The document discusses different concepts related to learning including:
- Definitions of learning from a behavioral change perspective and as an intervening process
- Different types of learning like classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and operant conditioning
- Factors that influence learning like reinforcement, rewards, and experience
- Distinctions between learning and performance
45 slides I have made which consists of three important learning theories; Classical Conditioning Theory, Operant Conditioning Theory and Observant Conditioning Theory and empirical studies of each.
Introductory Psychology: Learning Part II (Operant)Brian Piper
lecture 19 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, operant conditioning
The following lecture - given at the Colombo Institute for Research and Psychology - covers an introduction to behaviorism, key thinkers, an introduction to classical conditioning, key mechanisms in classical conditioning and some applications including conditioned emotion and drug response.
45 slides I have made which consists of three important learning theories; Classical Conditioning Theory, Operant Conditioning Theory and Observant Conditioning Theory and empirical studies of each.
Introductory Psychology: Learning Part II (Operant)Brian Piper
lecture 19 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, operant conditioning
The following lecture - given at the Colombo Institute for Research and Psychology - covers an introduction to behaviorism, key thinkers, an introduction to classical conditioning, key mechanisms in classical conditioning and some applications including conditioned emotion and drug response.
This presentation is about the learning theories which are the subject-matter of Educational Psychology. It focuses on the three main domain of learning theories; Behavioral , Cognitive and Constructive. Further, it also contains the educational implication of all learning theories.
Learning in Psychological Perspectives.pdfKhemraj Subedi
In psychology, "learning" refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, or capability resulting from experience. Learning involves the acquisition of new information, skills, attitudes, or behaviors through various processes. Psychologists study learning to understand how individuals or animals acquire, retain, and apply knowledge or behaviors.
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCELearning is definedMaximaSheffield592
CH. 4 LEARNING, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCE
Learning is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience but are not caused by fatigue, maturation, drugs, injury, or disease.
Memory is simply a process of encoding, storing, and retrieving pieces of information.
Everything we are, in our conscious experience, is dependent upon memory. Without memory we would live in a constant state of rediscovery, whereby every instance would be newly learned. Learning and memory are also intricately connected to intelligence.
Intelligence is the overall capacity to think and act logically and rationally within one’s environment.
What is Learning: Approaches to Learning
Learning, psychology tells us, consists of changes in behavior. But not all changes in behavior are examples of learning.
In the most brief explanation, learning is a change in behavior (or the potential for behavior) as a result of experience.
Learning:
A process resulting in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavioral potential and is based on experience.
Learning is difficult to assess because it cannot be observed directly; instead, inferences are made about learning based on changes in performance.
Learning is not easily separated from other major topics in psychology. Changes in behavior are centrally involved in many aspects of psychology, including motivation, personality, development, and even mental disorders.
Cognitive Theories:
Theories that look at intellectual processes such as those involved in thinking, problem solving, imagining, and anticipating.
Behavioristic Theories:
Theories concerned with objective evidence of behavior rather than with consciousness and mind. Sometimes these are referred to as S-R or associationistic theories because they deal mainly with associations between stimuli and responses (muscular, glandular, or mental reaction to a stimulus).
Stimulus:
Any change in the physical environment capable of exciting a sense organ. Stimuli can also be internal events such as glandular secretions or even thoughts.
Behavioristic Approaches:
Classical Conditioning and Pavlov’s Experiments
An American named Edwin Twitmyer was actually the first person known to have reported the principle of classical conditioning. About a year later, a Russian by the name of Ivan Pavlov presented essentially the same findings—only he had used dogs as subjects whereas Twitmyer had used humans.
Classical Conditioning, sometimes called learning through stimulus substitution, is learning through stimulus substitution as a result of repeated pairings of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
To clarify the laws of classical conditioning, Pavlov devised a series of experiments (Pavlov, 1927). In the best known of these, a dog is placed in a harness-like contraption. The apparatus allows food powder to be inserted directly into the dog’s mouth or to be dropped into a dish in front of the dog.
The salivation that ...
Introduction to Learning The change that occurs during learning is a potential for behavior that depends on other conditions.
Learning is not always a permanent change.
What can be learned can be unlearned.
