Presentation (Seminar PPT) Jay Sonar
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Power Point Presentation On Wind Energy and Wind Turbine & Its Components. Full Seminar Presentation For Diploma And Engineering Students. Easy and Understandable Format.
Thanks. Follow & keep Presenting.
An alternate and eco-friendly energy source with a detailed explanation of types of turbines, their components along with the type of generator used, different wind farms, and production in India along with advantages and disadvantages.
A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into Mechanical energy that can be either used directly to run the Machine or to run the generator to produce electricity.
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
Â
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
Wind Power Plant Presentation (Seminar PPT) Jay Sonar
Â
Power Point Presentation On Wind Energy and Wind Turbine & Its Components. Full Seminar Presentation For Diploma And Engineering Students. Easy and Understandable Format.
Thanks. Follow & keep Presenting.
These slides, presented at the E-Futures autumn conference in 2013, provide an overview of Stuart's project investigating the optimal array design for deploying tidal farms which could, under optimistic assumptions, provide around 2% of UK electricity by 2050.
How Do Wind Turbines Generate Electricity?
Read more about it at:
http://windturbinesllc.blogspot.com/
http://knol.google.com/k/wind-turbines/-/25fjwptfb1ke6/0#knols
Connect with us!
http://twitter.com/windturbinesnet
http://www.facebook.com/windturbines.net
Horizontal wind turbines VS Vertical wind turbines - advantages and disadvant...InstaBuzzz
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In this beautiful presentation you will be presented with main advantages and disadvantages of Vertical wind turbines and Horizontal wind turbines. This is great for comparison of 2 designs of wind turbines. There is also a short review of biggest wind turbine in the world Vestas V164 8MW.
Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Yawing And Furling Mechanismsmareenotmarie
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A description of wind turbine generator (WTG) yawing (turning rotor into the wind as wind changes direction) and furling (turning rotor out of the wind as wind speed reaches WTG cut-out speed)
This presentation contains
i. Wind Science and its Measurement
ii Wind Measurement Tools
iii. Mathematical Background of Theoretical Power Limits of Wind Energy Extraction
iv. Wind Turbines
The objective of this project is to design a wind turbine that is optimized for the constraints that come with residential use. The main tasks of this project are:
> To study the design process and methodology of wind turbine
> Derive the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory then use it to conduct a parametric study that will determine if the optimized values of blade pitch and chord length create the most efficient blade geometry
> Analyse different air-foils to determine which one creates the most efficient wind turbine blade.
Safe College Initiatives - Empowering Students to Reduce Crime and Fire Risks...TRUE JOY ACOUSTICS, LLC
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This voluntary project by Greg Huntington (UC alumnus, UC parent, retired P&G innovation leader, True Joy Acoustics founder) frames reported CRIME patterns occurring around the University of Cincinnati's main campus via www.raidsonline.com database. It also provides a synopsis of leading causes and contributing factors of FIRES that haven taken the lives of college students across the USA since 2000, particularly in off-campus housing. Understanding the nature of these "problems" is prerequisite to defining action plans that can meaningfully improve student welfare while attending college.
There is no substitute for sufficient infrastructure (e.g., lighting, controlled accessibility, code compliance) and trained law/fire enforcement professionals to deter and respond to criminal and fire threats. However, STUDENT attitudes and behaviors play a critical role. The thrust of this presentation is to outline several "Safe College Initiative" ideas that STUDENTS can own to reduce incidents and tragedy. If embraced by senior college leadership, these ideas are relatively straightforward to implement. There is pedigree for their usage and efficacy elsewhere, they are relatively low cost, and they harness student energy and creativity to bring them to life.
The analysis approach, connections and concepts are broadly applicable to other college campuses and student communities. If you are a prospective or existing college student, parent, or leader in any capacity that relates to college student crime/fire risk management, PLEASE share this presentation broadly and STIMULATE ACTION. As with any successful safety program, many "would be victims" will not realize their averted tragedy. But we will know that raising their safety attitudes and behaviors brightened their college experience and lifelong memories.
Greg Huntington
Cincinnati, Ohio
02 September 2013
Air in Motion. Wind energy is the transformation of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use
This is enegy taken from the natural air!
Can you believe electricity being created because of air!
It is practiced on heights or near sea's.
Go ahead and enjoy!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnât one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarâs dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireâs birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireâs society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as âdistorted thinkingâ.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Early History The first recording of a windmill came from a Hindu book dating back to about 400 B.C.E. Scientists believe that the first windmills created to do work were created in China 2000 years ago. There is no written history of this however. The first recorded windmills that were created to do work are from seventh-century Persia. The first historical reference to Chinese windmills was in 1219. This is significant because during this time windmills were used along the coast of china for wind power Some windmills are still intact in Iranand Afghanistan from the 7th century These windmills are reverse of the windmills today however, wind energy went into a chamber to turn blades, while today the blades are on an external axis The y are still around today and can grind about a tonof grain per day
4. History After technology was brought back from the Crusades Early European windmills were used to drain wet land by pumping water. The design of the European windmills was based on the water wheel due to the factthat windmills should be put on a vertical axis when the windmills in Persia were built on a horizontal axis. During this time the foundation for windmills was set. It was up for inventors to create new blades and other ways to make the windmill more efficient. By the end of the nineteenth century there were over 30,000 windmills in Europe. They were used for more than just pumping water and grinding grain, people used them to run saw mills and other industrial plants.
