This document discusses disaster preparedness and management in various settings including organizing drills. It begins by defining disaster and outlining the aims and objectives of disaster preparedness. It then describes the principles of disaster management and identifies different types of disasters. It explains the phases of disaster management and roles of nurses. It also discusses organizing disaster drills and classifying disasters based on their level and type (natural vs man-made).

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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
AND MANAGEMENT IN
VARIOUS SETTINGS INCLUDING
ORGANIZATION OF DRILLS

3. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND
MANAGEMENT
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•define disaster
•enumerate the aims and objectives of disaster prepardness
•identify different types of disaster
•describe the principles of disaster management
•discuss levels of disaster.
•explain the phases of disaster management.
•recognize the different roles of nurse in disaster management
•Explain disaster drill.
•Etc…………………..

5. Disaster
 “Disaster can be defined as an overwhelming
ecological disruption, which exceeds the
capacity of a community to adjust and
consequently requires assistance from
outside”. -Pan American Health
Organisation(PAHO)
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CLASSIFICATION OF
DISASTERS
Natural disasters
 Metrological disaster: Storms, cold spells, heat
waves and droughts.
 Typological Disaster: (landslides, avalanches,
mudflows and floods)
 Telluric and Teutonic (Disaster originate
underground
 Biological Disaster

7. CLASSIFICATION OF
DISASTERS
Man Made Disasters
 Warfare: conventional & non-conventional
warfare
 Civil disasters.
 Accidents: transportation, structural
collapse , explosions and fires
 Technological failures
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 Level iii disasterLevel iii disaster – considered a minor– considered a minor
disaster. These are involves minimal leveldisaster. These are involves minimal level
of damageof damage
 Level ii disasterLevel ii disaster-- considered aconsidered a
moderate disaster. The local andmoderate disaster. The local and
community resources has to be mobilizedcommunity resources has to be mobilized
to manage this situationto manage this situation
 Level i disasterLevel i disaster-- considered a massiveconsidered a massive
disaster- this involves a massive level ofdisaster- this involves a massive level of
damage with severe impact.damage with severe impact.

10. Aims and objectives of
disaster preparedness
 It refers to measures taken to prepare for and
reduce the effects of disasters
 Disaster preparedness is a continuous and
integrated process
 Objectives
 Increasing the efficiency, effectiveness and
impact of disaster emergency response
mechanisms at the community, national and
Federation level
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11. Objectives
 Strengthening community-based disaster
preparedness .
 Developing activities that are useful for both
addressing everyday risks that communities face
and for responding to disaster situations
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12. Disaster preparedness
strategy
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13. Hazard, risk and vulnerability
assessments
 • Identify the characteristics, frequency and potential
severity of the hazards a community faces
 • Identify the particular geographical areas and
communities that are most susceptible and vulnerable to
those hazards
 • Identify the main sectors of a community (population,
infrastructure, housing, services, etc.) that would be
affected by a specific type of hazard and anticipate how
they might be affected
 • Assess the ability of those sectors to withstand and
cope with the effects of hazardous phenomena
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14. Response mechanisms and
strategies
 evacuation procedures
 search and rescue teams (including plans for training
them)
 assessment teams (including plans for training them)
 procedures for activating distribution systems
 preparations for emergency reception centres and
shelters
 procedures for activating emergency programs for
airports, harbours and land transport
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15. Preparedness planning
 Disaster preparedness planning involves
identifying organisational resources, determining
roles and responsibilities, developing policies
and procedures and planning preparedness
activities aimed at ensuring timely disaster
