Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. It examines how often diseases occur in different groups and what factors cause them. Key aspects include studying determinants like behaviors or environments that influence health, how diseases are distributed in populations, and measuring morbidity like illness and mortality like death rates. Important foundations of epidemiology include using an interdisciplinary approach, quantifying data, and examining disease frequencies like in epidemics. Historical figures like Hippocrates, John Snow, and others helped establish core epidemiological concepts and methods through their studies of disease outbreaks.
Principles of Epidemiology for Public Health.
I would like to begin by congratulating you on your decision to learn epidemiology. Even if you are taking this course only because it is required for your program, I congratulate you for signing up for a program that requires epidemiology.
1. Origin Of Epidemiology.
2. Definitions Of Epidemiology.
3. Objectives Of Epidemiology.
4. Branches Of Epidemiology.
5. Timeline Of Epidemiology.
6. John Graunt- The First Epidemiologist.
7. James Lind And Scurvy.
8. Edward Jenner And Small Pox.
9. Ignaz Semmelweis And Childbed Fever.
10. John Snow And Cholera
11. Conclusion
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
It gives all the important definitions used in infectious disease epidemiology and continues to elaborate on dynamics of disease transmission followed by prevention and control of infectious diseases.
The Presentation explains basic models of disease causation, to understand the etiology or causes of disease & altered production and helps to understand the applicability of causal criteria applied to epidemiological studies.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Principles of Epidemiology for Public Health.
I would like to begin by congratulating you on your decision to learn epidemiology. Even if you are taking this course only because it is required for your program, I congratulate you for signing up for a program that requires epidemiology.
1. Origin Of Epidemiology.
2. Definitions Of Epidemiology.
3. Objectives Of Epidemiology.
4. Branches Of Epidemiology.
5. Timeline Of Epidemiology.
6. John Graunt- The First Epidemiologist.
7. James Lind And Scurvy.
8. Edward Jenner And Small Pox.
9. Ignaz Semmelweis And Childbed Fever.
10. John Snow And Cholera
11. Conclusion
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
It gives all the important definitions used in infectious disease epidemiology and continues to elaborate on dynamics of disease transmission followed by prevention and control of infectious diseases.
The Presentation explains basic models of disease causation, to understand the etiology or causes of disease & altered production and helps to understand the applicability of causal criteria applied to epidemiological studies.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Epidemiology is a basic discipline essential to both clinical and community medicines. It also helps to develop the way of thinking about health and disease.
Molecular epidemiology is an emerging branch of epidemiology developed by merging molecular biology into epidemiological studies. Molecular epidemiology studies identify infectious diseases’ causation and pathogenesis and unravel infectious agents’ sources, reservoirs, circulation pattern, transmission pattern, transmission probability, and transmission order. Molecular epidemiology, an area of epidemiology that is somewhat ambiguous, encompasses utilization of biomarkers and genetics as tools to define both exposures (factors that are inherited) and outcomes (factors that are acquired). In last few decades, it has grown extensively to help to understand of disease ecology, in planning disease control, and in drafting health policies.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
A principal aim of epidemiology is to assess the cause of disease. However, since most epidemiological studies are by nature observational rather than experimental, a number of possible explanations for an observed association need to be considered before we can infer a cause-effect relationship exists.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Epidemiology is a basic discipline essential to both clinical and community medicines. It also helps to develop the way of thinking about health and disease.
Molecular epidemiology is an emerging branch of epidemiology developed by merging molecular biology into epidemiological studies. Molecular epidemiology studies identify infectious diseases’ causation and pathogenesis and unravel infectious agents’ sources, reservoirs, circulation pattern, transmission pattern, transmission probability, and transmission order. Molecular epidemiology, an area of epidemiology that is somewhat ambiguous, encompasses utilization of biomarkers and genetics as tools to define both exposures (factors that are inherited) and outcomes (factors that are acquired). In last few decades, it has grown extensively to help to understand of disease ecology, in planning disease control, and in drafting health policies.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
A principal aim of epidemiology is to assess the cause of disease. However, since most epidemiological studies are by nature observational rather than experimental, a number of possible explanations for an observed association need to be considered before we can infer a cause-effect relationship exists.