Changes also occur for other reasons – maturation, motivation.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Must Learning Result in a Behavioral Change? How Permanent is Relatively Permanent? Learning and Performance. Why do we refer to practice or experience? Does learning result from a specific kind of experience? A modified definition of learning Are there different kinds of learning ? Classical Conditioning Instrumental Conditioning Learning and Survival Why Study Learning? Essential Questions Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
3. Learning – To gain knowledge, comprehension, or mastery through experience or study. Most psychologist have difficulty with this definition because it contains the nebulous terms; Knowledge, Comprehension, and mastery. Definition of learning Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
4. Many psychologist prefer to define learning as changes in observable behavior. Kimble defines learning as: A relatively permanent change in behavior potentiality that occurs as a result of reinforced practice. Psychologist definition of learning Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
5. For the Skinnerians (and you know who you are), reinforcers strengthen behavior but rewards do not. Skinner (1986) elaborated on these points : The strengthening effect [of reinforcement] is missed…when rein forcers are called rewards . People are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced. If, as you walk along the street, you look down and find some money, and if money is reinforcing, you will tend to look down again for come time, but we should not say that you were rewarded for looking down. As the history of the word shows, reward implies compensation, something that offsets a sacrifice or loss, if only the expenditure of effort. We give heroes medals, students degrees, and famous people prizes, but those rewards are not directly contingent on what they have done, and it is generally felt that rewards would not be deserved if they had not been worked for. Skinner : Rewards Vs. Reinforcements Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
6. Must Learning Result in a Behavioral Change? We study behavior so that we can make inferences concerning the process believed to be the cause of the behavioral changes we are observing. B.F. Skinner argued that behavioral changes are learning and no further process needs to be inferred. Other theorists say that behavioral changes result from learning. Most people, however, look on learning as a process that mediates behavior. Learning is something that occurs as the result of certain experiences and precedes changes in behavior. Learning is the intervening variable. An intervening variable is a theoretical process that is assumed to take place between the observed stimuli and responses. Independent variables cause a change in the intervening variable (learning), which in turn causes a change in the dependent variable (behavior). Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
7. Independent Variable Intervening Variable Behavioral Changes Learning Dependent Variables Experience Diagram of behavior change process Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
8. How permanent is relatively permanent? (how long will changes in behavior last…) Short – term memory - if unfamiliar information, such as a nonsense syllable, is presented to individuals who are prevented from rehearsing the information, will retain the material almost perfectly for about three seconds. In the following fifteen seconds, however, their retention drops to almost zero. Despite the fact that the information is lost over such a short period of time, we would hesitate to say that no learning occurred. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
9. How permanent is relatively permanent? (how long will changes in behavior last…) Sensitization – the process whereby an organism is made more responsive to certain aspects of its environment. For example, an organism that may not ordinarily respond to a certain light or sound may do so after receiving a shock. The shock, therefore, sensitized the organism, making it more responsive to its environment. Feeling “touchy” or hypersensitive following an upsetting experience is a form of sensitization with which we are all familiar. Habituation – Process whereby an organism becomes less responsive to its environment . Becoming accustomed to any behavior or condition, including psychoactive substance use. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
10. Learning and Performance There is a very important distinction between learning and performance . Learning refers to a change in behavior potentiality, and performance refers to the translation of this potentiality into behavior. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
11. Why do we refer to practice or experience? Because the term instinctive was offered as an explanation of behavior, we now tend to use the term species-specific behavior. Imprinting – The formation of an attachment between an organism and an environment object First described by Konrad Lorenz. Imprinting is characterized by three characteristics. 1.) It is a behavior that results from passive exposure to a stimulus. 2.) It is irreversibly or very difficult to reverse. 3.) It is limited to an early stage in development, ie immediately after their eyes open. Caique chicks not only imprint on their parents, but also their siblings and even the humans who handle them while they are still in the nest. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
12. Kimble’s definition of learning Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body stages such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
13. Learning : Classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, escape conditioning, avoidance conditioning. In classical conditioning , which was discovered by Pavlov, a light or sound is paired with a natural reinforcement. The response which was initially produced by the reinforcement becomes conditioned' so that it occurs to the light or sound even when no reinforcement is given. This is therefore a matter of learning an association between two stimuli (the reinforcement and the light or sound) and is referred to as SS conditioning. (see also, Operant Conditioning, Conditioning) Classical conditioning, also called "pavlovian conditioning" and "respondent conditioning", is a type of learning involving animals, caused by the association (or pairing) of two stimuli. The simplest form of classical conditioning is reminiscent of what Aristotle would have called the law of contiguity. Essentially, Aristotle said, "When two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one will bring the other to mind." the process of using an established relationship between a stimulus and a response to cause the learning of the same response to a different stimulus
14. Instrumental conditioning reinforcement occurs only after the response is given In instrumental conditioning, the animal’s behavior is “instrumental” in getting it something it wants, that is, a reinforcer. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
15. Skinner Box Skinner Box – a small experimental test chamber used to demonstrate instrumental conditioning (or a closely allied form of conditioning called operant conditioning). Can be electrified with a feeder mechanism. Escape conditioning – The organism must perform some response in order to escape. Avoidance Conditioning – The organism learns to associate the light with the onset of shock , and it will perform its response in order to avoid the shock whenever it sees the light go on. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
16. Homeostatic Mechanisms Homeostatic Mechanisms – Function is to maintain a physiological equilibrium, or homeostasis. E.g., If we get too hot, our body cools us down. Blood sugar too low, secretions to raise it.
17. Schwartz, Wasserman, and Robbins Indeed, if we conceive of Pavlovian conditioning as a kind of predictive analysis, we can even see virtue in the fact that it usually takes numerous CS-US pairing before an association is formed. Suppose we learned after a single pairing of CS and US. If we did, any stimulus that accidentally preceded, say, a shock, would produce conditioned fear. Because there is always some stimulus around when a shock (or some natural aversive event) occurs, we might end up walking around in fear of virtually everything. However, if conditioning requires multiple pairings, this most paralyzing and maladaptive possibility is largely eliminated. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)
18. The End ! Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D. (ABD)