preparation and effective emergency response
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16. Coordination
 organisations,
 Civil Defence and government emergency
structures,
 fire brigades,
 health departments and clinics,
 Red Crescent/Red Cross Societies,
 international agencies, NGOs and others.
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17. Information management
 Disaster preparedness and response depend
on gathering, analysing and acting on timely and
accurate information before (hazard and early
warning information), during (disaster needs
assessment) and after disasters (progress of
post-disaster recovery).
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18. Early warning systems
 The purpose of early warning systems is to
detect, forecast, and when necessary, issue
alerts related to impending hazard events.
 Early warning information comes from a number
of sources: e.g. meteorological offices; Ministries
of Health (for example, disease outbreaks) and
Agriculture (for example, crop forecasts); local
and indigenous sources; media sources and
increasingly from Internet early warning services
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19. Resource mobilisation
 National Societies should develop strategies,
agreements and procedures for mobilising and
acquiring emergency funds, supplies and
equipment in the event of a disaster.
 A preparedness plan should spell out the
policies for acquisition and disbursement of
funds, use of outside equipment and services,
and emergency funding strategies.
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20. Public education, training and
rehearsals
 public education campaigns, training of
response teams and rehearsals of
emergency response scenarios
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21. Community-based disaster
preparedness
 Local populations in disaster-stricken areas are
the first to respond to a disaster.
 They are usually involved in search and rescue
activities as well as in providing emergency
treatment and relief to their families, friends and
neighbours.
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22. Phases of disaster
management
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23. Disaster management plans
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24. Disaster management plans
Aims of disaster plans
 to provide prompt and effective medical care to the
maximum possible in order to minimize morbidity and
mortality
Objectives
 To optimally prepare the staff and institutional resources
for effective performance in disaster situation
 To make the community aware of the sequential steps
that could be taken at individual and organizational levels
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25. Disaster management
committee
 Medical superintendent/ director
 Additional medical superintendent
 Nursing superintendent/ chief nursing officer
 Chief medical officer (casualty)
 Head of departments- surgery, medicine, orthopedics,
radiology, anesthesiology, neurosurgery
 Blood bank in charge
 Security officers
 Transport officer
 Sanitary personnel
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26. Rapid response team
 The medical superintendent will identify
various specialists, nurses and
pharmacological staff to respond within a
short notice depending up on the time and
type of disaster.
 The list of members and their telephone
numbers should be displayed in the disaster
control room.
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27. Information and
communication
 The disaster control team would be
responsible for collecting, coordinating and
disseminating the information about the
disaster situation to the all concerned
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28. Logistic support system
 Resuscitation equipments
 Iv sets, iv fluids,
 Disposable needles, syringes and gloves
 Dressing and suturing materials and splints
 Oxygen masks, nasal catheters, suction machine and
suction catheters
 Ecg monitors, defibrillators, ventilators
 Cut down sets, tracheostomy sets and lumbar puncture
sets
 Linen and blankets
 Keys of these cupboards should be readily available at
the time of disaster
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29. Elements of disaster plan
 Chain of authority
 Lines of communication
 Routes and modes of transport
 Mobilization
 Warning
 Evacuation
 Rescue and recovery
 Triage
 Treatment
 Support of victims and families
 Care of dead bodies
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THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