5. Windmills in America The first American windmills were brought over by the Dutch in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, and were assembled in New York and New England When settlers moved out west to the great planes settlers would need to harness wind power in order to get work done but Dutch style windmills would fall apart in the strong wind that would sweep across the plains A designer in New England, Daniel Halladay, created a new windmill for the conditions in the midwest. He made the new windmills have many blades and a tail on the back to direct the wind. This increased wind power production greatly in the midwest. A few years later these new windmills were made with steel blades. The new blades would not break as easily than the old wooden blades, and the steel blades could be curved to maximize wind production.
6. Electrification Until the late nineteenth century windmills would only produce mechanical power for their tasks such as grinding grain or pumping water. With the creation of electricity, windmill makers found that windmills could be attached to a generator and used to create power for heating and lighting. The first windmill used to produce electric energy was created in 1888 by Charles F. Brush. These windmills needed to produce 500 revolution per minute in order to power a generator.
7. And Now From the 1930âs to the 70âs coal and oil were relatively inexpensive and wind energy lost its popularity in America though windmills were used in many other countries throughout the world In 1973 America was affected by the Arab oil embargo. This caused focus to turn toward wind power. The U.S. Federal Wind Energy Program was established in 1974. By the late 1980âs it was becoming very difficult to attract funding for wind energy because people did not believe that wind power could be strong enough to produce the same amount of power as oil. Modern wind power is a strong option for alternative energy, and its rich history proves it can be used effectively
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12. Modern technology New urban rooftop windmills are new windmills with a smaller and quieter design. These windmills are designed to be more efficient with wind patterns occurring in cities. They are able to turn at wind speeds as low as 8 mph What is Wind Energy? Wind energy is the transformation of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use
13. Â Trend in size and rated power output of current and future wind turbines. (After U.S. Department of Energy Wind Program Subcontractor Review Meeting, July 17â19, 2000) There has been a push towards creating larger wind turbines to optimize the use of wind. Researchers are debating whether a larger turbine will create more power or more problems. Larger turbines need greater maintenance and have a greater cost in order to keep them running efficiently. Technological Advancements
14. How Wind Energy is Best Used As of today wind energy is best fit to be used as an alternative source of energy but as costs go down and effectiveness goes up this could soon change, and wind energy may become a viable option the leading source powering the future. Placement is key in using wind farms and windmills, because if the money is to be spent to create one, optimal effectiveness will need to be assured.
15. How Wind Energy is Best Used Wind power is a renewable energy source that has virtually no disrupting effect on the environment With limitations due to price and storage issues it is not a viable option as a constant source of power Especially considering the fact that practical wind machines only extract 5% to 45% of available power depending on the efficiency of the turbine design We are best served to use wind energy in harmony with other forms of energy.
16. Windmills and Wind Farms â˘A single 1MW windmill turbine operating at a 45% production rate will generate about 3.9 million kW of electricity in a year. This would be enough to meet the needs of about 500 households per year. â˘A wind farm will consist of anywhere from 12 to 100 of these 1MW windmills.
17. Other Options for Alternative Energy Wind alone can not solve todayâs energy crisis in one day, but together with many other forms of renewable power, maybe someday we can help relieve the damage to our planet caused by the overconsumption of fossil fuels.
20. Each panel contains many solar cells that collect light energy and turn it into electricity, if this technology can be improved upon, solar energy may become a more reliable option in the future
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22. Hydro power Researchers have discovered that placing turbines underwater could be a more efficient and reliable source of energy A major set back is the challenge of anchoring those turbines to the ocean floor, through harsh storms. If a way was discovered to do this, underwater turbines would also help break down storm waves decreasing the damage done towards shore The ocean turbines use the incoming waves to generate power.