Introduction to Epidemiology
1. Define epidemiology
2. Describe the history of epidemiology
3. Describe aims and components of
epidemiology
4. Discuss on the uses of epidemiology
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
The document's aim is to provide Tdh staff, partners and donors with information on the types of activities established or supported by Tdh in the areas of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. It also presents the main guidelines for its interventions, models of action; a work option supported, and refers to the analytical tools for establishing, monitoring and evaluating actions.
This strategic document defines Tdh's main operating framework for its emergency and long-term interventions. It aims to help the Tdh teams and their local partners to design projects for water, sanitation and hygiene or to insert these types of element into another project.
a-innovatec es una empresa española que ofrece un servicio e seguridad integral en que tiene capacidad de diseñar, ejecutar y mantener los siguientes sistemas:
- Detección y extinción de Incendios
- Robo e Intrusión
- Circuito Cerrado de Televisión (CCTV)
- Control de Accesos
- Domótica de Seguridad
- Gestión de la Información
Epidemiology, Triad of epidemiology, Brief epidemiology, Terminology used in Epidemiology, Epidemiology, traid, modes of disease transmission, disease control and prevention, Basic epidemiology, John Snow and Cholera with Epidemiology
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Learning Objectives
• Define the term epidemiology
• Define the components of epidemiology
(determinants, distribution, morbidity, and mortality)
• Name and describe characteristics of the epidemiologic
approach
• Discuss the importance of Hippocrates’ hypothesis and
how it differed from the common beliefs of the time
• Discuss Graunt’s contributions to biostatistics and how
they affected modern epidemiology
• Explain what is meant by the term natural
experiments, and give at least one example
3. Epidemiology Defined
• Epidemiology derives from "epidemic," a
term which provides an immediate clue to
its subject matter. Epidemiology originates
from the Greek words, epi (upon) + demos
(people) + logy (study of).
4. Definition of Epidemiology
• Epidemiology is concerned with the
distribution and determinants of health and
diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and
mortality in populations.
• Epidemiologic studies are applied to the
control of health problems in populations.
5. Key Aspects of This Definition
• Determinants
• Distribution
• Population
• Health phenomena
• Morbidity and mortality
7. Examples of Determinants
– Biologic agents--bacteria
– Chemical agents--carcinogens
– Less specific factors--
stress, drinking, sedentary lifestyle, or high-fat
diet
8. The Search for Determinants
• Anthrax outbreak
• Outbreak of Fear--Ebola virus in Kikwit,
Zaire
• Fear on Seventh Ave.--Legionnaires’
disease in New York City
• Red Spots on Airline Flight Attendants--
dye from life vests
• Bioterrorism-Associated Anthrax Cases
10. Disease Distribution Examples
• Hypertension more common among young
black men than among young white men.
• Coronary heart disease occurrence differs
between Hispanics and non-Hispanics.
11. Population
• Epidemiology examines disease
occurrence among population
groups, not individuals.
• Epidemiology is often referred to as
population medicine.
• The epidemiologic description indicates
variation by age
groups, time, geographic location, and
other variables.
12. Health Phenomena
• Epidemiology investigates many
different kinds of health outcomes:
– Infectious diseases
– Chronic diseases
– Disability, injury, limitation of activity
– Mortality
– Active life expectancy
– Mental illness, suicide, drug addiction
13. Morbidity and Mortality
• Morbidity--designates illness.
• Mortality--refers to deaths that occur in a
population or other group.
• Note that most measures of morbidity and
mortality are defined for specific types of
morbidity or causes of death.
14. Aims and Levels
• To describe the health status of
populations.
• To explain the etiology of disease.
• To predict the occurrence of disease.
• To control the occurrence of disease.