32. READINESS FOR DISASTER
 1. Resource for readiness.
 RED CROSS
 COMMUNITY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 CIVIL DEFENCE SERVICES
 2. Disaster pre planning.
 HOSPITAL DISASTER PLANING
 EVACUATION
 ORDERLY FLOW OF CASUALITY
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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33. TRIAGE
Objectives of triage
 Ensure immediate medical intervention in life
threatening situations.
 Expedite the care of patents through a systematic
initial assessment.
 Ensure that patients are prioritised for treatment
in accordance with the severity of their medical
condition.
 Reduce morbidity through early medical
intervention.
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34. Objectives of triage
 Improve public relations by
communicating appropriate information to
friends and relatives who accompany
patients.
 Improve patients flow within emergency
departments and/or disaster management
situation.
 Provide supervised learning for
appropriate personnel
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35. Principles of triagePrinciples of triage
 Every patient should be received andEvery patient should be received and
triaged by appropriatetriaged by appropriate skilled health-skilled health-
care professionals.care professionals.
 Triage is a clinic-managerial decisionTriage is a clinic-managerial decision
and must involveand must involve collaborativecollaborative
planning.planning.
 The triage processThe triage process should not causeshould not cause
a delaya delay in the delivery of effectivein the delivery of effective
clinical care.clinical care.
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36. Color code
• Red indicate high priority
treatment or transfer
• Yellow signals medium priority
• Green indicate ambulatory patients
• Black indicates dead or moribund
patients
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37. Triage system
 1. GOLDEN HOUR
 2. IMMEDIATE OR HIGH
PRIORITY
 3. DELAYED OR MEDIUM
PRIORITY
 4. MINOR OR MINIMAL OR
AMBULATORY PATIENTS
 5. EXPECTANT OR LEAST
PRIORITY
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38. HOSPITAL DISASTER PLAN
 1. Internal Hospital
disasters like fire,
building collapse,
terrorism, etc
 2. External disasters
like earthquakes,
floods, etc
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39. OBJECTIVES OF HOSPITAL
DISASTER PLAN
 1. Preparedness of staff, optimising of
resources and mobilisation of the logistics and
supplies within short notice
 2. To make community aware about the
hospital disaster plan and benefits of plan
 3. Training and motivation of the staff
 4. To carry out mock drills
 5. Documentation of the plan and making
hospital staff aware about the various steps of
the plan
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40. DESIGNING OF HOSPITAL
DISASTER PLAN
 1. Disaster management committee:
 a. Director of the hospital
 b. HOD of accidents and emergency services
 c. All heads of the departments
 d. Nursing superintendent
 e. Hospital administrator
 f. Representatives of the staff
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41. Functions of the disaster
management committee
 a. To prepare a hospital disaster plan for the hospital
 b. To prepare departmental plan in support of the
hospital plan
 c. Assign duties to the staff
 d. Establishment of criteria for emergency care
 e. To conduct, supervise and evaluate the training
programmes
 f. To supervise the mock drills
 g. Updating of plans as need arises
 h. Organise community awareness programmes,
through mass media
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42. Role and functions
a. Disaster co-ordinator: The co-ordinators role will be:
 Organising
 Communicating
 Assigning duties
 Deployment of staff
 Taking key decisions
b. Administrator: The responsibilities of the administrator is to
execute the authority through the departmental heads
c. Departmental heads: Development of departmental plans
d. Nursing superintendent : deployment of nursing staff
e. Medical staff: specific role of rendering medical care both pre-
hospital and hospital care
f. Nursing staff: nursing care and support critical care
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43. Important departments
a. Accident and emergency department
b. Operating department
c. Critical care units
d. Radiology departments
e. Laboratory
f. Bloodbank
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44. Support areas
 a. Laundry
 b. CSSD
 c. Dietary department
 d. Housekeeping services
 e. Medical records
 f. Public relations
 g. Communications
 h. Transportation
 i. Mortuary
 j. Medic-social worker
 k. Engineering department
 l. Security and safety services
 m. Media relations
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46. DISASTER DRILL
 Definition
 A disaster drill is an exercise in which
people simulate the circumstances of
a disaster so that they have an
opportunity to practice their
responses.
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47. DISASTER DRILL
 Benefits
 Used to identify weak points in a
disaster response plan
 To get people familiar with the steps
they need to take so that their
response in a disaster will be
automatic.
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48. ROLE OF NURSES IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 I. In disaster preparedness
 II. In disaster response
 III. In disaster recovery
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49. I. In disaster preparedness
 1) To facilitate preparation with
community
 2) To provide updated record of
vulnerable populations within community
 3) Nurse leads a preparedness effort
 4) Nurse play multi roles in community
 5) Nurse should have understanding of
community resources
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50. II. In disaster response
 community assessment, case finding
and referring, prevention, health
education and surveillance
 immediate plans for triage should
begin
 work as a member of assessment
team
 involved in ongoing surveillance
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51. III. In disaster recovery
 1) Successful Recovery Preparation
 2) Health teaching
 3) Psychological support
 4) Referrals to hospital as needed
 5) Remain alert for environmental
health
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52. Disaster management-
nurse’s role in community
 Assess the community
 Diagnose community disaster threats
 Community disaster planning
 Implement disaster plans
 Evaluate effectiveness of disaster plan
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53. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Personal Disaster Preparedness: An
Integrative Review of the Literature
 Kohn S, Eaton JL, Feroz S,
Bainbridge AA, Hoolachan J, Barnett
DJ
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54. Abstract
 Experts generally agree that individuals will
require partial or complete self-sufficiency for at
least the first 72 hours following a disaster. In
the face of pervasive environmental and
weather hazards, emerging biological threats,
and growing population densities in urban
areas, personal preparedness is critical.
However, disaster planners and policymakers
require further information to create meaningful
improvements to this aspect of disaster
preparedness.
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55. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 . A systematic review of the literature
was conducted to determine the state
of evidence concerning personal
disaster preparedness. The purpose
of this integrative review is to describe
and analyze the professional literature
as an intended basis for advancing
the field of disaster management
research and practice
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56. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Included in the review were 36 studies that met
the predetermined inclusion criteria. The current
evidence indicates that factors influencing
preparedness attitudes and behaviors are
complex and multifaceted, including
demographic characteristics, trust in
government efforts, previous exposure to a
disaster, and number of dependents in a
household. Furthermore, certain population
groups, households, and individuals have
different disaster preparedness needs and
vulnerabilities. This constellation of findings has
significant implications for community and
national emergency planning and policymaking.
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