23. Other forms of Hydro Power Dams and Water Wheels have been used for centuries to provide mechanical power for mills , and later forms of early Electrical power Hydro Power is clean and totally renewable so once reliable technology is wide-spread this could provide power to coastal regions all over the world
24. Reliablity Hydro power is mucheasier to predict than wind because of its consistency, tidal patterns and water floware much more regular than wind which is constantly changing, which means that it can be used more effectively
25. Nuclear Power Positives Fuel is inexpensive Energy generation is the most concentrated source Waste is more compact than any source Easy to transport as new fuel No greenhouse or acid rain effects
26. Nuclear Power Negatives Requires larger capital cost because of emergency, containment, radioactive waste and storage systems Requires resolution of the long-term high level waste storage issue in most countries Potential unstable nuclear reactor explosion danger
27. Why Fossil Fuels are Bad Fossil fuels consist of a number of different substances but they all contain some mixture of hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbon) compounds There are two kinds of fossil fuel power plants, steam turbine and gas turbine, steam turbine plants are larger and more common in highly populated areas, often they are used together To release energy these fuels are combusted, the heat energy releases stored energy in the molecules, but since the burn is not clean, many harmful emissions are released into the atmosphere Many people say thattechnologies for cleaner burning of fossil fuels canbe developed, but thisdoes not solve the problem of over consumption
28. âCleanâ Coal Clean coal is a technology that has been researched for years, as scientists try to find a way to burn coal with out the massive release of Carbon Dioxide The problem with this is that coal is still a nonrenewable recourse that will soon run out, as it is mined from landscape leaving mountains devastated because it is so in demand that companies will literally just blast the top off of a mountain and then collect the coal and leave a flat topped hill
29. New Energy Is NEEDED It is clear that the energy crisis the world is in right now is not going to get any better without drastic change, we have technologies that could lead us into the future, but people need to accept these changes, and try to cut down on their consumption. There are lots of forms of power that could work together to light our future, but first we need to stop our dependence on destructive fossil fuels and start working on the difficulties that could arise from new forms of power.
30. Source Citations "Wind Energy." Alternative Energy. Ed. Neil Schlager and Jayne Weisblatt. Vol. 3: Water Energy, Wind Energy, Energy Conservation and Efficiency, Possible Future Energy Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2006. 305-336. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. Donald Jones, Mississauga"Gas, not wind, is replacing coal." The Toronto Star (Toronto, Ontario) (Nov 10, 2009) Editorial: A22. Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources. Gale. Cushing Academy. 1 Mar. 2010<http://find.galegroup.com/grnr/start.do?prodId=GRNR>. Blankinship, Steve. "The coal-wind connection: electrons from coal plants and wind farms will ride together on new transmission lines they both desperately need." Power Engineering 111.1 (Jan 2007) 18(4). Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources. Gale. Cushing Academy. 1 Mar. 2010 <http://find.galegroup.com/grnr/start.do?prodId=GRNR> Rooftop windmills. (Global News). (Spring 2003). Alternatives Journal, 29(2), 6(1). Retrieved March 03, 2010, from Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources via Gale:http://find.galegroup.com/grnr/start.do?prodId=GRNRA. C. Hansen and C. P. Butterfield, Aerodynamics of horizontal-axis wind turbines, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 25:115â149, 1993 S. Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Wiley, Chichester, 1998 D. A. Spera (ed.), Wind Turbine Technology, ASME Press, New York, 1994 S. Wagner, R. Bareiss, and G. Guidati, Wind Turbine Noise, Springer, Berlin, 1996 J. F. Walker and N. Jenkins, Wind Energy Technology, Wiley, Chichester, 1997 http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?searchStr=modern+windmills&id=YB021005#BIB http://cache.wists.com/thumbnails/b/b0/bb0d495e0091d8db181533cf6988fbe8-orig http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2008/11/searaser2.jpg http://mendocoastcurrent.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/turbines540.jpg http://tinypic.com/view.php?pic=w0keqc&s=5 http://www.ironmanwindmill.com/images/windmill-history/history7.jpg Gary Thomann, "Wind power", in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill, http://www.accessscience.com, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.746400 William K. Fox, "Energy sources", in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill, http://www.accessscience.com, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.233000 SaifurRahman, "Renewable energy sources", in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill, http://www.accessscience.com, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.YB041150 Robert L. San Martin, "Solar energy", in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill, http://www.accessscience.com, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.633300 "Wind Energy." Encyclopedia of Environment and Society. Ed. Paul Robbins. Vol. 5. Los Angeles: Sage Publications Inc., 2007. 1968-1969. Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/5312495/2/istockphoto_5312495-windmills.jpg http://media.photobucket.com/image/windmills/MrsLavenderblue/Here%20and%20There/netherlands_windmills2_edited.jpg http://www.daysout.nl/img/dagjeweg/kinderdijk-active-windmill-8494.jpg http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/uploads/winddec102007.jpg "Solar Power." Environmental Science: In Context. Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 750-752. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Mar. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX3233900215&v=2.1&u=mlin_c_cushing&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w Natural Resources Canada. âTechnologies and Applications: About Solar Energy.â April 26, 2005. www.canren.gc.ca/tech_appl/index.asp?CaId=5&PgId=121 (accessed March 19, 2008). U.S. Department of Energy. âDOE to Invest up to $13.7 Million in 11 Solar Cell Projects.â March 12, 2008. http://www.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=11638 (accessed March 19, 2008). Kemp, William. The Renewable Energy Handbook: A Guide to Rural Energy Independence, Off-Grid and Sustainable Living. Tamworth, Ontario, Canada: Aztext Press, 2006 Thomas, Isabel. The Pros and Cons of Solar Power. New York: Rosen Central, 2008. Eugene C. Starr, Maris T. Fravel, NatarajanSekhar, Dwight L. Glasscock, Thomas W. Reddoch, "Electric power generation", in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill, http://www.accessscience.com, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.216600