This presentation is about the learning theories which are the subject-matter of Educational Psychology. It focuses on the three main domain of learning theories; Behavioral , Cognitive and Constructive. Further, it also contains the educational implication of all learning theories.

1. Learning Theories
PRESENTED BY : SEHAR MANGI
SUKKUR IBA

2. Content
• Learning Theories
• Behavioral Theory
• Cognitive Theory
• Constructive Theory
• Conclusion
• References

4. Learning
• Learning is a change and modification in behavior
• The acquisition of knowledge skills, values and attitudes.
• There are many 3 main perspectives of learning theories
1. Behaviorism
2. Cognitivism
3. Constructivism

5. 1. Behavioral Theory
• Proponents: John B. Watson, Thorndike, B.F. Skinner, Hull, E R Guthrie and
Ivan Pavlov
• Learner viewed as Passive, Tabula Rasa
• Learning is a mechanical process of associating the stimulus with response.
• Also known as Connectivism theory and Black box theory.
• Individuals learn to behave through conditioning

6. Two types of conditioning
1. Classical without reinforcement
2. Operant with reinforcement

7. Classical Conditioning - Pavlov
Classical Conditioning is when an unconditioned stimulus and response is
manipulated with a conditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.

8. Operant Conditioning- Skinner
• Operant Conditioning is a controlled response with a reward/ punishment
system according to the behavior.
• The learner needs reinforcements to keep interest.
• Positive as well as negative reinforcement increase the repetition of the
behaviors
• Punishment decreases the chances of repetitions

9. Educational Implications
• Formation of Good Behavior
• Development of concept and learning symbols
• Use of techniques of reinforcement and punishment
• Daily routines and activities
• Classroom management
• Rote learning

10. 2 Cognitive Theory
• Proponents: Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka , Tolman and Lewin
• Response to Black box theory
• Learner viewed as active participants
• Learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful & memorable
way
• It focuses on the internal mental processes, how they change, and how they
affect external behavior changes.

11. Mental process

12. Cognitive - Gestalt theory
• Gestalt was a holistic approach
• According to the Gestalt psychologists “The Whole is more than the sum of its
parts”

13. These are the four laws of organization or
Grouping
1. Similarity
2. Continuation
3. Closure
4. Proximity

14. Field theory –Kurt lewin
• Learning is acquisition and change in cognitive structure and motivation
• Components of theory
oLife space
oValance
oBarrier
oMotivation

15. Educational implication
• Emphasis on situation as whole
• Problem solving
• Halt to process of unintelligent memorization
• Understanding of ideas and concepts
• Productive thinking not rote learning
• Organization of curriculum and learning activities
• Goal oriented learning
• Instructional design should be based on Laws of Organization

16. Constructivist theory
• Proponents: Piaget, Bruner and Vygotsky
• Learner viewed as active participants
• Constructivism views learning can be constructed through the personal
experience and interaction with the environment.
• Two types of constructivism
1. Social Constructivism
2. Cognitive Constructivism

17. Social Constructivism
• Vygotsky – "social constructivism", which emphasises how meanings and
understandings grow in social Context
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• Vygotsky sees the Zone of Proximal Development as the area where the most
sensitive instruction or guidance should be given - allowing the child to develop
skills they will then use on their own - developing higher mental functions.

18. Cognitive Constructivism -Piaget
Basic components:
• Schemas (building blocks of knowledge)
• Stages of Cognitive Development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational, formal operational)
• Processes that enable the transition from one stage to another (assimilation,
accommodation, and equilibration)

19. Educational Implications
• Use of manipulative, interactive, and physical materials.
• Search out students' understanding and prior experiences
• Encourage communication
• Encourage student critical thinking and inquiry
• Put students in situations that might challenge
• Provide enough time for students to construct their own meaning

20. Conclusion

21. References
 http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/gestalt/gestalttheory.html
 Books:
•Educational Psychology (I. S Sindhu)
•Educational Psychology ( R P Pathak)
•Ways Of Learning (Alan Pritchard)

22. Thanks