15. Foundations of Epidemiology
• Interdisciplinary
• Methods and procedures—quantification
• Use of special vocabulary
• Epidemic frequency of disease
16. Epidemiology Is Interdisciplinary
• Epidemiology is an interdisciplinary field
that draws from biostatistics and the social
and behavioral sciences, as well as from
the medically related fields of toxicology,
pathology, virology, genetics,
microbiology, and clinical medicine.
17. Quantification
• Quantification is a central activity of
epidemiology.
• Epidemiologic measures often require
counting the number of cases of disease.
• Disease distributions are examined
according to demographic variables such
as age, sex, and race.
18. Epidemic
• ―The occurrence in a community or region
of cases of an illness (or an outbreak)
clearly in excess of expectancy…‖
• Relative to usual frequency of the disease.
19. Infectious Disease Epidemics
• A single case of a long absent
communicable disease.
• First invasion of a communicable
disease.
• Two cases of such a disease associated
in time and place are sufficient evidence
of transmission to be considered an
epidemic.
20. Concept of Epidemic and Non-
Infectious Diseases
• Some examples that use the concept of an
epidemic are:
– Love Canal
– Brown lung disease
– Asbestosis among shipyard workers
– Diseases associated with lifestyle
21. Pandemic
• ― . . . an epidemic on a worldwide scale;
during a pandemic, large numbers of
persons may be affected and a disease
may cross international borders.‖ An
example is a flu pandemic.
23. Surveillance
• The systematic collection of data
pertaining to the occurrence of specific
diseases.
• Analysis and interpretation of these data.
• Dissemination of disease-related
information.
24. Epidemic Threshold
• The minimum number of cases (or deaths)
that would support the conclusion than an
epidemic was underway.
25. Historical Antecedents
• Environment and disease
• The Black Death
• Use of mortality counts
• Smallpox vaccination
• Use of natural experiments
• Identification of specific agents of disease
• The 1918 influenza pandemic
26. The Environment
• Hippocrates wrote On Airs, Waters, and
Places in 400 BC.
• He suggested that disease might be
associated with the physical environment.
• This represented a movement away from
supernatural explanations of disease
causation.
27. Use of Natural Experiments
• John Snow was an English physician and
anesthesiologist.
• He investigated a cholera outbreak that
occurred during the mid-19th century in
Broad Street, Golden Square, London.
28. Snow’s Contributions
• Linked the cholera epidemic to
contaminated water supplies.
• Used a spot map of cases and tabulation
of fatal attacks and deaths.
29. Snow’s Natural Experiment
• Two different water companies supplied
water from the Thames River to houses
in the same area.
• The Lambeth Company moved its
source of water to a less polluted
portion of the river.
• Snow noted that during the next cholera
outbreak those served by the Lambeth
Company had fewer cases of cholera.
30. Natural Experiment
• Definition: The epidemiologist does not
manipulate a risk factor but rather
observes the changes in an outcome as
the result of a naturally occurring
situation.
31. Contemporary Natural
Experiments
• Currently, natural experiments may be
the result of legislation, policy changes
or environmental interventions.
32. Examples of Contemporary
Natural Experiments
• Seat Belt Law--Did seat belt use reduce
fatalities from motor vehicle accidents?
• Tobacco Tax--Did the increase in cigarette
price decrease the sale of cigarettes?
• Helmet Law--Did requiring the use of
helmets by motorcyclists reduce the
number of head injuries sustained?
33. Recent Applications of
Epidemiology
• Framingham Heart Study (since 1948)
investigates coronary heart disease risk
factors.
• Smoking and lung cancer; e.g., Doll and
Peto’s study of British doctors’ smoking.
• AIDS, chemical spills, breast cancer
screening, secondhand smoke.
34. Additional Applications of
Epidemiology
• Infectious diseases
– Avian influenza
• Environmental health
• Chronic diseases
• Lifestyle and health promotion
• Psychiatric and social epidemiology
• Molecular and genetic epidemiology